IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation最新文献

{"title":"Low-Complexity Wideband Circularly Polarized Modular Scalable Phased Array for Vehicular Satellite Communication","authors":"Behzad Yektakhah;Abdelhamid M. H. Nasr;Abdel Halim Mohamed;Kamal Sarabandi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551624","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a low-complexity wideband circularly polarized (CP) array in X-band for vehicular satellite communication. The array comprises dual-polarized corner-fed patch elements for achieving wide bandwidth. The active elements are integrated in a modular manner using interposers that enables the scalability of the array and simplicity of routing RF signals, as well as dc bias and digital control lines on the array surface. The building block of the scalable array is a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2 times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> subarray of dual-polarized patch elements and an interposer with an 8-channel beamformer integrated circuit mounted on it. The interposer circuit simplifies the routing of dc and digital lines on the surface of larger arrays, lowers the cost of fabrication, and makes the array debugging simple. To show the scalability of the design, an <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8 times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array made of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16 ; 2 times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> arrays is designed, fabricated, and tested both in free space and the presence of a laminated moonroof glass. The array exhibits a minimum measured realized CP gain of 26.7 dBi and 25.8 dBi over the band 10.7–12.7 GHz in free space and the presence of the laminated glass, respectively. The array beam is steerable over the range of ±40° in all directions, both in free space and in the presence of a laminated moonroof glass. Remarkably, the array is shown to maintain its high gain, bandwidth, axial ratio, and scan range when operated behind laminated moonroof glass, making it suitable for its installation inside vehicles for satellite communication without necessitating any alterations to the array or the vehicle’s exterior design.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"854-863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10926514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Integration of a Beam-Steering Leaky-Wave Antenna and Power Amplifier MMIC Using UPD Printing in 220 to 325 GHz Range","authors":"Georg Gramlich;Elizabeth Bekker;Luca Valenziano;Joel Dittmer;Martin Roemhild;Holger Baur;Fabian Thome;Axel Tessmann;Michael Kuri;Tom Neerfeld;Andreas Stöhr;Sebastian Randel;Christian Koos;Norbert Fruehauf;Thomas Zwick;Akanksha Bhutani","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551350","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the first hybrid-integration assembly of a power amplifier (PA) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) and a beam-steering leaky wave antenna (LWA) using an ultra-precise deposition (UPD) printed coplanar waveguide (CPW) interconnect operating in a broad sub- THz range of 220 GHz to 325 GHz. The hybrid assembly uses an InGaAs PA with a saturated output power of up to 14.5 dBm and an InP LWA with a peak antenna gain of up to 13.5 dBi and a beam-steering range from -60° to 35°. The hybrid assembly employs a submount that compensates for the height difference of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx 300 mu mathrm{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> between the PA MMIC and LWA substrates. The PA MMIC and LWA are positioned at an edge-to-edge distance of just <inline-formula> <tex-math>$11 mu mathrm{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> on the submount using a die bonder with sub-micrometer accuracy. The small gap between the PA MMIC and LWA is filled with a polymer that provides a stable dielectric constant in the target sub-THz range. The UPD-printed CPW interconnect is optimized to maintain a characteristic impedance of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50 Omega$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by analyzing the dielectric properties and thickness of the various materials on which the printing is performed. Moreover, the surface topology is measured using a white light interferometer, to enable fully conformal printing. The electromagnetic simulation results of the CPW interconnect show an insertion loss of 1.1 dB to 1.7 dB, which includes the RF pads of the PA MMIC, LWA, and the short segments of CPW designed on the PA MMIC and LWA substrates. A separate UPD-printed CPW test assembly is manufactured on a single polymer substrate, and custom through-reflect-line calibration standards are printed on the same substrate to experimentally validate the insertion loss of a UPD-printed CPW in the 220 GHz to 325 GHz range. A probe-based measurement setup is used to characterize the hybrid assembly. The hybrid assembly achieves a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB and a peak gain of up to 26 dBi across the sub- THz range. The beamsteering functionality of the hybrid assembly is successfully validated only in the forward quadrant due to measurement restrictions in the backward quadrant. In the forward quadrant, the measured beam-steering angle of the hybrid assembly varies from 0° to 37°, which is in good agreement with the standalone LWA.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"837-853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10926903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Profile Enhanced Bandwidth Optically Transparent and Semi-Transparent Meshed Patch Antennas for Integration With Solar Cells","authors":"Shirin Ramezanzadehyazdi;Dustin Isleifson;Philip Ferguson;Lotfollah Shafai;Cyrus Shafai","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3569162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3569162","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents three novel low-profile optically transparent meshed patch antennas with enhanced bandwidth that can be fully integrated into a solar cell. The bandwidth enhancement was achieved by applying a stacking technique to two square meshed patches with close resonance frequencies. The first antenna used fused silica glass substrates for both lower and upper dielectric layers to maintain transparency and high integrability with the solar cells. The antenna resonated at 2.43 GHz and exhibited an impedance bandwidth of 6.2% and a peak gain of 6.5 dBi. In the second design, a polymer layer replaced the upper glass substrate and was partially removed to reduce the antenna mass. 65% mass reduction was achieved at the expense of lower efficiency. To further reduce the mass, the polymer layer was perforated. The perforated design resulted in a lightweight stacked meshed patch antenna with a normal transparency of 94%, which can be placed directly on top of the solar cells without affecting the cell performance.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1237-1247"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10999081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Antennas Beyond the Standard Impedance Matching Technique: Concepts and Applications","authors":"Constant M. A. Niamien","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3550271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3550271","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new design concept for improving active antennas’ performances beyond the standard impedance matching technique. The proposed approach expands the mismatch at the antenna-amplifier interface to create a voltage excess, transferred to the matched output receiver using a voltage-type amplifier instead of a power type. Compared with a standard dual-input-output matching, this leads to comparable bandwidth and DC consumption but significantly improves the peak gain, gain-bandwidth-product (GBWP), stability, and noise figure. Experiments with a conventional dipole antenna confirm an improvement factor near two on gain and GBWP. Stability improves by 10°, tending to reach the reference value of 60° phase margin for sound systems. Also, the noise figure significantly decreases by 4.5 dB on average. In addition, the newly introduced performance metric, typically normalized gain-bandwidth-product (NGBWP), dividing GBWP by the average amplifying stage’s gain and the passive antenna’s GBWP, is NGBWP <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=}6.84$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, far higher than the existing works peaking at 2. Finally, the proposed active dipole shows GBWP <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=}2.68$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which is 15 times the passive dipole. These attractive characteristics make the present approach suitable for most wireless systems.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"821-836"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10922756","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Guidelines of Stacked Dual-Band SIW Slot Array With Optimal Aperture Reuse Ratio and High Aperture Efficiency","authors":"Yihong Su;Yulei Yang;Xian Qi Lin;Yong Fan","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549446","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, intelligent devices have greatly enhanced people’s daily lives by providing greater convenience, efficiency, and connectivity. In this context, communication between vehicles, as well as between vehicles and satellite navigation systems, base stations, and other infrastructures, is crucial. These communications utilize millimeter wave frequency bands to achieve faster response times and more accurate target tracking and identification. In this paper, the design guidelines of a stacked dual-band (28/35 GHz) substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) slot antenna array are proposed to achieve the optimal aperture reuse ratio and high aperture efficiency. The dual-band array consists of two-layer substrates, and each layer acts as an independent SIW slot antenna array. The upper substrate is composed of nonadjacent SIW slot sub-arrays for the high band operation, while the low band array is located in the lower substrate radiating through the gap between the high band sub-arrays. A dual-band antenna array with an <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array in each band is designed and demonstrated as an example, where the center frequencies of the two bands are chosen to be 28 GHz and 35 GHz. The maximum aperture reuse ratio is achieved by the rational array arrangement, and the improvement in aperture efficiency is accomplished by a periodic grid structure. The measured maximum aperture efficiency reaches 55% and 58% in the desired lower and higher bands, respectively. The measured results of the antenna show superior performance, validating the design guidelines of the antenna topology.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"797-809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10919047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Relational Databases to the Acceleration of Ray Tracing in High Frequency Asymptotic Techniques","authors":"David Cabornero;Lorena Lozano;Iván González;Álvaro Somolinos;Felipe Cátedra","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549922","url":null,"abstract":"A new ray-tracing acceleration technique is presented for electromagnetic simulation problems using the Uniform Theory of Diffraction and meshes of planar facets. The innovation involves using relational databases to accurately store spatial information, enabling spatial indexing through space partitioning with R-trees. This technique effectively reduces the computational cost of several critical phases, including the shadowing test. Additionally, there are multiple advantages to utilizing this technology, such as automated memory and disk management along with a query planner that organizes the instructions automatically. Direct rays, multiple reflections, multiple transmissions, simple diffraction, and combinations of these effects have been implemented in PostgreSQL and its spatial library PostGIS. Compared to traditional techniques that employ Angular Z-Buffer acceleration and store information solely in RAM using a low-level language, this approach decreases memory usage by more than 90% in complex scenarios. It also shows a decrease in execution time by more than half when the scenario is sufficiently complex.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"810-820"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10919085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circular Dichroism and Cross Polarization Conversion Using Chiral Metasurface","authors":"Muhammad Noman;Hattan Abutarboush;Khurram K. Qureshi;Adnan Zahid;Farooq A. Tahir;Muhammad Imran;Qammer H. Abbasi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568270","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel dual-mode chiral metasurface (CM) designed to achieve strong circular dichroism (CD) in both transmission and reflection mode within the Ku-band. The proposed dual-mode CM demonstrates CD i.e., an efficient conversion of linearly polarized (LP) electromagnetic (EM) waves into circularly polarized (CP) waves, both within a broader spectrum as well as at single frequencies in both transmission and reflection mode, exhibiting asymmetric transmission (AT) response. This is achieved through a judiciously designed unit cell structure, which eliminates the requirement for intricate supercell configurations or active circuitry. The metasurface comprises a circular ring structure embedded with intelligently placed angle-induced slot and a metallic strip, fabricated using the cost-effective FR-4 substrate. The structure on the front side of the dual-mode CM is replicated on the back side of the substrate with a 90° rotation to achieve a chiral configuration. Under the forward-propagating y-polarized incident wave, the dual-mode CM demonstrates the capability to convert LP wave into right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) wave at 14.064 GHz. Additionally, in transmission mode, it converts LP waves to left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) wave over a wider frequency range of 16.60 – 17.03 GHz with AT response. In reflection mode, the dual-mode CM converts LP wave into RHCP wave at 12.048 GHz when subject to x-polarized incident wave propagating in the backward direction.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1226-1236"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10993380","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanically Scanned Leaky-Wave Pillbox K-Band Antenna With Dual Radiating Layers Using Variable Permittivity Substrate and Nonuniform Patches","authors":"Ahmed Jasim;Mahdi Moosazadeh;Christophe Fumeaux;Amin Abbosh","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3567968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3567968","url":null,"abstract":"A low-profile, high-gain leaky-wave pillbox K-band antenna with mechanical beam scanning is presented. The antenna consists of three layers: one feeding network layer and two radiating layers. A substrate-integrated waveguide wide-angle H-plane horn feed is connected to a one-dimensional reflector using vias rows, forming a closed pillbox reflector to prevent parasitic wave leakage. A simple coaxial feeding port is used to reduce the antenna’s complexity and cost. The middle substrate disk, made from two half-disk substrates with permittivities <inline-formula> <tex-math>${varepsilon}_{r1}{=}2.55$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>${varepsilon}_{r2}{=}2.20$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, forms the bottom of the radiating structure and is separated from the top substrate layer with periodic leaky-wave radiating elements. Rotating the middle layer by 180° changes the leaky wave’s propagation, and thus shifts the beam direction. The top radiating layer has four sets of patches with different spacings in the disk’s four quadrants. Beam scanning is achieved by rotating the disk to activate each quadrant and thus shift the beam to four distinct elevation angles. Combining the rotation states of the two layers allows wide beam scanning in the elevation direction at eight different angles. Beam scanning in the azimuth direction can be realized using a rotary joint. The design was verified using the transverse resonance method and full wave simulations. A prototype with a size of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$340times 320times 5{mathrm {mm}}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> was built and tested in the 19.5 – 20.5 GHz frequency band, showing a beam scanning range of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0- 43^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, a realized gain of 25.7 dBi, −4 dB crossover levels, −27 dB cross-polarization level, and side lobe levels below −10 dB.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1188-1198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10992681","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fourier Analysis of the Prefaded Signal Synthesis in MPAC Setup","authors":"Yilin Ji;Chunhui Li;Wei Fan","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568139","url":null,"abstract":"The prefaded signal synthesis (PFS) is a popular channel emulation method used for multiple-input multiple-output over-the-air (MIMO-OTA) testing with the multi-probe anechoic chamber (MPAC) setup. It aims to synthesize the second-order statistics of a target propagation channel in terms of the spatial and temporal correlation. The emulated spatial and temporal correlation is evaluated in a confined volume (test zone) enclosing the device-under-test (DUT). In the industry, it has been often asked about (i) the minimum sufficient spatial sampling density within the test zone when solving probe weights, and (ii) the effect of the antenna radiation pattern of different DUT’s on the emulated channel. In this paper, we aim to address those questions analytically from the perspective of the power spectral density function in the direction and Doppler frequency domain, i.e., the Fourier dual of the spatial and temporal correlation function. Moreover, we use the same Fourier duality to study (i) the root cause of the empirical statistics being different from the statistical expectation for a single channel realization, and (ii) the applicability and effectiveness of two spectral operations, namely the decorrelation and the whitening operation, on improving the empirical statistics for the emulated channel.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1213-1225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10993413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Calculation of Propagation Coefficients in Anisotropic Media Through Transfer Matrix Method Based on Eigenvalue Analysis","authors":"Jiuyang Fan;Zhixiang Huang;Xiaoli Feng;Yuxian Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3568033","url":null,"abstract":"To explore the anisotropic nature and improve computational efficiency, eigenvalue (EV-) analysis is adopted to implement the transfer matrix method (TMM), abbreviated as EV-TMM, enabling the accurate capture of propagation coefficients with different polarizations under the inhomogeneous multi-layer background. When the plane waves carrying electromagnetic information enters an anisotropic medium from air, it will excite four beams with different energies and propagation directions in the medium. Starting from the anisotropic Maxwell’s equations, the governing equation in matrix form is constructed from constitutive relations of the electromagnetic field. When facing different anisotropy, the eigenvalues along the vertical direction are obtained calculating the partial differential equation. Subsequently, given the electric intensity in the co-polarization direction, other relevant components can be easily acquired based on the aforementioned governing equation and Faraday’s law. For characterizing the data connections between different layer media, the tangential conditions of electric and magnetic fields are applied to construct the transfer matrix for the multi-layer media. To verify the reliability of EV-TMM, the commercial software COMSOL, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the conventional TMM (C-TMM) are selected as benchmarks for rigorous validation through two numerical experiments under different plane wave modes. EV-TMM saves at least 51.3% of memory and 57.0% of CPU computation time when analyzing various anisotropic structures. Finally, we utilize the amplitude modulation technology to change the value at the transverse vectors and obtain color images of the propagation coefficient in subsurface multi-layer media by EV-TMM, thus achieving the analysis for geological structure.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 4","pages":"1199-1212"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10993419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144831684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}