IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation最新文献

{"title":"Frontiers in Quantum Antennas: Theoretical Foundations, Practical Applications, and Future Outlook","authors":"Abdoalbaset Abohmra;Muhammad Zubair;Masood Ur Rehman;Hasan Abbas;Muhammad A. Imran;Qammer H. Abbasi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3545596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3545596","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum antennas represent a significant leap forward in antenna technology, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to enhance communication, imaging, and sensing applications in the terahertz, infrared, and optical regimes. This review begins with an overview of the theoretical foundations for quantum antennas as open quantum systems, discussing how strong coupling and quantum state manipulation can be harnessed for practical implementations. We then examine groundbreaking advancements in quantum antenna design, including the integration of novel material configurations, such as quantum dot arrays and their interactions with photonic reservoirs. The review explores the unique quantum phenomena exhibited by these antennas, including Rabi oscillations, solitons, and non-reciprocal behavior, which set them apart from classical antennas. Additionally, we discuss the role of quantum metasurfaces in manipulating electromagnetic waves at the quantum level, opening new avenues for antenna design and functionality. Understanding these quantum effects enables the optimization of antenna performance for emerging applications in quantum communication, where enhanced security and efficiency are paramount. Finally, this comprehensive analysis not only bridges the gap between classical and quantum antennas but also underscores the remarkable potential of quantum antennas, highlighting future directions and their evolving role in emerging technologies","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"664-693"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10902445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Antenna Technology Developments for Sub-THz Wireless Communication: Application, Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"Jordi C. F. Zandboer;Gabriele Federico;Ulf Johannsen;A. Bart Smolders","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546122","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes state-of-the-art antenna concepts in the higher millimeter-wave frequency range (90-300 GHz), commonly referred to as the sub-THz frequency range. As the sub-THz range is still an emerging field of research, the aim of this review is to present and discuss different approaches and concepts reported in literature in the areas of antenna-in-package (AiP), antenna-on-chip (AoC) and other sub-THz antenna technology, focusing on the gain and occupied area parameters. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that AiP and AoC systems are very promising for highly integrated solutions requiring a small form factor, such as inter-device communication. At the same time, other concepts such as lens antennas provide a better solution for high-gain applications like fronthaul/backhaul scenarios. For D-band, a patch-AiP is the dominant antenna choice, but for H-band tailoring the antenna type to a specific application is highly recommended. The challenges involved in designing, manufacturing and measuring sub-THz antennas are best represented by the fact that only 26% of the listed AiP and AoC antennas operating above 200 GHz have documented performance measurements. This can be addressed by choosing the right manufacturing technology as well as measurement setup and corresponding calibration.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"645-663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10904166","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Neural Network-Based Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Antenna Radiation Patterns From Two-Dimensional Cuts","authors":"Saeed Jan;Yuanzhi Liu;Costas D. Sarris","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544968","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel solution to the classical problem of interpolating three-dimensional antenna radiation patterns from two-dimensional, orthogonal pattern slices. We introduce a neural network model that performs this interpolation with high accuracy across a wide range of patterns, including cases where conventional interpolation methods struggle. This model is beneficial for three-dimensional modeling methods, such as ray-tracing, where a full antenna radiation pattern is needed, whereas only principal plane patterns are available from measurements or data sheets. The proposed neural network combines computational efficiency with superior accuracy compared to available alternative methods.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"726-734"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10899847","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Low Temperature Cofired-Cordierite Ceramic Substrate-Based Compact Ultra-Wideband Circularly Polarized Array Antenna for C-Band Remote Sensing Application","authors":"Subuh Pramono;Josaphat Tetuko Sri Sumantyo;Muhammad Hamka Ibrahim;Ayaka Takahashi;Yuki Yoshimoto;Hisato Kashihara;Cahya Edi Santosa;Steven Gao;Koichi Ito","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3544279","url":null,"abstract":"This research proposes a novel antenna substrate that is realized based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology using cordierite ceramic (2MgO 2Al2O<inline-formula> <tex-math>${_{{3}}}~5$ </tex-math></inline-formula>SiO2). Compared to other existing ceramics, it has an impressive low dielectric constant <inline-formula> <tex-math>$rm (epsilon _{r})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 4.674 and a loss tangent (tan <inline-formula> <tex-math>$delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 0.0723 at 5.3 GHz, which makes it ideal for creating an ultra-wideband (UWB) circularly polarized (CP) array antenna. In addition, cordierite ceramic is suitable for high-temperature environments, its coefficient of linear thermal expansion is about <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.8times 10{^{-}6 }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/K (40°C– 800°C), and it expands only 0.1% of its room temperature dimensions even in a 1000°C environment. Through a sputtering process, platinum with a melting point of 1768°C and very good oxidation resistance is used as a conductive material on the cordierite ceramic substrate. Based on the measured results, the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP array antennas have an ultrawide impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 1.74 GHz (32.83%), an axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 1.26 GHz (23.77%), and a maximum gain of 12.2 dBic. In the experimental test, the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP antennas are set up as transmitters and receivers in a CP synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system with full polarimetric modes (L-L, L-R, R-L, and R-R) for remote sensing applications. The transceiver <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP array antennas have high isolation with an average mutual coupling level of around −65.9 dB. The back projection algorithm is applied to convert the received data into the scattering images and samples the maximum scattering intensities from the scattering images that are presented in scattering matrices. The measured scattering matrices have a similar trend to the theoretical scattering matrices. Based on the heat-exposed measurement, exposure to 500°C of heat on the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP array antennas causes physical change. The antennas expand in size, which leads to a slight shift in the center frequency by 140 MHz. This proves that the proposed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CP array antennas perform well in high-temperature conditions.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"715-725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10897798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-Dependent Over-the-Air Measurements of Total Isotropic Sensitivity for Minimum Uncertainty","authors":"Jiyu Wu;Francesco de Paulis;Yihong Qi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543916","url":null,"abstract":"Characterizing the receiving performance of a radio system in current and future commercial communication devices is a significant concern for ensuring the reception of good quality signals and, more importantly, a reliable and stable connection to the base station antenna. The receiver performances are evaluated following the standardized method based on the total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) measurement. However, the current standard may not be accurate as it assumes that transmitters operate at their maximum power levels, which is not always true in real-world usage. Furthermore, different devices have varying maximum power levels, and the radio sensitivity measured depends on the device’s current temperature; therefore, it is affected by heat generation and dissipation. This can lead to ambiguity in TIS measurements. To address this, this paper suggests a new TIS method that measures TIS at the device’s thermally stable condition, thus redefining TIS not a single value but rather as a function of the transmitter’s power, reducing uncertainty and ambiguity in TIS measurements for wireless and 5G devices. Based on measurement results in this paper, the TIS measurement exhibits a variability of up to 1 dB due to the effects of temperature and transmitting power levels, distinct from the inherent measurement uncertainty of 0.28 dB specified by the standard. A more complex yet accurate measurement procedure is proposed while varying the power level. The proposed method is applied and experimentally verified, demonstrating its usefulness to extract the TIS profile instead of a single value, with a result of the TIS variation as a function of the transmitting power.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"705-714"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10896760","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflective and Transmissive Linear Polarization Rotators: A Review","authors":"Ahmed Abdelmottaleb Omar","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543633","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a comprehensive literature review of design principles and topologies for both reflective and transmissive polarization rotators. It begins with an overview of polarization rotators and their applications, setting the stage for an in-depth exploration of design methodologies. Reflective polarization rotator designs are first discussed, focusing on two primary approaches: tilted resonators and coupled current techniques. The article then examines various strategies for designing transmissive polarization rotators, including tilted resonators between grids, coupled currents, substrate-integrated waveguides, aperture coupling, meander lines, multilayer inclined wire gratings, and electromagnetic wave coupling techniques. Additionally, the review covers polarization rotators based on the 3D frequency selective surfaces design principle. The article also presents a range of design examples from existing literature and concludes with a discussion of absorptive polarization rotator designs. This review highlights some important gaps in current research on polarization rotators, offering a roadmap for future studies. By pointing out areas where existing methods are insufficient, it aims to guide researchers in tackling these challenges.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"633-644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10892298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Shaped-Beam Radiation Patterns With Efficient Optimization Algorithm","authors":"Ting Zang;Gaobiao Xiao","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543576","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the efficient optimization algorithm for synthesizing shaped beams is extended to the synthesis of radiation patterns of planar current sheets that have different beams and polarizations on the two sides of the source plane. The radiation pattern is described with a real-valued function, which is expressed with the superposition of entire functions and its extrema can be quickly located by searching on a fixed uniform grid in the k-space. By flexibly tuning the positions of the extrema, the ripples in the main beam and the levels of the sidelobes can be effectively controlled. As the number of the extrema in the radiation pattern is approximately equal to the effective number of degrees of freedom (NDF) of the far field, the optimization algorithm can converge fast. Numerical examples show that the optimization results can be improved by refining the uniform grids in the k-space.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"694-704"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10892263","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Vegetation Attenuation Characteristics at the 300-GHz Band","authors":"Keisuke Matsui;Hiroaki Nakabayashi;Akihiko Hirata","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543518","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the seasonal variation in vegetation loss and the effects of moving foliage on signal propagation at the 300 GHz band. The variation in vegetation loss across seasons aligns well with the ITU-R model when parameters are adjusted for the month exhibiting maximum vegetation loss. During leafless seasons, slow fading is characterized by a frequency component below 0.2 Hz and occurs predominantly due to branch vibrations caused by wind. In environments where foliage consistently obstructs the line of sight between transmitter and receiver (quasi-line-of-sight, QLOS), rapid fading occurs due to foliage movement, with frequency components reaching up to 20 Hz. Both slow and rapid fading patterns in vegetation loss approximate the Nakagami distribution. Conversely, when foliage is sparse and wind causes intermittent shifts between line-of-sight and QLOS conditions, neither the Rician nor Nakagami models adequately represent the experimental data. This discrepancy is primarily due to significant variations in median vegetation loss values depending on whether the propagation path is obstructed by foliage. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of vegetation-induced signal fading at the 300 GHz band and demonstrates that seasonal variations significantly influence propagation characteristics.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 2","pages":"621-629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10892210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fixed-Frequency 2-D Wide-Angle Scanning Leaky-Wave Array With Reconfigurable Probe-Fed Magneto-Electric Dipole","authors":"Kai Qin;Bingjie Xiang;Kwai-Man Luk","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3543251","url":null,"abstract":"A new 2-D scanning leaky-wave antenna (LWA) design is proposed, with a scanning range larger than competitors. It consists of a 1-bit reconfigurable magneto-electric (ME) dipole array and a pillbox beam-forming network (BFN). The probe-fed ME dipole is minimized to fit the holographic method and is introduced in LWA for the first time. A p-i-n diode is loaded in the L-shaped directly-fed probe to control whether it radiates. The dispersion characteristic of the linear LWA is examined to validate the effectiveness of the holographic method. A procedure is proposed to select the port and hologram for any-angle 2-D beam scanning. The prototype is fabricated and measured, and the results demonstrate the improved scanning range. The scanning range under the 3 dB gain decline condition covers ±54° across the broadside in the H-plane and ±37° in the E-plane in simulation. This design has the advantage of a wider scanning angle, 2-D scanning capability, and low cost. It may find applications in sensing, base stations, and vehicle communications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 2","pages":"613-620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10891697","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metamaterial-Based Wide-Angle Scanning Circularly Polarized Phased Array With Stable Gain","authors":"Xiangyu Yin;Wu Ren;Zhenghui Xue;Weiming Li","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3541235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3541235","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a wide-angle scanning circularly polarized phased array with stable gain is proposed. The proposed antenna array is composed of truncated microstrip antennas, four rows of mushroom metamaterials, and two tensor holographic metasurfaces. The mushroom metamaterials generate TM10 mode on the same plane as the antenna elements, compensating for the imbalance between horizontal and vertical polarization when the beam pattern of the phased array is steered to a wide-angle point. Meanwhile, the tensor holographic metasurfaces convert surface waves into circularly polarized leaky waves, which superimpose on the radiation of the antenna array, thereby improving the axis ratio and increasing the realized gain. Furthermore, an eight-element linear phased array with the circularly polarized and scanning gain enhanced metamaterials are fabricated. The measured results show that the axial ratio of the proposed wide-angle scanning antenna array remains below 3 dB, the scanning range is from −60° to 65°, and the gain fluctuation is less than 1.8 dB in the operating frequency range 10.1-10.7 GHz. In general, the proposed antenna array loaded metamaterials have the advantages of stable scanning gain, low profile and easy to fabricate, thus satisfying the requirements of satellite and radar applications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 2","pages":"594-602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10883338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}