Current Pathobiology Reports最新文献

{"title":"Correction to: Emerging Imaging Modalities in Regenerative Medicine.","authors":"Mitchel R Stacy,&nbsp;Albert J Sinusas","doi":"10.1007/s40139-018-0171-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40139-018-0171-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0073-3.].</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":"6 3","pages":"199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40139-018-0171-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37044929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrauterine Inflammation, Epigenetics, and Microbiome Influences on Preterm Infant Health.","authors":"Lei Lu, Erika C Claud","doi":"10.1007/s40139-018-0159-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40139-018-0159-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Significant research reveals that the microbiome modulates perinatal and postnatal health. This review aims to examine mechanisms by which intrauterine infection, the epigenome, and microbiome specifically influence preterm infant health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Intrauterine infection is a primary cause of preterm birth and can cause alterations in gene expression and epigenetic programming as well as postnatal inflammatory responses in the offspring. Insights from our own studies demonstrate epigenetic modifications of TLRs associated with exposure to intrauterine inflammation, as well as a cross talk between host epigenome and microbiome. Lastly, the gut microbiome modulates maturation of inflammatory pathways, which influences the development of preterm infants.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>We present a unifying theme that preterm infant outcomes are associated with modulation of host immune and inflammatory responses, which are influenced by acute intrauterine infection, epigenetic, and microbiome factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"15-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5978889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36253123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid Biopsy Preservation Solutions for Standardized Pre-Analytical Workflows-Venous Whole Blood and Plasma.","authors":"Daniel Grölz, Siegfried Hauch, Martin Schlumpberger, Kalle Guenther, Thorsten Voss, Markus Sprenger-Haussels, Uwe Oelmüller","doi":"10.1007/s40139-018-0180-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40139-018-0180-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Liquid biopsy analyses based on circulating cell-free nucleic acids, circulating tumor cells or other diseased cells from organs, and exosomes or other microvesicles in blood offer new means for non-invasive diagnostic applications. The main goal of this review is to explain the importance of preserving whole blood specimens after blood draw for use as liquid biopsies, and to summarize preservation solutions that are currently available.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Despite the great potential of liquid biopsies for diagnostics and disease management, besides non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), only a few liquid biopsy applications are fully implemented for routine in vitro diagnostic testing. One major barrier is the lack of standardized pre-analytical workflows, including the collection of consistent quality blood specimens and the generation of good-quality plasma samples therefrom. Broader use of liquid biopsies in clinical routine applications therefore requires improved pre-analytical procedures to enable high-quality specimens to obtain unbiased analyte profiles (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) as they are in the patient's body.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>A growing number of stabilizing reagents and dedicated blood collection tubes are available for the post-collection preservation of circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) profiles in whole blood. In contrast, solutions for the preservation of circulating tumor cells (CTC) that enable both, enumeration and molecular analyses are rare. Solutions for extracellular vesicle (EV) populations, including exosomes, do not yet exist.</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":"6 4","pages":"275-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36812438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Pathology-Induced Neural Stem Cell Plasticity and Neural Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish Brain.","authors":"Caghan Kizil","doi":"10.1007/s40139-018-0158-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40139-018-0158-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the review: </strong>The purpose of this study is to review the current knowledge on the damage-induced molecular programs that underlie the regenerative ability in zebrafish brain.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Neural stem cells are the reservoir for new neurons during development and regeneration of the vertebrate brains. Pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases hamper neural stem cell plasticity and neurogenic outcome in humans, whereas adult zebrafish brain can enhance proliferation and neurogenic capacity of its neural stem cells despite the incipient pathology. Evidence suggests that zebrafish uses damage-induced molecular programs to enable neural stem cells to efficiently initiate regeneration. Since this aptitude may be harnessed for regenerative therapies in human brain, understanding the molecular programs regulating neural stem cell proliferation and quiescence in zebrafish is of utmost importance for clinical efforts.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Specific molecular programs that are different than those in the homeostatic conditions regulate adult zebrafish neural stem cell plasticity and the regenerative capacity after injury and neurodegeneration. These programs can serve as candidates for stem cell-based regenerative therapies in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"71-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40139-018-0158-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36253124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Paradigm for Tissue Diagnostics: Tools and Techniques to Standardize Tissue Collection, Transport, and Fixation.","authors":"Daniel R Bauer,&nbsp;Michael Otter,&nbsp;David R Chafin","doi":"10.1007/s40139-018-0170-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40139-018-0170-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Studying and developing preanalytical tools and technologies for the purpose of obtaining high-quality samples for histological assays is a growing field. Currently, there does not exist a standard practice for collecting, fixing, and monitoring these precious samples. There has been some advancement in standardizing collection for the highest profile tumor types, such as breast, where HER2 testing drives therapeutic decisions. This review examines the area of tissue collection, transport, and monitoring of formalin diffusion and details a prototype system that could be used to help standardize tissue collection efforts.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>We have surveyed recent primary literature sources and conducted several site visits to understand the most error-prone processes in histology laboratories. This effort identified errors that resulted from sample collection techniques and subsequent transport delays from the operating room (OR) to the histology laboratories. We have therefore devised a prototype sample collection and transport concept. The system consists of a custom data logger and cold transport box and takes advantage of a novel cold + warm (named 2 + 2) fixation method.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review highlights the beneficial aspects of standardizing tissue collection, fixation, and monitoring. In addition, a prototype system is introduced that could help standardize these processes and is compatible with use directly in the OR and from remote sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":" ","pages":"135-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40139-018-0170-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36115018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virotherapy as Potential Adjunct Therapy for Graft-Vs-Host Disease.","authors":"Nancy Y Villa, Grant McFadden","doi":"10.1007/s40139-018-0186-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40139-018-0186-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review discusses the pathophysiology, risk factors, and the advances in the prevention or treatment of graft-vs-host disease (GvHD) by exploiting adjunct virotherapy. In addition, nonviral adjunct therapeutic options for the prevention of GvHD in the context of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are discussed. The role of oncolytic viruses to treat different HSCT-eligible hematological cancers is also considered and correlated with the issue of GvHD in the context of allo-HSCT.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Emerging therapies focused on the prevention or treatment of GvHD include the use of regulatory T cells (Tregs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), microbiome manipulation, B cell inhibitors, among others. Our lab and others have reported that an oncolytic DNA virus from the <i>Poxviridae</i> family, called myxoma virus (MYXV), not only exhibits oncolytic activity against various hematologic malignancies like multiple myeloma (MM) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but also, in addition, ex vivo MYXV treatment of human allogeneic-bone marrow transplants (allo-BMT), or allo-peripheral blood mononuclear cell (allo-PBMC) transplants can abrogate GvHD in xenografted mice without impairing graft-vs-tumor (GvT) effects against residual cancer. To date, this is the first and the only oncolytic virus with a dual potential of mediating oncolysis against a residual cancer target and also inhibiting or preventing GvHD following allo-HSCT.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review discusses how oncolytic virotherapy can be applied as a potential adjunct therapy for the potential treatment of GvHD. In addition, we highlight major emerging nonviral therapies currently studied for the treatment or prevention of GvHD. We also review the emerging oncolytic virotherapies against different hematological cancers currently eligible for allo-HSCT and highlight the potential role of the oncolytic virus MYXV to decrease GvHD while maintaining or enhancing the positive benefits of GvT.</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":"6 4","pages":"247-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6290699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36812965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black, White, and Gray: Macrophages in Skin Repair and Disease.","authors":"Melanie Rodrigues, Geoffrey Gurtner","doi":"10.1007/s40139-017-0152-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40139-017-0152-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Macrophages alter their responses during the temporal stages of wound healing. During the inflammatory phase macrophages perform phagocytosis. During neovascularization macrophages activate angiogenesis. In the proliferation phase of wound healing, macrophages deposit extracellular matrix and during wound resolution macrophages phagocytize excessive cellular components. This review addresses how these changing phenotypes affect skin repair and disease.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Macrophages can determine the outcome of repair and can shift the normal wound healing response into fibrosis or chronic wounds. Emerging single cell technologies for the first time provide us with tools to uncover macrophage origin, heterogeneity and function.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Macrophages may exist as one population where all cells alter their phenotype in response to signals from the microenvironment. Alternatively, macrophages may exist as distinct subsets that can control wound outcomes. A clarified understanding will strengthen our knowledge of skin biology and aid in the development of wound healing therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":"5 4","pages":"333-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6166434/pdf/nihms944385.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36547056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Regulation of Notch Signaling in Retinal Development and Regeneration.","authors":"Elizabeth A Mills,&nbsp;Daniel Goldman","doi":"10.1007/s40139-017-0153-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40139-017-0153-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Notch signaling is an important component of retinal progenitor cell maintenance and MG specification during development, and its manipulation may be critical for allowing MG to re-enter the cell cycle and regenerate neurons in adults. In mammals, MG respond to retinal injury by undergoing a gliotic response rather than a regenerative one. Understanding the complexities of Notch signaling may allow for strategies that enhance regeneration over gliosis.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Notch signaling is regulated at multiple levels, and is interdependent with various other signaling pathways in both the receptor and ligand expressing cells. The precise spatial and temporal patterning of Notch components is necessary for proper retinal development. Regenerative species undergo a dynamic regulation of Notch signaling in MG upon injury, whereas non-regenerative species fail to productively regulate Notch.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Notch signaling is malleable, such that the altered composition of growth and transcription factors in the developing and mature retinas result in different Notch mediated responses. Successful regeneration will require the manipulation of the retinal environment to foster a dynamic rather than static regulation of Notch signaling in concert with other reprogramming and differentiation factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":"5 4","pages":"323-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40139-017-0153-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35754499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alagille syndrome: Genetics and Functional Models.","authors":"Melissa A Gilbert,&nbsp;Nancy B Spinner","doi":"10.1007/s40139-017-0144-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40139-017-0144-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>We review the genetics of the autosomal dominant, multi-system disorder, Alagille syndrome and provide a summary on how current functional models and emerging biotechnologies are equipped to guide scientists towards novel therapies. The importance of haploinsufficiency as a disease mechanism will be underscored throughout this discussion.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Alagille syndrome, a human disorder affecting the liver, heart, vasculature, kidney, and other systems, is caused by mutations in the Notch signaling pathway ligand, Jagged1 (<i>JAG1</i>) or the receptor, <i>NOTCH2</i>. Current advances in animal modeling, <i>in vitro</i> cell culture, and human induced pluripotent stem cells, provide new opportunities in which to study disease mechanisms and manifestations.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>We anticipate that the availability of innovative functional models will allow scientists to test new gene therapies or small molecule treatments in physiologically-relevant systems. With these advances, we look forward to the development of new methods to help Alagille syndrome patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":"5 3","pages":"233-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40139-017-0144-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35681882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Contractile Phenotype of Dermal Fetal Fibroblasts in Scarless Wound Healing.","authors":"Aron Parekh,&nbsp;Patricia A Hebda","doi":"10.1007/s40139-017-0149-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40139-017-0149-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Injured skin in the mammalian fetus can heal regeneratively due to the ability of fetal fibroblasts to effectively reorganize the extracellular matrix (ECM). This process occurs without fetal fibroblasts differentiating into highly contractile myofibroblasts which cause scarring and fibrosis in adult wounds. Here, we provide a brief review of fetal wound healing and the evidence supporting a unique contractile phenotype in fetal fibroblasts. Furthermore, we discuss the biomechanical role of the ECM in driving myofibroblast differentiation in wound healing and the implications for new clinical modalities based on the biophysical properties of fetal fibroblasts.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>We and others have found that fetal fibroblasts are refractory to the environmental stimuli necessary for myofibroblast differentiation in adult wound healing including mechanical stress.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Understanding the biomechanical mechanisms that regulate the contractile phenotype of fetal fibroblasts may unlock new avenues for anti-scarring therapies that target myofibroblast differentiation of adult fibroblasts.</p>","PeriodicalId":37014,"journal":{"name":"Current Pathobiology Reports","volume":"5 3","pages":"271-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40139-017-0149-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35614016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}