2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)最新文献

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Energy-Efficient FinFET-Versus TFET-Based STT-MRAM Bitcells 节能finfet与基于tfet的STT-MRAM位单元
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789086
Ariana Musello, Santiago S. Pérez, M. Villegas, L. Prócel, R. Taco, L. Trojman
{"title":"Energy-Efficient FinFET-Versus TFET-Based STT-MRAM Bitcells","authors":"Ariana Musello, Santiago S. Pérez, M. Villegas, L. Prócel, R. Taco, L. Trojman","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789086","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores STT-MRAM bitcells based on double-barrier magnetic tunnel junctions (DMTJs) at the circuit-level, benchmarking TFET - against FinFET-based bitcells focusing on their write operation. Different bitcell configurations are tested to find optimal minimum energy design points using both technologies in a range of ultralow supply voltages. TFETs were found to be the optimal access device for supply voltages under or equal to 0.4V because of their significantly more robust behavior and lower write energy consumption, albeit higher write delays and bigger area for higher voltages.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116753815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Improved Approximate Multipliers for Single-Precision Floating-Point Hardware Design 单精度浮点硬件设计的改进近似乘法器
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789077
Patrícia U. L. da Costa, P. Pereira, B. Abreu, Guilherme Paim, E. Costa, S. Bampi
{"title":"Improved Approximate Multipliers for Single-Precision Floating-Point Hardware Design","authors":"Patrícia U. L. da Costa, P. Pereira, B. Abreu, Guilherme Paim, E. Costa, S. Bampi","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789077","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reveals that state-of-the-art integer approximate multipliers (AxMs) present dispensable blocks when specifically embedded within a floating-point (FP) architecture. This paper proposes and implements arithmetic simplifications that significantly improve four state-of-the-art AxMs for FP. The results for 32-bit FP (FP-32) show that our improved 24-bit integer AxMs (i.e., specific for FP) reduce area from about 4.2x up to 12.9x in four different AxMs when compared with the original 24-bit AxM generic integer multiplier. We also perform an AxC design space exploration (DSE) of FP-32 Least Mean Squares Adaptive Filters (LMS-AF) architectures employing the four improved AxM proposals. We present quality-energy and -area DSE trade-offs in an approximate FP-32 LMS-AF kernel, in terms of Pareto fronts, showing that we can still maintain a fully functional harmonics elimination. Pareto front total energy reduction ranges from 43.4 % (1.27x) to 70.3% (3.37x) w.r.t. the precise multiplier.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132689121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Low Power Frequency Dividers using TSPC logic in 28nm FDSOI Technology 采用TSPC逻辑的28nm FDSOI技术的低功率分频器
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789073
Md. Sazzad Hossain, M. B. Moreira, Francois Sandrez, F. Rivet, H. Lapuyade, Y. Deval
{"title":"Low Power Frequency Dividers using TSPC logic in 28nm FDSOI Technology","authors":"Md. Sazzad Hossain, M. B. Moreira, Francois Sandrez, F. Rivet, H. Lapuyade, Y. Deval","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789073","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, Integer N frequency dividers are designed in a dual loop PLL circuit which is applicable at reference frequency 40.92MHz and 400MHz and for a feedback input frequency 0.8GHz-6.3GHz with very low power consumption and small die area. A fast and energy-efficient True Single Phase Clock (TSPC) D-Flip Flops with a controlled pre-charger circuit has been explained for designing reference and feedback frequency dividers (sequentially 4-bit De-Counter and 8-bit De-Counter). The phase noise (PN) of the dividers always remains at −130dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset. The circuit was designed and implemented in 28nm FDSOI technology and the divider's maximum current consumption is $208mu mathrm{A}$ at 1 V.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133261312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Voltage-to-Voltage Sigmoid Neuron Activation Function Design for Artificial Neural Networks 人工神经网络的电压-电压s型神经元激活函数设计
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789075
Tatiana Moposita, L. Trojman, F. Crupi, M. Lanuzza, A. Vladimirescu
{"title":"Voltage-to-Voltage Sigmoid Neuron Activation Function Design for Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"Tatiana Moposita, L. Trojman, F. Crupi, M. Lanuzza, A. Vladimirescu","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789075","url":null,"abstract":"An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) involves a complex network of interconnected nodes called artificial neurons (AN); the AN sums N weighted inputs and send thought the result to a non-linear activation function (AF). In this work, a modified version of the sigmoid activation function is proposed. To obtain a voltage-to-voltage (V - V) transfer function required by an specific ANN. The proposed solution uses a pseudo-differential pair configuration at the input as voltage to current converter. The proposed circuit is designed using a commercial PDK in 180nm (TSMC) and is simulated in Virtuoso (Cadence). This specific design enable to obtain the desired steepness of the sigmoid function by means of the proper transistor sizing. Simulation results of our specific design show that we can reach an average relative error of only 1.09 % for steepness of 1 as compared to the exact mathematical function, and a power consumption of 6.77μW for steepness of 10.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116657744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Memristor-based Oscillator for Complex Chemical Wave Logic Computations: Fredkin Gate Paradigm 用于复杂化学波逻辑计算的基于忆阻器的振荡器:弗雷德金门范式
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789083
Theodoros Panagiotis Chatzinikolaou, Iosif-Angelos Fyrigos, V. Ntinas, Stavros Kitsios, P. Bousoulas, Michail-Antisthenis I. Tsompanas, D. Tsoukalas, A. Adamatzky, G. Sirakoulis
{"title":"Memristor-based Oscillator for Complex Chemical Wave Logic Computations: Fredkin Gate Paradigm","authors":"Theodoros Panagiotis Chatzinikolaou, Iosif-Angelos Fyrigos, V. Ntinas, Stavros Kitsios, P. Bousoulas, Michail-Antisthenis I. Tsompanas, D. Tsoukalas, A. Adamatzky, G. Sirakoulis","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789083","url":null,"abstract":"Concurrent computational machines have not provided in all cases ideal or even efficient implementations for a range of complex and computationally expensive problems. Thus, the utilization of unconventional computing systems, often inspired by biological processes, is widely investigated. One characteristic category of these systems is chemical computers that encode reactants' spatial concentrations as information and employ wave-fronts' propagation as means of computation. The most widely known and used reaction is the Belousov-Zhabotinsky ($BZ$) that perfectly demonstrates non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Motivated by these chemical computers and to further enhance their analysis, a digital-twin was developed and tested. Namely MemRC, a memristor based oscillator is presented here. The ability of the proposed electrical circuitry to mimic the computational abilities of a chemical system was demonstrated by the realization of Fredkin gate operations. The results of the electrical system are in good agreement with results from simulation of the chemical medium and from laboratory experiments. Furthermore an important advantage of the electrical system is the significant acceleration of the computations that can enable further testing of possible implementations.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126719966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
An integrated circuit to enable electrodeposition and amperometric readout of sensing electrodes 一种集成电路,可实现电沉积和感应电极的安培读数
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789069
Minghao Li, A. Vanhoestenberghe, S. Ghoreishizadeh
{"title":"An integrated circuit to enable electrodeposition and amperometric readout of sensing electrodes","authors":"Minghao Li, A. Vanhoestenberghe, S. Ghoreishizadeh","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789069","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design of an integrated circuit (IC) for (i) electrochemical deposition of sensor layers on the on-chip pad openings to form sensing electrodes, and (ii) amperometric readout of electrochemical sensors. The IC consists of two main circuit blocks: a Beta-multiplier based current reference for galvanostatic electrodeposition, and a switch-capacitor based amperometric readout circuit. The circuits are designed and simulated in a 180-nm CMOS process. The reference circuit generates a stable current of 99 nA with a temperature coefficient of 141 ppm/°C at best and 170 ppm/°C on average (across corners) over a supply voltage range of 1.2-2.4 V, and a line regulation of 0.7 %/V. The readout circuit measures current within $pm 2 mu mathrm{A}$ with 99.9% linearity and a minimum integrated input-referred noise of 0.88 pA.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"24 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113979009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Random Number Generators Based on Metastable Behavior in Double-Scroll Chaotic Attractors 基于双涡旋混沌吸引子亚稳行为的随机数发生器
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789089
Kaya Demir, Salih Ergün
{"title":"Random Number Generators Based on Metastable Behavior in Double-Scroll Chaotic Attractors","authors":"Kaya Demir, Salih Ergün","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789089","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the numerical analysis, circuit implementation and simulation of a random number generator (RNG) exploiting the metastable behavior arising in a double scroll chaotic attractor. Random bits are generated by sampling a regular clock signal at times when a jump between scrolls of the chaotic attractor occurs. The double-scroll chaotic oscillator used in this study is implemented using mosfet transistors and metal-insulator-metal (mim) capacitors at 65nm TSMC process. The overall monolithic RNG circuit consists of a chaotic attractor, a Schmitt trigger and a dual edge triggered D flip-flop. The RNG circuit is simulated in time domain using Cadence Analog Design Environment. Then to generate the output bit stream, a regular clock signal is sampled when the chaotic signal jumps from one of the scrolls to the other representing the metastable characteristic of chaos. The event of jump between scrolls is detected using the mosfet based Schmitt trigger and an irregular clock signal is generated which is used to sample a regular clock signal by using a dual-edge triggered D flip-flop to generate RNG output. The generated bit stream is demonstrated to satisfy the NIST 800–22 statistical randomness test suite. The layout of the proposed RNG is also given along with the circuit schematic. The area of the RNG is approximately $0.004 mm^{2}$, the power consumption is $30 mu W$, and the data throughput is approximately $0.72 Mbps$.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125399079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A 52.3% Peak Efficiency 22nm CMOS Low-Power Light-Adaptive Self-Oscillating Voltage Doubler Using Scalable Dynamic Leakage-Suppression Logic 一种峰值效率52.3%的22nm CMOS低功耗光自适应倍频器,采用可扩展的动态泄漏抑制逻辑
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789056
Xujiaming Chen, Guowei Chen, Xinyang Yu, Yue Wang, K. Niitsu
{"title":"A 52.3% Peak Efficiency 22nm CMOS Low-Power Light-Adaptive Self-Oscillating Voltage Doubler Using Scalable Dynamic Leakage-Suppression Logic","authors":"Xujiaming Chen, Guowei Chen, Xinyang Yu, Yue Wang, K. Niitsu","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789056","url":null,"abstract":"This work represents a low-power light-adaptive DC-DC converter for continuously tuning the operating state of circuits according to ambient light. By using a solar cell in a current mirror type complementary signals generator and applying scalable dynamic leakage-suppression (DLS) logic to a self-oscillating voltage doubler, the DC-DC converter can transit from a low-speed DLS state to a high-speed DLS state. By SPICE simulation using 22 nm ultra-low leakage CMOS technology process design kit, 52.3% peak efficiency under 0.3 V input voltage and 2000 lux illuminance can be achieved. The lowest power consumption of the converter circuit is only 383 pW at 0.15 V input voltage and 200 lux illuminance. The maximum power output is 665 pW at 0.4 V input voltage and 2000 lux illuminance. The adaptability to various light conditions improves the energy efficiency and output voltage, which benefits the sensors in complex working environments.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132871215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fault-Tolerant Finite State Machine Quasi Delay Insensitive in Commercial FPGA Devices 商用FPGA器件中的容错有限状态机准延迟不敏感
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789092
Orlando Verducci, D. L. Oliveira, G. Batista
{"title":"Fault-Tolerant Finite State Machine Quasi Delay Insensitive in Commercial FPGA Devices","authors":"Orlando Verducci, D. L. Oliveira, G. Batista","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9789092","url":null,"abstract":"Because electronic devices cannot avoid soft errors (unexpected and non-destructive signal transitions) occurred in radiation environment, circuit redundancy approaches are adopted for such situations, which lead to huge penalties in area and power dissipation resources in digital design. QDI-AFSM (Quasi-Delay Insensitive-Asynchronous Finite State Machine), which uses dual-rail variables, may be an interesting solution for fault-tolerant digital systems if some additional circuitry is used for soft errors detection. In FPGA, this issue is particularly concerning because, in such target devices, any digital circuitry is modeled using programmable LUTs (Look Up Tables) where a flipped bit cannot be recovered unless a new programming procedure be done. The proposed architecture for finite state machines in FPGA devices enhances robustness to a QDI digital design inserting a novel output register based on sequential logic gates that validate each dual-rail output variable on the system according to the current processing cycle and output state. The reduced average penalties in area, power, and latency for the proposed fault-tolerant architecture may be advantageous compared to TMR approaches.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132409951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Full System Exploration of On-Chip Wireless Communication on Many-Core Architectures 片上无线通信在多核架构上的全面系统探索
2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9893905
Rafael A. Medina, Joshua Kein, Y. Qureshi, Marina Zapater, G. Ansaloni, David Atienza Alonso
{"title":"Full System Exploration of On-Chip Wireless Communication on Many-Core Architectures","authors":"Rafael A. Medina, Joshua Kein, Y. Qureshi, Marina Zapater, G. Ansaloni, David Atienza Alonso","doi":"10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9893905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LASCAS53948.2022.9893905","url":null,"abstract":"In order to develop sustainable and more powerful information technology (IT) infrastructures, the challenges posed by the “memory wall” are critical for the design of high-performance and high-efficiency many-core computing systems. In this context, recent advances in the integration of nano-antennas, enabling novel short-distance communication paradigms, promise disruptive gains. To gauge their potential benefit for the next-generation of many-core server designs, it is crucial to explore the impact of wireless communication links from a whole-system viewpoint, considering complex architectures and applications characteristics. To this end, in this work we introduce an extension to the popular gem5 full system-level simulator, enabling the simulation of many-core platforms featuring on-chip wireless channels. This new extension allows the flexible investigation of different combinations of wireless and wired interconnects, as well as diverse connection protocols. We showcase its capabilities by performing an architectural exploration, targeting a multi-core system executing image inference using an AlexNet Neural Network benchmark. A 2.3x speedup is obtained when implementing wireless communication between cores instead of traditional on-chip wired interconnects.","PeriodicalId":356481,"journal":{"name":"2022 IEEE 13th Latin America Symposium on Circuits and System (LASCAS)","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116101073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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