BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health最新文献

{"title":"Child nutritional status as screening tool for identifying undernourished mothers: an observational study of mother-child dyads in Mogadishu, Somalia, from November 2019 to March 2020.","authors":"Rachael Zacks,&nbsp;Mija Ververs,&nbsp;Cindy Hwang,&nbsp;Adan Mahdi,&nbsp;Eva Leidman","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Active screening of only pregnant and lactating mothers (PLMs) excludes other mothers of reproductive age susceptible to undernutrition. Our analysis evaluated if mothers presenting with wasted children were more likely to be undernourished themselves.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The observational study enrolled mother and child dyads presenting to an outpatient facility in Mogadishu, Somalia, between November 2019 and March 2020. Trained nurses recorded lower extremity oedema for children aged 6-59 months, parity and gestational status for women aged 19-50 years and age, access to care, height/length, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and weight for both. Weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) for children and body mass index (BMI) for mothers were calculated using standard procedures. Wasting was defined as WHZ <-2, MUAC <12.5 cm and/or presence of oedema for children. Undernutrition was defined as MUAC <23 cm for PLMs and BMI <18.5 kg/m² for neither pregnant nor lactating mothers (non-PLMs). Four multivariable linear regression models were fit to evaluate maternal anthropometric indicators (BMI or MUAC) given child anthropometric indicators (MUAC or WHZ), adjusting for maternal age, parity and gestational status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 93.6% (2142/2288) of enrolled dyads met inclusion criteria. Wasting was observed among 57.5% of children; 20.2% of pregnant mothers, 20.0% of lactating mothers and 7.95% of non-PLMs were undernourished. Models suggest significant, positive associations between child and maternal anthropometrics; a one-unit increase in WHZ and a 1 cm increase in child MUAC were associated with 0.22 kg/m² (95% CI 0.22 to 0.24) and 0.19 kg/m² (95% CI 0.16 to 0.21) increases in maternal BMI, respectively, and 0.20 cm (95% CI 0.18 to 0.22) and 0.24 cm (95% CI 0.23 to 0.25) increases in maternal MUAC, respectively. Adjusted R² values were low (range 0.06-0.10).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Undernutrition among non-PLMs illustrates the importance of expanding screening. However, while significant, the strength of association between mother and child anthropometrics does not support child nutritional status as a screening tool for identifying at-risk mothers.</p>","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"501-509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/80/b6/bmjnph-2021-000302.PMC8718858.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39696695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between severity of COVID-19 symptoms and habitual food intake in adult outpatients.","authors":"Elihud Salazar-Robles,&nbsp;Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh,&nbsp;Humberto Badillo,&nbsp;Martín Calderón-Juárez,&nbsp;Cesar Alberto García-Bárcenas,&nbsp;Pedro Daniel Ledesma-Pérez,&nbsp;Abel Lerma,&nbsp;Claudia Lerma","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the association between habitual frequency of food intake of certain food groups during the COVID-19 pandemic and manifestations of COVID-19 symptoms in adult outpatients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We included 236 patients who attended an outpatient clinic for suspected COVID-19 evaluation. Severity of symptoms, habitual food intake frequency, demographics and Bristol chart scores were obtained before diagnostic confirmation with real-time reverse transcriptase PCR using nasopharyngeal swab.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the COVID-19 diagnostic tests were positive for 103 patients (44%) and negative for 133 patients (56%). In the SARS-CoV-2-positive group, symptom severity scores had significant negative correlations with habitual intake frequency of specific food groups. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and occupation confirmed that SARS-CoV-2-positive patients showed a significant negative association between having higher symptom severity and the habitual intake frequency of 'legumes' and 'grains, bread and cereals'.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Increase in habitual frequency of intake of 'legumes', and 'grains, bread and cereals' food groups decreased overall symptom severity in patients with COVID-19. This study provides a framework for designing a protective diet during the COVID-19 pandemic and also establishes a hypothesis of using a diet-based intervention in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may be explored in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"469-478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4c/02/bmjnph-2021-000348.PMC8594975.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39693722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of milk supplementation on the status of micronutrients among rural school children aged 5-19 years in a tribal predominating district of India.","authors":"Chandramani Kumar,&nbsp;Rishabh Kumar Rana,&nbsp;Mithilesh Kumar,&nbsp;Anit Kujur,&nbsp;Vivek Kashyap,&nbsp;Shashi Bhushan Singh,&nbsp;Vidya Sagar,&nbsp;Neelanjali Kumari,&nbsp;Dewesh Kumar","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the tribal state of Jharkhand, there have been very few studies on micronutrient deficiency and how it is addressed among school children. This study was conceived and undertaken to assess the effect of milk supplementation on the micronutrient status of school children.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A comparative observational study was conducted among school children of a tribal district in India during 2017-2018. Two groups of schools/clusters were randomly selected, one with milk supplementation and the other without supplementation. A total of 318 children from the two groups of schools were recruited for biochemical analysis of certain micronutrients, such as calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B₁₂ and iron (haemoglobin level), using cluster random sampling. Data were analysed using SPSS V.20.0 software, and multiple logistic regression analysis was done to determine the predictors of serum calcium and vitamin B₁₂ level among school children.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Almost all children from both groups had vitamin D deficiency. A higher risk of lower serum vitamin B₁₂ level (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.61 to 4.16) and calcium level (OR 3.36, 95% CI 1.74 to 6.49) was observed in children of the control group. The difference in the proportion of anaemia in the two study groups was found to be statistically insignificant. Milk consumption was found to be the only significant predictor of normal vitamin B₁₂ and calcium level in the present study.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, it was concluded that milk consumption may help in improving the calcium and vitamin B₁₂ status of school children of a tribal state, whereas it does not have any significant effect on vitamin D level.</p>","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"463-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c6/69/bmjnph-2020-000223.PMC8718849.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39696692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-sectional associations of schoolchildren's fruit and vegetable consumption, and meal choices, with their mental well-being: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Richard Hayhoe,&nbsp;Boika Rechel,&nbsp;Allan B Clark,&nbsp;Claire Gummerson,&nbsp;S J Louise Smith,&nbsp;Ailsa A Welch","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Poor mental well-being is a major issue for young people and is likely to have long-term negative consequences. The contribution of nutrition is underexplored. We, therefore, investigated the association between dietary choices and mental well-being among schoolchildren.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 7570 secondary school and 1253 primary school children in the Norfolk Children and Young People Health and Well-being Survey, open to all Norfolk schools during October 2017, were analysed. Multivariable linear regression was used to measure the association between nutritional factors and mental well-being assessed by the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale for secondary school pupils, or the Stirling Children's Well-being Scale for primary school pupils. We adjusted all analyses for important covariates including demographic, health variables, living/home situation and adverse experience variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In secondary school analyses, a strong association between nutritional variables and well-being scores was apparent. Higher combined fruit and vegetable consumption was significantly associated with higher well-being: well-being scores were 3.73 (95% CI 2.94 to 4.53) units higher in those consuming five or more fruits and vegetables (p<0.001; n=1905) compared with none (n=739). The type of breakfast or lunch consumed was also associated with significant differences in well-being score. Compared with children consuming a conventional type of breakfast (n=5288), those not eating any breakfast had mean well-being scores 2.73 (95% CI 2.11 to 3.35) units lower (p<0.001; n=1129) and those consuming only an energy drink had well-being scores 3.14 (95% CI 1.20 to 5.09) units lower (p=0.002; n=91). Likewise, children not eating any lunch had well-being scores 2.95 (95% CI 2.22 to 3.68) units lower (p<0.001; 860) than those consuming a packed lunch (n=3744). In primary school analyses, the type of breakfast or lunch was associated with significant differences in well-being scores in a similar way to those seen in secondary school data, although no significant association with fruit and vegetable intake was evident.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that public health strategies to optimise the mental well-being of children should include promotion of good nutrition.</p>","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"447-462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/01/07/bmjnph-2020-000205.PMC8718853.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39696691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity and protect health.","authors":"Lukoye Atwoli,&nbsp;Abdullah H Baqui,&nbsp;Thomas Benfield,&nbsp;Raffaella Bosurgi,&nbsp;Fiona Godlee,&nbsp;Stephen Hancocks,&nbsp;Richard Horton,&nbsp;Laurie Laybourn-Langton,&nbsp;Carlos Augusto Monteiro,&nbsp;Ian Norman,&nbsp;Kirsten Patrick,&nbsp;Nigel Praities,&nbsp;Marcel Gm Olde Rikkert,&nbsp;Eric J Rubin,&nbsp;Peush Sahni,&nbsp;Richard Smith,&nbsp;Nicholas J Talley,&nbsp;Sue Turale,&nbsp;Damián Vázquez","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000356","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"362-364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8718847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39681748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Bhavishya Shakti: Empowering the Future': establishing and evaluating a pilot community mobile teaching kitchen as an innovative model, training marginalised women to become nutrition champions and culinary health educators in Kolkata, India.","authors":"Luke Buckner,&nbsp;Harrison Carter,&nbsp;Dominic Crocombe,&nbsp;Sento Kargbo,&nbsp;Maria Korre,&nbsp;Somnath Bhar,&nbsp;Shivani Bhat,&nbsp;Debashis Chakraborty,&nbsp;Pauline Douglas,&nbsp;Mitali Gupta,&nbsp;Sudeshna Maitra-Nag,&nbsp;Sagarika Muhkerjee,&nbsp;Aparjita Saha,&nbsp;Minha Rajput-Ray,&nbsp;Ianthi Tsimpli,&nbsp;Sumantra Ray","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malnutrition is a global emergency, creating an overlapping burden on individual, public and economic health. The double burden of malnutrition affects approximately 2.3 billion adults worldwide. Following 3 years of capacity building work in Kolkata, with assistance of local volunteers and organisations, we established an empowering nutrition education model in the form of a 'mobile teaching kitchen (MTK)' with the aim of creating culinary health educators from lay slum-dwelling women.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To evaluate the piloting of a novel MTK nutrition education platform and its effects on the participants, alongside data collection feasibility.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Over 6 months, marginalised (RG Kar and Chetla slums) women underwent nutrition training using the MTK supported by dietitians, doctors and volunteers. Preintervention and postintervention assessments of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP), as well as anthropometric and clinical nutritional status of both the women and their children were recorded. The education was delivered by a 'See One, Do One, Teach One' approach with a final assessment of teaching delivery performed in the final session.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve women were trained in total, six from each slum. Statistically significant improvements were noted in sections of KAP, with improvements in nutrition knowledge (+4.8) and practices (+0.8). In addition, statistically significant positive changes were seen in 'understanding of healthy nutrition for their children' (p=0.02), 'sources of protein rich food' (p=0.02) and 'not skipping meals if a child is ill' (p≤0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The MTK as a public health intervention managed to educate, empower and upskill two groups of lay marginalised women into MTK Champions from the urban slums of Kolkata, India. Improvements in their nutrition KAP demonstrate just some of the effects of this programme. By the provision of healthy meals and nutritional messages, the MTK Champions are key drivers nudging improvements in nutrition and health related awareness with a ripple effect across the communities that they serve. There is potential to upscale and adapt this programme to other settings, or developing into a microenterprise model, that can help future MTK Champions earn a stable income.</p>","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"405-415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39696689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of reducing ultraprocessed food consumption on obesity among US children and adolescents aged 7-18 years: evidence from a simulation model.","authors":"Anne Scott Livingston,&nbsp;Frederick Cudhea,&nbsp;Lu Wang,&nbsp;Euridice Martinez Steele,&nbsp;Mengxi Du,&nbsp;Y Claire Wang,&nbsp;Jennifer Pomeranz,&nbsp;Dariush Mozaffarian,&nbsp;Fang Fang Zhang","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children and adolescents in the USA consume large amounts of daily calories from ultraprocessed foods (UPFs). Recent evidence links UPF consumption to increased body fat in youth. We aimed to estimate the potential impact of reducing UPF consumption on childhood obesity rate in the USA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We developed a microsimulation model to project the effect of reducing UPF consumption in children's diet on reducing the prevalence of overweight or obesity among US youth. The model incorporated nationally representative data on body mass index (BMI) percentile and dietary intake of 5804 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016, and the effect of reducing UPF consumption on calorie intake from a recent randomised controlled trial. Uncertainties of model inputs were incorporated using probabilistic sensitivity analysis with 1000 simulations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Reducing UPFs in children's diet was estimated to result in a median of -2.09 kg/m² (95% uncertainty interval -3.21 to -0.80) reduction in BMI among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years. The median prevalence of overweight (BMI percentile ≥85th) and obesity (BMI percentile ≥95th percentile) was reduced from 37.0% (35.9%, 38.1%) to 20.9% (15.1%, 29.9%) and from 20.1% (19.2%, 21.0%) to 11.0% (7.86%, 15.8%), respectively. Larger BMI and weight reductions were seen among boys than girls, adolescents than children, non-Hispanic black and Hispanic youth than non-Hispanic white youth, and those with lower levels of parental education and family income.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Reducing UPF consumption in children's diet has the potential to substantially reduce childhood obesity rate among children and adolescents in the USA.</p>","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"397-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39681751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on follow-up and pharmacological treatment of chronic diseases in undocumented migrants.","authors":"Gianfrancesco Fiorini,&nbsp;Matteo Franchi,&nbsp;Giovanni Corrao,&nbsp;Roberta Tritto,&nbsp;Sara Fadelli,&nbsp;Antonello Emilio Rigamonti,&nbsp;Alessandro Sartorio,&nbsp;Silvano Gabriele Cella","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>All over the world, the COVID-19 pandemic, not unlikely other epidemics, has hit harder people in low socioeconomic conditions.In Western countries, undocumented migrants are a growing component of this disadvantaged segment of the population.Their health conditions are frequently burdened by a number of chronic conditions, and they experience many difficulties in accessing public health services. Frequently, the only medical assistance they can get is provided by non-governmental organisations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We studied the medical records (including pharmacological treatments) of all patients attending the outpatient clinics of Opera San Francesco (OSF; a big charity in Milano, Italy), in the first 5 months of 2020. These comprise the outbreak of the pandemic and the lockdown period. The 1914 patients (1814 undocumented migrants and 100 Italians) seen during the lockdown were compared with those seen in the same period of 2019 and with those seen in the preceding months of 2020. We especially focused on three chronic conditions: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and psychiatric disorders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of consultations during the first 5 months of 2020 was much smaller than that of the same period of 2019. During the lockdown, we found 4048 consultations for 1914 patients, while they were 8051 in the same period of 2019 and 5681 in the first 2 months of 2020.The quantity of medicines dispensed by OSF showed a marked decrease in the period of the study and mainly during the lockdown.The decrease in consultations and dispensation of medicines was most evident for psychiatric patients and almost not existent for patients with diabetes. Female patients suffered a more pronounced reduction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Western countries need strategies to better assist the very poor during epidemics.Differences among different groups of disadvantaged persons should be taken into account when designing recovery plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"365-373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39678906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of different stool extraction methods for metabolomics measurements in human faecal samples.","authors":"Vanessa Erben,&nbsp;Gernot Poschet,&nbsp;Petra Schrotz-King,&nbsp;Hermann Brenner","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metabolomics analysis of human stool samples is of great interest for a broad range of applications in biomedical research including early detection of colorectal neoplasms. However, due to the complexity of metabolites there is no consensus on how to process samples for stool metabolomics measurements to obtain a broad coverage of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used frozen stool samples (50 mg) from healthy study participants. Stool samples were processed after thawing using eight different processing protocols and different solvents (solvents such as phosphate-buffered saline, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and solvent mixtures with or without following evaporation and concentration steps). Metabolites were measured afterwards using the MxP Quant 500 kit (Biocrates). The best performing protocol was subsequently applied to compare stool samples of participants with different dietary habits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, we were able to determine up to 340 metabolites of various chemical classes extracted from stool samples of healthy study participants with eight different protocols. Polar metabolites such as amino acids could be measured with each method while other metabolite classes, particular lipid species (better with isopropanol and ethanol or methanol following a drying step), are more dependent on the solvent or combination of solvents used. Only a small number of triglycerides or acylcarnitines were detected in human faeces. Extraction efficiency was higher for protocols using isopropanol (131 metabolites>limit of detection (LOD)) or those using ethanol or methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) including an evaporation and concentration step (303 and 342 metabolites>LOD, respectively) than for other protocols. We detected significant faecal metabolite differences between vegetarians, semivegetarians and non-vegetarians.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For the evaluation of metabolites in faecal samples, we found protocols using solvents like isopropanol and those using ethanol or methanol, and MTBE including an evaporation and concentration step to be superior regarding the number of detected metabolites of different chemical classes over others tested in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"374-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39681749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.","authors":"Rine Elise Halvorsen,&nbsp;Mathilde Elvestad,&nbsp;Marianne Molin,&nbsp;Dagfinn Aune","doi":"10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The association between intake of fruit and vegetables and their subtypes, and the risk of type 2 diabetes has been investigated in several studies, but the results have been inconsistent.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We conducted an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies on intakes of fruit and vegetables and fruit and vegetable subtypes and the risk of type 2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to 20 October 2020. Prospective cohort studies of fruit and vegetable consumption and type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using a random effects model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 23 cohort studies. The summary RR for high versus low intake and per 200 g/day were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89 to 0.98, I²=0%, n=10 studies) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95 to 1.01, I²=37.8%, n=7) for fruit and vegetables combined, 0.93 (95% CI: 0.90 to 0.97, I²=9.3%, n=20) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92 to 1.00, I²=68.4%, n=19) for fruits and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.88 to 1.02, I²=60.4%, n=17) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94 to 1.01, I²=39.2%, n=16) for vegetables, respectively. Inverse associations were observed for apples, apples and pears, blueberries, grapefruit and grapes and raisins, while positive associations were observed for intakes of cantaloupe, fruit drinks, fruit juice, brussels sprouts, cauliflower and potatoes, however, most of these associations were based on few studies and need further investigation in additional studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This meta-analysis found a weak inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and type 2 diabetes risk. There is indication of both inverse and positive associations between intake of several fruit and vegetables subtypes and type 2 diabetes risk, however, further studies are needed before firm conclusions can be made.</p>","PeriodicalId":36307,"journal":{"name":"BMJ Nutrition, Prevention and Health","volume":" ","pages":"519-531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39933793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}