IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation最新文献

{"title":"Single-Motor Controlled Mechanically Frequency Reconfigurable Unidirectional Antenna Array With Stable Radiation Patterns","authors":"Abubakar Muhammad Sadiq;Minglve Liu;Xiao Zhang;Yu Luo;Yan Chen;Kaixue Ma","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3456252","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3456252","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a mechanically frequency-reconfigurable monopole antenna and array that offers a wide tuning range, gain enhancement, and stable beamwidth. The monopole is positioned above a large reflector plate to achieve unidirectional radiation and increased gain. By adjusting the height between the monopole and reflector plate at λ/4 according to resonant frequencies, the frequency band and gain stability can be achieved. A single-motor controlled mechanical system enables the reconfiguration of resonant frequencies and gain enhancement. Measured results demonstrate that the frequency can be adjusted from 1.17 to 3.08 GHz (basic mode) with a relative bandwidth of 89% for a single monopole over the reflector. In the tuning frequency band, the gain and radiation efficiency are 7.51±0.88 dBi and 91.9±6%, respectively. To further enhance and stabilize the gain, a method is proposed and implemented in the array application. An advanced single-motor controlled mechanical system is designed to simultaneously adjust the resonant frequencies, height between the monopole and reflector plate, and inter-distance between the elements. Measured results show that the frequency can be adjusted from 1.15 to 3.0 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 86%. The achieved gain is 11.81±0.38 dBi, and the radiation efficiency is 89.9±8.2% at the basic mode. Additionally, the 3 dB beamwidth in the reconfigured band is 61.5o±6.5o and 39.5o±5.5o for E-planes and H-planes, respectively, indicating stable radiation patterns.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1773-1785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10679160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Characterization of a Transmission Loss of an Antenna-Embedded Wall","authors":"Lauri Vähä-Savo;Lorenzo Veggi;Enrico M. Vitucci;Clemens Icheln;Vittorio Degli-Esposti;Katsuyuki Haneda","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3457989","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3457989","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical model for an antenna-embedded wall, also called signal-transmissive wall, is presented in this work. In the signal-transmissive wall, multiple antenna elements are distributed periodically on both wall sides, and connected back-to-back through coaxial cables. Numerical full-wave simulations of the signal-transmissive wall are computationally demanding due to the fine meshes required in the cables while having an electrically large wall size. Therefore the simulations above 8 GHz are not feasible even with a powerful cluster computer of the authors’ research site. The analytical model is an attractive alternative to the full-wave simulation of the wall, which combines the individual transmission characteristics of the bare wall, realized gains of antenna elements and cable losses. The analytical model accurately reproduces the full-wave simulated transmission coefficient of the signal-transmissive wall up to 8 GHz for arbitrary polarizations and incident angles of a plane wave. The model therefore allows analysis of the signal-transmissive wall beyond 8 GHz, showing more than 70 dB reduction of the transmission loss at 30 GHz compared to a bare wall.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1765-1772"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10677548","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Series Arrangement Technique for Highly-Directive PCB Leaky-Wave Antennas With Application to RFID UHF Frequency Scanning Systems","authors":"Miguel Poveda-García;Alejandro Gil-Martínez;Astrid Algaba-Brazález;David Cañete-Rebenaque;José Luis Gómez-Tornero","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3455421","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3455421","url":null,"abstract":"The efficient series connection of planar leaky-wave antennas (LWA) to obtain directive frequency beam scanning, is proposed in this paper. Conditions for the proper performance are here derived, showing that the distance between antennas must be minimized while optimizing the phase shift introduced by the interconnection. Consequently, the methodology to design the transition is presented by an example using SMA connectors and a meander coaxial cable. Such series arrangement is useful to overcome the restricted directivity of planar LWAs in the UHF band due to limited PCB standard manufacturing sizes, while optimizing the radiation efficiency. The presented theory is validated with practical design examples of microstrip LWA arrays operating in the 900 MHz UHF band. Also, the frequency-beam scanning behaviour of the series-fed LWA array is analysed, demonstrating good performance when the proposed design conditions are satisfied, compared to a non-optimized design which can lead to destructive interference in the desired scanning directions.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1193-1208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10668830","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beamforming Analysis of Dual Beam Antenna Array Using Theory of Characteristic Modes","authors":"Mahrukh Khan;Talha Murad;Nicholas Lusdyk","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3449752","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3449752","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel and insightful approach to beamforming a \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 antenna array using the theory of characteristic modes. The array comprises four rectangular patch antenna elements designed on an FR-4 substrate resonating at 2.4 GHz. The characteristic mode analysis (CMA) presented a fascinating physical insight into the surface current directions and the radiation characteristics of the array structure. The excitation of a specific characteristic mode led to the design of a dual-beam antenna array. After feed excitation, characteristic mode analysis (CMA) was employed to understand multi-beam pattern reconfigurability in the multi-port structure. The information of distinct and orthogonal modal characteristic fields guides the beamforming of multibeam arrays. Modal characteristic fields of specific modes were identified using a modal weighting coefficient that may combine upon port phase change for beamforming at a certain scan angle. The potential of multi-dimensional coverage of a multibeam array is presented by selecting the different phase combinations of feeding ports. The paper discusses the strengths and limitations of beam scanning due to the combination of modes. This physical insight is beneficial for future pattern reconfigurable antenna array design procedures. Measurements on a realized prototype are in a good agreement with simulations, proving the proposed concept.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1465-1475"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10646390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplification of Linear Beam-Forming Networks by Applying a Novel Phase Interpolation Technique","authors":"Elizvan Juarez;Marco A. Panduro;David H. Covarrubias;Alberto Reyna","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3448245","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3448245","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new design proposal for the simplification of linear beam-forming networks by applying a novel phase interpolation technique. This paper proposes the strategic utilization of 1-to-3 division nodes and 2-to-1 recombination nodes to reconstructing the cophasal values necessary for radiation beam scanning in linear phased array systems. This novel technique simplifies the beam-forming network, achieving a reduction of phase shifters by up to 60% and ±18° of scan angle. These benefits are obtained using uniform amplitude excitation and without additional amplitude controls. The complete antenna system considers a broadband V-slot as antenna element for obtaining a bandwidth performance of approximately 1.2 GHz. This results in a 22% of bandwidth. This is illustrated by using a prototype with experimental measurement results and simulations based on electromagnetic solver (CST Microwave Studio). These results reveal an interesting reduction of phase shifters for a good trade-off of beam-steering range and bandwidth behavior. The experimental results are analyzed and compared with other techniques and previous works cited in the literature. This novel methodology provides interesting results of a high benefit for wireless applications of phased antenna systems.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1714-1723"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10643585","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Isolation in Interleaved Co-Frequency Orthogonally Polarized Circular Patch Array Antennas Using Conformal Mantle Cloaks and Integrated Decoupling Patches","authors":"Reza Masoumi;Robab Kazemi;Aly E. Fathy","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445270","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445270","url":null,"abstract":"Employing two closely spaced arrays operating at the same frequency with orthogonal polarizations and independent operations present significant potential for miniaturizing telecommunication systems. This paper presents two interleaved, tightly spaced circular patch array antennas that operate at the same frequency but with orthogonal polarizations. The arrays are arranged in the E-plane, with one array rotated 90 degrees to achieve orthogonal polarization—Array-I is x-polarized, while Array-II is y-polarized. This configuration provides both spatial and polarization diversity, which helps reduce signal degradation caused by multipath fading and enhances overall channel capacity. However, the inherent symmetry of the circular patches typically results in significant coupling between adjacent arrays when they are closely spaced, which can severely degrade antenna performance. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of conformal mantle cloaks and decoupling patches in isolating two interleaved co-frequency circular patch array antennas. Our designed mantle cloak, composed of a conformal substrate with parallel metallic strips, successfully eliminates cross-coupling between adjacent elements in the interleaved arrays, although it does not fully mitigate inter-element coupling within each array. To further address this issue, we employ small patches with shorting pins to minimize mutual coupling among the elements of each array. These isolating techniques enable minimal proximity between the arrays, achieving a center-to-center spacing of 28.88 mm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.54lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) and an edge-to-edge gap of less than 1 mm (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/50), theoretically approaching zero at the resonant frequency of 5.6 GHz. The conformal substrate of the cloak, produced using 3D printing technology, simplifies the fabrication process by covering only the top surface of the patches. The proposed design has been successfully fabricated and evaluated using detailed comparison metrics, including return loss, mutual coupling, radiation patterns, gain, and efficiency across cloaked and uncloaked configurations. The simulation and experimental results closely match, confirming that the cloaked antennas exhibit similar radiation performance to isolated elements.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 6","pages":"1691-1703"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10638749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ascertaining Operating Points of Harmonic Transponders Using Intermodulation Responses","authors":"Jeff Frolik;Elsie Anthonio;Rye Fought;Tara Harte","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445300","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3445300","url":null,"abstract":"Harmonic transponders are nonlinear, passive devices that typically receive an interrogation signal at one single frequency and reradiate harmonics. In this work, we propose leveraging the device’s nonlinearity by interrogating with two closely spaced signals and then measuring the second harmonics and nearby second and fourth intermodulation distortion products. Our results show that we are able to remotely determine the power incident at the device, over a 25 dB range and within ±1 dB, using only the relative ratios between these received components. This result has applications in characterizing the loss of unknown channels and in conducting over-the-air characterization of fully integrated transponders. We demonstrate this latter application.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1221-1228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10638145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guest Editorial Special Section on Advanced Beam-Forming Antennas for Beyond 5G and 6G","authors":"Shu-Lin Chen;Dongze Zheng;Geng-Bo Wu;Y. Jay Guo;Ke Wu;Chi Hou Chan","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434008","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434008","url":null,"abstract":"Beyond 5G and 6G technologies mark a pivotal evolution in the telecommunications landscape. They are not only anticipated to deliver unprecedented speed and capacity but also to serve as critical enablers for a host of emerging technologies and applications, including joint communications and sensing, autonomous driving, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and the burgeoning Internet of Things (IoT) \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000. As we transition into this new era, the expectations for system performance, reliability, and versatility are higher than ever before.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"803-809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10630582","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guest Editorial Introduction to the Special section on Recent Advances on Absorbers/Rasobers and Their Applications on Antennas and EMC","authors":"Peng Mei;Ahmed Abdelmottaleb Omar;Bo Li;Shuai Zhang;Wonbin Hong","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434028","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3434028","url":null,"abstract":"Four articles have been accepted for publication in this special section on “Recent Advances on Absorbers/Rasobers and Their Applications on Antennas and EMC”. These articles cover four distinct topics: microwave absorbers, radar cross-section reduction through phase distribution across metasurfaces, the design of miniaturized rasobers, and the 3D microwave absorber with wide angular stability. In the first article, Ning et al. [A1] provide a design methodology based on characteristic mode analysis to design reconfigurable microwave metasurface absorbers. A broadband absorber design was reported with a step-bystep process, which was verified by a full-wave simulation and measurement of a fabricated prototype. A bandwidth of 105% from 3.6 to 11.6 GHz was accomplished with less than -10 dB reflection coefficient. In the second article, Al-Nuaimi et al. [A2] utilize a novel cusp phase distribution across metasurface to achieve radar cross-section reduction. Without the need for lengthy optimization, it was found that the cusp phase mask was able to achieve radar crosssection reduction of more than 10 dB over a bandwidth of 81.8%. A stable performance was accomplished under both the normal and oblique incidence up to 75°. In the third article, Zargar et al. [A3] propose a miniaturized rasorber design with dual transmission bands within a wide absorption band. A design flow of the proposed rasorber was presented to give an overview of the design process. The final design exhibits a wide absorption band from 3.7 to 14.6 GHz and two transmission bands were generated within that band at 10.7 GHz and 16 GHz with insertion losses of 1 and 0.7 dB, respectively. The simulated results were confirmed by a fabricated prototype and measurements. In the last article, Feng et al. [A4] propose universal equivalent transmission line (TL) model and design method for efficient absorption under large angles to synthesis the absorptive performance of an absorber. A prototype with 70° angular stability is designed as an example to validate the proposed methods, where the measurements agree well with the synthesized and simulated results. Specifically speaking, the measured average absorption ratios (ARs) under normal incidence, 45° incidence, and 70° incidence are 94.2%, 94.0%, and 92.3%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 4","pages":"895-898"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10630613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Radio Frequency Sensor Enabled by Electromechanically Controlled Stretchable Rectifying Antenna Systems","authors":"Zebin Zhu;Bingyang Li;Yajiao Ke;Yuchao Wang;Zequn Wang;Shihao Sun;Ping Lu;Furong Yang;Chaoyun Song;Hongxing Dong;Long Zhang;Cheng Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3438766","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJAP.2024.3438766","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, radio frequency detection or ambient spectrum sensing has required high-performance spectrum analyzers and RF signal analyzers, leading to relatively high costs due to the need for a local oscillator and signal mixer. To overcome this challenge, we propose a low-cost, substantially simplified solution utilizing a stretchable rectenna, a microcontroller unit (MCU), and feedback control systems. By exploiting the dynamic correlation between the resonant frequency and the tensile ratio of the stretchable antenna, the incoming frequency can be determined by recording the maximum rectifier DC power output as a function of the electromechanically controlled tension ratio of the stretchable antenna. Our measured results indicate that a frequency measurement range of 1.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz can be achieved through careful design of the stretchable antenna and broadband rectifier. We have experimentally demonstrated an over-the-air far-field frequency sensing system based on this concept, showcasing significant advantages in power consumption, cost-effectiveness, and simplicity when compared to state-of-the-art RF spectrum analyzers.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"5 5","pages":"1229-1239"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10623704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141935285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}