IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation最新文献

{"title":"Low-Complexity Wideband Circularly Polarized Modular Scalable Phased Array for Vehicular Satellite Communication","authors":"Behzad Yektakhah;Abdelhamid M. H. Nasr;Abdel Halim Mohamed;Kamal Sarabandi","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551624","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a low-complexity wideband circularly polarized (CP) array in X-band for vehicular satellite communication. The array comprises dual-polarized corner-fed patch elements for achieving wide bandwidth. The active elements are integrated in a modular manner using interposers that enables the scalability of the array and simplicity of routing RF signals, as well as dc bias and digital control lines on the array surface. The building block of the scalable array is a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2 times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> subarray of dual-polarized patch elements and an interposer with an 8-channel beamformer integrated circuit mounted on it. The interposer circuit simplifies the routing of dc and digital lines on the surface of larger arrays, lowers the cost of fabrication, and makes the array debugging simple. To show the scalability of the design, an <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8 times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array made of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16 ; 2 times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> arrays is designed, fabricated, and tested both in free space and the presence of a laminated moonroof glass. The array exhibits a minimum measured realized CP gain of 26.7 dBi and 25.8 dBi over the band 10.7–12.7 GHz in free space and the presence of the laminated glass, respectively. The array beam is steerable over the range of ±40° in all directions, both in free space and in the presence of a laminated moonroof glass. Remarkably, the array is shown to maintain its high gain, bandwidth, axial ratio, and scan range when operated behind laminated moonroof glass, making it suitable for its installation inside vehicles for satellite communication without necessitating any alterations to the array or the vehicle’s exterior design.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"854-863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10926514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Integration of a Beam-Steering Leaky-Wave Antenna and Power Amplifier MMIC Using UPD Printing in 220 to 325 GHz Range","authors":"Georg Gramlich;Elizabeth Bekker;Luca Valenziano;Joel Dittmer;Martin Roemhild;Holger Baur;Fabian Thome;Axel Tessmann;Michael Kuri;Tom Neerfeld;Andreas Stöhr;Sebastian Randel;Christian Koos;Norbert Fruehauf;Thomas Zwick;Akanksha Bhutani","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3551350","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the first hybrid-integration assembly of a power amplifier (PA) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) and a beam-steering leaky wave antenna (LWA) using an ultra-precise deposition (UPD) printed coplanar waveguide (CPW) interconnect operating in a broad sub- THz range of 220 GHz to 325 GHz. The hybrid assembly uses an InGaAs PA with a saturated output power of up to 14.5 dBm and an InP LWA with a peak antenna gain of up to 13.5 dBi and a beam-steering range from -60° to 35°. The hybrid assembly employs a submount that compensates for the height difference of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx 300 mu mathrm{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> between the PA MMIC and LWA substrates. The PA MMIC and LWA are positioned at an edge-to-edge distance of just <inline-formula> <tex-math>$11 mu mathrm{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> on the submount using a die bonder with sub-micrometer accuracy. The small gap between the PA MMIC and LWA is filled with a polymer that provides a stable dielectric constant in the target sub-THz range. The UPD-printed CPW interconnect is optimized to maintain a characteristic impedance of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50 Omega$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by analyzing the dielectric properties and thickness of the various materials on which the printing is performed. Moreover, the surface topology is measured using a white light interferometer, to enable fully conformal printing. The electromagnetic simulation results of the CPW interconnect show an insertion loss of 1.1 dB to 1.7 dB, which includes the RF pads of the PA MMIC, LWA, and the short segments of CPW designed on the PA MMIC and LWA substrates. A separate UPD-printed CPW test assembly is manufactured on a single polymer substrate, and custom through-reflect-line calibration standards are printed on the same substrate to experimentally validate the insertion loss of a UPD-printed CPW in the 220 GHz to 325 GHz range. A probe-based measurement setup is used to characterize the hybrid assembly. The hybrid assembly achieves a reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB and a peak gain of up to 26 dBi across the sub- THz range. The beamsteering functionality of the hybrid assembly is successfully validated only in the forward quadrant due to measurement restrictions in the backward quadrant. In the forward quadrant, the measured beam-steering angle of the hybrid assembly varies from 0° to 37°, which is in good agreement with the standalone LWA.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"837-853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10926903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Antennas Beyond the Standard Impedance Matching Technique: Concepts and Applications","authors":"Constant M. A. Niamien","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3550271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3550271","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new design concept for improving active antennas’ performances beyond the standard impedance matching technique. The proposed approach expands the mismatch at the antenna-amplifier interface to create a voltage excess, transferred to the matched output receiver using a voltage-type amplifier instead of a power type. Compared with a standard dual-input-output matching, this leads to comparable bandwidth and DC consumption but significantly improves the peak gain, gain-bandwidth-product (GBWP), stability, and noise figure. Experiments with a conventional dipole antenna confirm an improvement factor near two on gain and GBWP. Stability improves by 10°, tending to reach the reference value of 60° phase margin for sound systems. Also, the noise figure significantly decreases by 4.5 dB on average. In addition, the newly introduced performance metric, typically normalized gain-bandwidth-product (NGBWP), dividing GBWP by the average amplifying stage’s gain and the passive antenna’s GBWP, is NGBWP <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=}6.84$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, far higher than the existing works peaking at 2. Finally, the proposed active dipole shows GBWP <inline-formula> <tex-math>${=}2.68$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which is 15 times the passive dipole. These attractive characteristics make the present approach suitable for most wireless systems.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"821-836"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10922756","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Guidelines of Stacked Dual-Band SIW Slot Array With Optimal Aperture Reuse Ratio and High Aperture Efficiency","authors":"Yihong Su;Yulei Yang;Xian Qi Lin;Yong Fan","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549446","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, intelligent devices have greatly enhanced people’s daily lives by providing greater convenience, efficiency, and connectivity. In this context, communication between vehicles, as well as between vehicles and satellite navigation systems, base stations, and other infrastructures, is crucial. These communications utilize millimeter wave frequency bands to achieve faster response times and more accurate target tracking and identification. In this paper, the design guidelines of a stacked dual-band (28/35 GHz) substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) slot antenna array are proposed to achieve the optimal aperture reuse ratio and high aperture efficiency. The dual-band array consists of two-layer substrates, and each layer acts as an independent SIW slot antenna array. The upper substrate is composed of nonadjacent SIW slot sub-arrays for the high band operation, while the low band array is located in the lower substrate radiating through the gap between the high band sub-arrays. A dual-band antenna array with an <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array in each band is designed and demonstrated as an example, where the center frequencies of the two bands are chosen to be 28 GHz and 35 GHz. The maximum aperture reuse ratio is achieved by the rational array arrangement, and the improvement in aperture efficiency is accomplished by a periodic grid structure. The measured maximum aperture efficiency reaches 55% and 58% in the desired lower and higher bands, respectively. The measured results of the antenna show superior performance, validating the design guidelines of the antenna topology.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"797-809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10919047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Relational Databases to the Acceleration of Ray Tracing in High Frequency Asymptotic Techniques","authors":"David Cabornero;Lorena Lozano;Iván González;Álvaro Somolinos;Felipe Cátedra","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549922","url":null,"abstract":"A new ray-tracing acceleration technique is presented for electromagnetic simulation problems using the Uniform Theory of Diffraction and meshes of planar facets. The innovation involves using relational databases to accurately store spatial information, enabling spatial indexing through space partitioning with R-trees. This technique effectively reduces the computational cost of several critical phases, including the shadowing test. Additionally, there are multiple advantages to utilizing this technology, such as automated memory and disk management along with a query planner that organizes the instructions automatically. Direct rays, multiple reflections, multiple transmissions, simple diffraction, and combinations of these effects have been implemented in PostgreSQL and its spatial library PostGIS. Compared to traditional techniques that employ Angular Z-Buffer acceleration and store information solely in RAM using a low-level language, this approach decreases memory usage by more than 90% in complex scenarios. It also shows a decrease in execution time by more than half when the scenario is sufficiently complex.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"810-820"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10919085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optically Transparent Single-Layer Dual-Frequency Dual-Polarization Metasurface Applied in Close Proximity to Smartphone Millimeter-Wave Phased Array Antenna Systems","authors":"Wen Fu;Igor Syrytsin;Rocio Rodriguez Cano;Peiye Liu;Andrey Kobyakov;Gert Frølund Pedersen;Shuai Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3549085","url":null,"abstract":"An optically transparent single-layer dual-frequency dual-polarization metasurface operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz is proposed to enhance millimeter-wave transmission through glass. The unit cell design of the proposed metasurface has three distinct pattern types: square annular, Jerusalem cross, and circular. The former pattern can independently control the low-frequency resonance, while the latter two can control the high-frequency resonance. The proposed metasurface can achieve a large incident angle of 60 degrees for electromagnetic waves in TE and TM polarizations. After the metal layer of the proposed metasurface is meshed, the transparency of the metasurface is significantly improved. The meshed metasurface can be coated on the glass back cover of a smartphone to improve the performance of the millimeter-wave phased array antenna system under the glass back cover without affecting the aesthetics of the smartphone back cover. The prototype of a dual-band patch phased array antenna with the metasurface-coated glass superstrate is fabricated and tested as proof of concept. The experimental results are good and the effectiveness of the proposed metasurface is well verified.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"789-796"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10916750","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Wideband 4×4 Patch Array Antenna With Low Sidelobes for Radar-Based Obstacle Detection in Railway Transportation","authors":"Thipamas Phakaew;Tiwat Pongthavornkamol;Danai Torrungrueng;Thomas Dallmann;Suramate Chalermwisutkul","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3548112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3548112","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> patch array antenna for radar-based obstacle detection systems in railway transportation. Sidelobe suppression is achieved through amplitude tapering of sub-array elements in the E-plane and asymmetric power dividers in the feed network for the H-plane. The array antenna is framed by a coplanar ground conductor to further reduce sidelobes and fed by a coplanar waveguide port for enhanced impedance bandwidth. The proposed antenna offers an impedance bandwidth from 9.13 GHz to 9.76 GHz (6.3%) and a broadside gain of 18.15 dBi at the center frequency of 9.55 GHz. Sidelobe suppression exceeds 12.22 dB and 19.06 dB in the E- and H-plane, respectively. The 3-dB beamwidth is 17° in the E-plane and 16° in the H-plane with simulated radiation efficiency of 85%. A prototype was fabricated and measured, with sensitivity analysis conducted to assess performance variations due to fabrication tolerances and measurement fixture effects. To validate system performance, antenna prototypes were integrated into a frequency-modulated continuous wave radar system and tested in a realistic railway environment. The system successfully detected a truck crossing a railway track at approximately 1,260 meters, confirming the antenna’s suitability for radar-based obstacle detection in railway transportation.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"774-788"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10912488","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Anisotropic Metamaterial Cover Layer for Scan Range Enhancement of Patch-Antenna Phased Arrays in Both Principal Planes","authors":"Mohammad Soltani;George V. Eleftheriades","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3548005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3548005","url":null,"abstract":"This work introduces a metamaterial cover layer designed to extend the scan range of patch-antenna phased arrays in both principal planes without compromising directivity. The key innovation lies in the anisotropic properties of the cover layer which suppress the excitation of the fundamental surface-wave (SW) mode, effectively mitigating scan blindness within the desired angular range. This suppression mechanism is simply not possible with a conventional dielectric-slab wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) layer. The anisotropic slab SW suppression key mechanism is analyzed using the transverse resonance technique, yielding design equations for practical implementation. The metamaterial cover uniquely combines a wire medium (WM) slab and an artificial dielectric layer. This combination addresses two critical limitations of wide-angle scanning phased arrays: scan blindness and mutual coupling. The performance of the metamaterial cover is analyzed using the current sheet model and the spectral domain Green’s function of the stratified dielectric media, incorporating a detailed model of the WM slab. Results demonstrate an improvement in scan range across more than 10% fractional bandwidth. To validate the concept, a prototype is fabricated and applied to a home-made <inline-formula> <tex-math>$8times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-element patch-antenna phased array with half-wavelength element spacing and a limited scan range. Crucially, in the E-plane, where surface waves limit performance in the bare array, the scan range is dramatically increased from ±30° to ±50°. The prototype achieves a final scan range of ±50° in the E-plane and ±60° in the H-plane, experimentally confirming the effectiveness of the proposed metamaterial cover in enabling wide-angle scanning.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"759-773"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10909674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Wideband and Low Sidelobe Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna Array With Embedded Resistors","authors":"Jianhui Huang;Kwai-Man Luk","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3547376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3547376","url":null,"abstract":"A simple and effective method, by using ‘0-1’ excitations, to reduce the sidelobe level (SLL) for a wideband magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna array is proposed. First of all, the multiple-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) is utilized to search optimal ‘0-1’ excitations for SLL reductions. Then, the ‘0’ and ‘1’ excitation can be achieved by incorporating the absorbing element embedded with a resistor and an ME dipole antenna element, respectively. Different from the traditional tapered excitation techniques, the proposed array utilizes an equal power divider to distribute the power to each element. Finally, a planar <inline-formula> <tex-math>$16times 16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> stripline-fed antenna array according to the optimized array configuration is designed, fabricated, and measured. An overlapped impedance bandwidth of 57% (10–18 GHz) is achieved with the standing wave ratio (SWR) less than 2, and the SLLs are lower than −17.5 dB across 40% bandwidth both in E- and H-planes. In addition, the measured realized gain of this array prototype is up to 26.2 dBi with a high realized aperture efficiency ranging from 61% to 73%. The proposed lightweight, high-gain and high-integration Ku-band antenna array with low SLL characteristics shows great potential in satellite communications.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"749-758"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10909215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressed Sensing Digital MIMO Radar Using a Non-Uniformly Spaced SIW Sparse Receiver Array","authors":"Cristian A. Alistarh;Symon K. Podilchak;Dave J. Bekers;Laura Anitori;Wim L. van Rossum;Rob Boekema;Iram Shahzadi;Mathini Sellathurai;John S. Thompson;Yahia M. M. Antar","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2025.3546667","url":null,"abstract":"A compressed sensing (CS) digital radar system based on a sparse array design is proposed for use in automotive collision-avoidance applications. The proof-of-concept radar system offers an enlarged antenna aperture, employing fewer elements and can distinguish targets at an angular separation of only 2 degrees for a bandwidth of 6.25%. This resolution is made possible using a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration from the original sparse array which was implemented and tested using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. More specifically, the total aperture size (of the effective virtual receiver array) is <inline-formula> <tex-math>$23.5lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> which is equivalent to a uniform-linear array (ULA) having 48 elements spaced at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.5lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> apart. However, the total number of elements is 32. This defines a cost-effective setup offering a reduction of 16 elements which accounts for a 33% reduction in the number of required channels for the SIW array. Also, the radar exploits sparse-reconstruction techniques for target detection. Results of the simulations and measurements show that the performance of the proposed SIW antenna and experimentally verified radar system can offer competitive high-resolution detection when compared to other findings in the literature and to the best knowledge of the authors, no similar antenna and radar system implementation has been designed and experimentally verified.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"6 3","pages":"735-748"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10907910","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}