Iranian Journal of Pathology最新文献

{"title":"On the Differentiation of Auto- and Allo-Anti-D: The Significance of DAT and Autocontrol.","authors":"Alireza Abdollahi, Samaneh Salarvand","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2086776.3636","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2086776.3636","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"636-637"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148761347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression Of the Idh1 R132h Protein in Hepatopancreatobiliary Malignancies in A Single Center Population: Immunohistochemical Study.","authors":"Dina Sweed, Aya Hamdy Abdelbary, Yahya Fayed, Mohamed S El Senbawy, Eman Sweed, Sara Mohamed Abd Elhamed","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2085869.3630","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2085869.3630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations are promising therapeutic targets for various cancers. The study aims to elucidate the frequency of IDH1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), biliary tract cancer (BTC), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as well as its clinicopathological association in the Egyptian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort comprising 61 HCC, 65 BTC, and 29 PDAC cases was analyzed, with corresponding available control tissues included. IDH1 R132H protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>High IDH1 expression was observed in 16.4% of HCC, 30% of BTC, and 6.9% of PDAC, with a lower frequency in intrahepatic compared with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CC). Elevated IDH1 levels were observed in HCC arising in interferon-treated HCV patients, particularly in the absence of underlying cirrhosis (P = 0.03 and P = 0.002). High IDH1 expression was associated with lymphovascular invasion in iCC and with the absence of perineural invasion in PDAC (P = 0.05 and P = 0.009). IDH1 expression did not emerge as a significant independent predictor of overall survival in the HCC group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High IDH1 expression was observed in subsets of HCC and BTC, and to a lesser extent in PDAC, with no robust prognostic marker in these malignancies. The inconsistent findings regarding IDH1 expression in extrahepatic versus intrahepatic CC may reflect differences in ethnicity, disease etiology, environmental factors, sample size, and methodological approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"531-542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of CD10 Expression in Endometrial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Sara Ashtari, Amir Ebrahimzadeh Pasha, Tima Bashar Awad, Masoud Rezaei, Mohammad Mahdi Mehrabi","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2074360.3564","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2074360.3564","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>CD10 is a membrane-bound metalloproteinase that plays a role in tumor progression and differentiation. Its diagnostic significance in endometrial carcinoma, especially in distinguishing between histological subtypes and invasion patterns, is still being studied. This systematic review aims to compile evidence on CD10 expression in endometrial carcinoma, focusing on its prevalence, staining patterns, and correlations with clinicopathological features.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Embase in March 2025, yielding 17 eligible studies. Data on CD10 expression, histological subtypes, staining localization, and associations with tumor grade, stage, and diagnostic utility were qualitatively synthesized. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CD10 expression was predominantly observed in the stromal compartment of endometrioid carcinomas, with a periglandular or \"fringe-like\" pattern. Stromal expression levels were consistently high, whereas epithelial expression varied significantly. An inverse correlation between CD10 expression and tumor grade was observed, with lower expression in higher-grade tumors. The role of CD10 in differentiating myoinvasion from adenomyosis was limited, as both conditions exhibited overlapping staining patterns. Luminal epithelial staining in mesonephric-like adenocarcinomas was not exclusive, further complicating its diagnostic value.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CD10 is a useful marker of stromal tissue in endometrial carcinoma and may aid in distinguishing histological patterns and mimics. However, its diagnostic and prognostic value is constrained by nonstandardized methods and overlapping expression profiles. Standardizing IHC protocols and conducting large-scale studies are essential to enhance CD10's clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"494-506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13473260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148766347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symptomatic Sclerosing Pneumocytoma of Lung: A Diagnostic Challenge with Diverse Morphological Patterns.","authors":"Roshny John, Ujjawal Khurana, Tanya Sharma, Abhishek Goyal, Yogesh Kumar Niwariya, Garima Goel, Alkesh Khurana","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2083113.3621","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2083113.3621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Sclerosing pneumocytoma (SP), formerly termed sclerosing hemangioma, is a rare benign lung neoplasm often detected incidentally. Its histological diversity and dual cell population frequently complicate diagnosis, particularly in small biopsies.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We describe a 22-year-old female presenting with cough, right-sided chest pain, and dyspnoea for three months. Imaging revealed a well-defined, heterogeneously enhancing right middle lobe mass. Clinical and radiological impressions favored bronchial adenoma or carcinoid tumor. CT-guided biopsy suggested adenoma/adenocarcinoma due to papillary features and mild atypia. Right middle lobectomy revealed a circumscribed, tan hemorrhagic tumor. Histology demonstrated classic SP morphology with papillary, solid, sclerotic, and hemorrhagic patterns and dual surface/round cell populations. Immunohistochemistry showed nuclear TTF-1 positivity, CK7 positivity in surface cells, low Ki-67, and negative chromogranin, excluding carcinoid. No evidence of nodal or distant disease was identified, and the patient remains asymptomatic post-operatively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of SP and highlights the role of surgical resection in establishing definitive diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"621-627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148760984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the Pleomorphic Hyalinizing Angiectatic Tumor: A Case Series and Literature Review.","authors":"Jaydeep Nilkanthrao Pol, Manasi Gosavi, Rakhi Vikas Jagdale, Mahendra Atmaram Patil, Anand Bhosale","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2075131.3565","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2075131.3565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (PHAT) is a rare fibrohistiocytic neoplasm, classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a \"neoplasm of uncertain behavior of connective or soft tissue\" within the soft tissue and bone tumor group. A literature review via Scopus and PubMed revealed approximately 133 reported cases worldwide, affecting individuals aged 10 to 86 years, with a slight female predominance and wide anatomical distribution.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report a series of 4 PHAT cases, the first from India and the fourth largest globally. The cases include a 37-year-old male with a large upper abdominal wall mass, a 46-year-old male with a forearm swelling, a 36-year-old female with a lower leg mass, and a 40-year-old male with a lower abdominal mass. Histopathology showed characteristic features, including ectatic vessels, hyalinization, and pleomorphic spindle cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given its rarity and histologic overlap with other tumors, increased awareness and accurate histopathological diagnosis of PHAT are essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"628-635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148760841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Integrin Signature of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Divergent Regulation of CD29 and CD49b in HLA-B27-Positive Cohorts in Iraqi Patients.","authors":"Ahmed Ali Alshammari, Muslim Idan Mohsin","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087485.3651","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087485.3651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a systemic inflammatory disorder where the HLA-B27 allele significantly influences disease severity. This study evaluated the molecular profiles of integrins CD29 and CD49b in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to identify potential biomarkers associated with HLA-B27 status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study of an Iraqi cohort, 130 participants were recruited: 50 HLA-B27-positive (HLA+) radiographic AS patients, 50 HLA-B27-negative (HLA-) radiographic AS patients, and 30 healthy controls. Transcriptomic and proteomic expressions of CD29 and CD49b were quantified using qPCR and flow cytometry (mean fluorescence intensity, MFI). Hematological and biochemical profiles were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CD29 mRNA was significantly upregulated in both patient groups, with a more pronounced median elevation in the HLA+ group (11-fold; P < 0.0001) than in the HLA- group (3-fold; P < 0.001). Surface CD29 protein significantly increased only in the HLA+ cohort (mean MFI approximately 3000; P < 0.0001). Conversely, CD49b mRNA was substantially suppressed, particularly in the HLA+ group (P < 0.0001). Correspondingly, a marked reduction in CD49b surface protein occurred in the HLA+ cohort (mean MFI approximately 300; P < 0.0001), whereas the HLA- group remained statistically comparable to controls. Additionally, the HLA- phenotype was characterized by significant granulocytosis (85%-90%) and more pronounced elevations in urea and ALT levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest a divergent regulation of CD29 and CD49b integrins associated with HLA-B27 status in Iraqi AS patients. While these integrins may serve as molecular indicators for disease stratification, longitudinal validation is required to confirm their clinical utility as diagnostic or therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"560-570"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148761609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix Masquerading as Acute Appendicitis: A Diagnostic Pitfall.","authors":"Ankita Singh, Kanwarpreet Kaur Cheema, Shikhar Chohan, Hanisha Jain, Praphulla Chandra Prabhakar","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2069876.3520","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2069876.3520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma (PSRCA) of the appendix is a rare and aggressive malignancy accounting for approximately 4% of all appendiceal neoplasms. These tumors often present at an advanced stage with nonspecific clinical and radiological findings and frequently mimic acute appendicitis. Hence, histopathological evaluation remains essential for definitive diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 64-year-old female presented with clinical features suggestive of acute appendicitis. Radiological evaluation revealed appendicolithiasis. The patient underwent appendectomy, and histopathological examination demonstrated a signet ring cell adenocarcinoma diffusely infiltrating through the appendiceal wall into the mesoappendix (pT3). Lymphovascular invasion was present. Both the proximal and mesenteric margins were positive for tumor infiltration. No lymph nodes were submitted in the specimen. Immunohistochemistry showed tumor cells positive for CDX2, CK20, and MUC-1 and negative for CK7, supporting a primary lower gastrointestinal tract origin and favoring an appendiceal origin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PSRCA of the appendix is an aggressive malignancy often presenting at an advanced stage and mimicking acute appendicitis. Accurate histopathological evaluation is essential, as the diagnosis has important therapeutic implications, including the need for further oncological management beyond appendectomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"616-620"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477776/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Assessment of Manual Versus Automated Semen Analysis and the Role of Novel Biomarker Calprotectin in Screening for Male Factor Infertility.","authors":"Aiswarya Ab, Mukta Pujani, Nishant Gurnani, Varsha Chauhan, Sonam Bhatia, Mitasha Singh, Charu Agarwal, Garima Dhull, Meenu Pujani","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087408.3647","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087408.3647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Although manual semen analysis (MSA) is cost-effective and widely used, it is prone to subjectivity and operator variability, prompting the need for standardized, automated systems such as computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). This study was conducted to compare semen parameters using manual and automated methods and assess the relationship between calprotectin levels and semen quality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 1 year. A total of 200 semen samples from male partners of infertile couples were evaluated by manual as well as automated methods (MES SQA Vision). Calprotectin in seminal plasma was estimated by ELISA. Pearson correlation was used to assess associations, and paired t test was used to compare measurements. Agreement and systematic bias were evaluated using a Bland-Altman plot.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A strong correlation was observed between MSA and CASA for total sperm count (r = 0.950), concentration (r = 0.954), motility parameters (rapidly and slowly progressive motility) (r = 0.753 and 0.673), and vitality (r = 0.854), while nonprogressive motility showed a moderate correlation (r = 0.437). Smoking showed weak negative correlations with sperm count (r = -0.0073), concentration (r = -0.01), and motility, and a weak positive correlation with abnormal morphology. Alcohol showed weak positive correlations with count and concentration, but weak negative effects on motility and morphology. Semen calprotectin showed weak negative correlations with sperm count (r = -0.04052), concentration (r = -0.03939), motility (r = -0.16466), and morphology (r = -0.09623) and a weak positive correlation with vitality (r = 0.06115).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system represents a significant advancement in reproductive diagnostics by offering precise, objective, and reproducible assessment of key semen parameters, showing agreement with MSA for most of the parameters. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to clarify the diagnostic significance of calprotectin, an inflammation-related biomarker in seminal plasma.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"552-559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Ultrasound Versus Levofloxacin in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Orchitis: Comparative Effects on Testicular Inflammation and Tissue Recovery in Rats.","authors":"Nourhan Elfar, Ahmed Mamdouh Abdelkader, Doaa Sayed Mostafa, Nihal Mostafa, Sarah Sami Abdelaziz, Nadia Saad Sayed Ahmed El Gressy, Ahmed M Atwa, Abdullah F Radwan","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087543.3658","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2087543.3658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Orchitis is a testicular inflammatory disorder that may impair spermatogenesis and compromise male fertility. Although fluoroquinolones are widely used in infectious orchitis and possess ancillary anti-inflammatory properties, concerns remain regarding their potential reproductive toxicity. Therapeutic ultrasound has emerged as a noninvasive modality with anti-inflammatory and tissue-modulating effects, but its role in testicular inflammation remains poorly characterized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects of levofloxacin and therapeutic ultrasound in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced orchitis. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were allocated into four groups: control, untreated orchitis, levofloxacin-treated orchitis, and ultrasound-treated orchitis. Serum CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 levels were measured. Testicular weight and histopathological alterations were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LPS-induced orchitis significantly increased testicular weight and proinflammatory markers while reducing IL-10 levels (P < 0.05), accompanied by marked histopathological damage. Both treatments significantly reduced IL-1β levels (P < 0.0001). Therapeutic ultrasound produced greater reductions in CRP (P < 0.01) and IFN-γ (P < 0.05) and significantly restored IL-10 levels compared with levofloxacin (P = 0.035). Levofloxacin significantly reduced testicular weight (P < 0.01), whereas ultrasound was associated with an improved histopathological appearance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both interventions attenuated inflammatory alterations in the LPS-induced sterile orchitis model. Therapeutic ultrasound demonstrated more favorable cytokine modulation and histopathological findings than levofloxacin. However, the absence of a sham-ultrasound group and the lack of reproductive functional endpoints warrant cautious interpretation and further validation before clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"571-586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148759637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tri-Modal Cytology Excellence: Improving Body Fluid Diagnostic Performance.","authors":"Divya M, Margaret Theresa, Birundha Baskaran, Prem Kumar, Jeya Shambavi, Jawahar Ramasamy","doi":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2082834.3618","DOIUrl":"10.22034/ijp.2026.2082834.3618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Cytological examination of effusion fluids is a valuable diagnostic tool. In India, conventional smear preparations are widely used, but they are often limited by poor cellularity, overlapping cells, and difficulty distinguishing malignant cells from reactive mesothelial cells. Cytospin and cell block techniques overcome these limitations by improving cellular distribution, preservation, and morphology. This study evaluates the merits and demerits of conventional smear, cell block, and cytospin methods in effusion cytology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted over 18 months in the Department of Pathology in a tertiary health care center. A total of 170 body fluids and urine samples were processed by conventional smear, cell block, and cytospin techniques for comparison. IHC was done for selected malignancy cases in cell block preparation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cytospin (51%) and cell block (46%) yielded superior background clarity compared with conventional smear (3%). Cellular yield was better with cell block (62%) and cytospin (36%) than conventional smear (2%). Morphology of cells was better preserved in cytospin (54%) than cell block (45%) and conventional smear (1%). Distribution of cells seemed to be better in cytospin (52%) than cell block (43%) and conventional smear (5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cytospin provides better morphology, background, and distribution of cells compared with conventional smears. Cell block excels in cellularity, while conventional smears remain limited by poor quality with low cellularity, high degeneration, and poor distribution of cells, making cell block and cytospin more effective for effusion cytology.</p>","PeriodicalId":38900,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Pathology","volume":"21 4","pages":"523-530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13473263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148763293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}