IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation最新文献

Pedestrian Activity Recognition and Prediction With Multi-Dimensional Point Cloud-Based Deep Learning for Millimeter Wave Radar 基于多维点云深度学习的毫米波雷达行人活动识别与预测

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-01 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3698432

Zihang Zhou;Shouhei Kidera

{"title":"Pedestrian Activity Recognition and Prediction With Multi-Dimensional Point Cloud-Based Deep Learning for Millimeter Wave Radar","authors":"Zihang Zhou;Shouhei Kidera","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3698432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3698432","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a multidimensional point cloud-based pedestrian activity recognition framework for millimeter-wave (mmW) pedestrian collision avoidance sensors. While many existing methods exploit range-velocity-angle data through Fourier-based processing along array or slow-time dimensions, such approaches face fundamental limitations including a high-frequency mmW radar systems, particularly in the 79-GHz band. These include across-range-unit (ARU) range walk due to high range resolution, a limited unambiguous velocity range, and the inherent tradeoff between temporal and velocity resolutions. To address these issues, we propose a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-decomposed weighted kernel density (WKD)-based range-Doppler velocity estimation method that directly extracts the range, Doppler velocity, direction-of-arrival (DOA) angles, and reflection intensity from point cloud data to overcome the shortcomings of short-time Fourier transform (STFT)-based analysis. Furthermore, for pedestrian motion estimation and future trajectory prediction at crosswalks, the proposed framework combines this multidimensional point cloud representation with a Transformer-based model. Specifically, it employs a 12-class classification scheme comprising three walking speed states and four trajectory patterns, and enables accurate prediction of a pedestrian’s final position (1-2 seconds ahead) using only short-term slow-time observations.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1370-1385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11541098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tri-Mode Hybrid Dielectric Resonator Antenna Fabricated via Laser-Based Selective Material Processing for WLAN Applications 基于激光选择性材料加工的无线局域网三模混合介质谐振器天线

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-06 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3680933

Zhenyi Shou;Nianyao Chai;Xiao Yang;Lin Li;Kewen Pan

{"title":"Tri-Mode Hybrid Dielectric Resonator Antenna Fabricated via Laser-Based Selective Material Processing for WLAN Applications","authors":"Zhenyi Shou;Nianyao Chai;Xiao Yang;Lin Li;Kewen Pan","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3680933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3680933","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a novel tri-mode hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) designed for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is presented. Through a special DRA design, the antenna profile is compressed to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.05~mathrm {lambda }_{{0}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. TE<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{text {y}}_{text {1+}mathrm {delta } {11}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and TE<inline-formula> <tex-math>${}^{text {y}}_{text {2+}mathrm {delta } {11}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modes of a complex, irregular dielectric resonator are merged to provide the coverage of WLAN 5.2/5.8-GHz bands, while a quarter-wavelength monopole mode of an F-shaped metal strip is excited for the WLAN 2.4-GHz band. Meanwhile, a hybrid fabrication method has been developed including stereolithography (SLA)-based ceramic 3D printing for irregular dielectric resonator fabrication and laser-based selective metal patterning to achieve high-precision integration of metal strip lines (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {lt }~20~mathrm {mu }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>m accuracy). Measured and simulated results of reflection coefficients along with radiation patterns show good agreement. 6.87% and 23.16% bandwidth coverage have been achieved for WLAN 2.4-GHz and WLAN 5.2/5.8-GHz bands respectively.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1158-1166"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11474904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-Gain Microstrip Patch Arrays Using Odd TMZM0 Modes 使用奇数TMZM0模式的高增益微带贴片阵列

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-02 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699215

Fábio S. Borges;Letícia T. Lima;Tales C. Pimenta;Daniel C. Nascimento;Renan A. Santos

{"title":"High-Gain Microstrip Patch Arrays Using Odd TMZM0 Modes","authors":"Fábio S. Borges;Letícia T. Lima;Tales C. Pimenta;Daniel C. Nascimento;Renan A. Santos","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699215","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a general spectral-domain synthesis framework for high-gain microstrip patch antenna arrays operating in arbitrary odd <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm {TM}}_{m0}^{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modes. Unlike previous higher-order-mode antennas, whose designs are typically geometry- and mode-dependent, the proposed approach establishes a systematic and scalable methodology that directly links surface-current distribution to radiation characteristics. Within this framework, a conventional <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm {TM}}_{m0}^{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> patch is synthesized into a high-gain radiator through suppression of out-of-phase current regions and introduction of parasitic sections that enlarge the effective in-phase radiating aperture, leading to enhanced directivity and reduced sidelobes. To experimentally validate the proposed methodology, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>${mathrm {TM}}_{70}^{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-like element is designed and implemented, achieving a measured impedance bandwidth of 1.63% (7.92–8.05 GHz) for <inline-formula> <tex-math>$|$ </tex-math></inline-formula><inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{11}|leq -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB, a realized gain of 15.3 dBi, and sidelobe levels below −16.6 dB. Building upon this element, a compact four-element array is developed, demonstrating that very-high-order operation enables high gain with a reduced number of radiators and a simplified feeding network. The array achieves a measured impedance bandwidth of 3.8% (7.83–8.13 GHz) and a realized gain of 19.2 dBi, with good agreement between simulations and measurements. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides a general and efficient methodology for compact high-gain planar arrays based on arbitrary odd higher-order modes, with reduced complexity compared to conventional low-order-mode arrays.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1396-1407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11547196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Super-Low-Frequency Transmitter for Ground-Transparent Communication Across a Four-Layer Medium 一种跨四层介质的地面透明通信的超低频发射机

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-06 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690479

Xie He;Jianya Zhang;Qiang Zhou;Changfeng Liang

{"title":"A Super-Low-Frequency Transmitter for Ground-Transparent Communication Across a Four-Layer Medium","authors":"Xie He;Jianya Zhang;Qiang Zhou;Changfeng Liang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690479","url":null,"abstract":"Rotating magnet based mechanical antenna (RMBMA) is a novel super low frequency electromagnetic transmitting technology. It uses the mechanical rotary motion of permanent magnet to directly excite electromagnetic waves and is expected to achieve the miniaturization of the super low frequency ground-transparent transmitting system. To reveal the ground-transparent propagation characteristics of the RMBMA, this paper establishes a four-layer medium model of air - reinforced concrete - air - underground rock layer. By using the Helmholtz equations and the Sommerfeld integral, the analytical expression of the RMBMA in the four-layer medium is given. Based on the electromagnetic field simulation software FEKO, the correctness of the proposed four-layer medium propagation model is verified, and the directional characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation are analyzed. Moreover, the effects of the reinforced concrete layer conductivity and operating frequency on the propagation characteristics of the RMBMA are investigated, and a method for extending the horizontal transmission distance is provided. A prototype of the RMBMA is set up to conduct ground-transparent propagation and communication experiments. This verifies the feasibility of the scheme and lays a foundation for the realization of efficient and miniaturized ground-transparent communication.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1257-1265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11508163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fast Computation of Electromagnetic Scattering by Graphene-Filled Honeycomb Coated Target 石墨烯填充蜂窝靶电磁散射的快速计算

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-03 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699738

Wei-Jia He;Yong-Xiang Zheng;Xue Yang;Bi-Yi Wu;Sheng Sun;Ming-Lin Yang;Xin-Qing Sheng

{"title":"Fast Computation of Electromagnetic Scattering by Graphene-Filled Honeycomb Coated Target","authors":"Wei-Jia He;Yong-Xiang Zheng;Xue Yang;Bi-Yi Wu;Sheng Sun;Ming-Lin Yang;Xin-Qing Sheng","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699738","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an efficient method is presented for computing electromagnetic scattering from objects coated with thin graphene-filled honeycomb structures. In the proposed approach, the graphene-filled honeycomb coating is first homogenized as an anisotropic medium characterized by <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> tensorial relative permittivity and permeability. The homogenized model is then reduced to an equivalent impedance surface described by a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> surface-impedance tensor derived from the effective material parameters. Based on this model, a general self-dual combined field integral equation for anisotropic surface impedance, referred to as G-C-SDIE, is formulated. Several representative targets coated with graphene-filled honeycomb structures are investigated. Numerical results are compared with those obtained using the conventional surface integral equation (SIE) method and the hybrid finite element-boundary integral (FE-BI) method to validate the accuracy of the proposed approach. In addition, an electrically large aircraft model is analyzed to demonstrate the flexibility and computational efficiency of the method.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1408-1415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11550178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Planar CP ME-Dipole Antenna With Surface-Wave Compensation for Symmetric Axial-Ratio Beamwidth in mm-Wave Frontend Systems 基于面波补偿的平面CP me偶极子天线在毫米波前端系统中的对称轴比波束宽度

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-08 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3701226

Arpan Desai;Nirbhay Bhojani;Yi-Fan Tsao;Heng-Tung Hsu

{"title":"Planar CP ME-Dipole Antenna With Surface-Wave Compensation for Symmetric Axial-Ratio Beamwidth in mm-Wave Frontend Systems","authors":"Arpan Desai;Nirbhay Bhojani;Yi-Fan Tsao;Heng-Tung Hsu","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3701226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3701226","url":null,"abstract":"A planar embedded magneto-electric (ME) circularly polarized (CP) dipole antenna achieving symmetrical axial-ratio (AR) beamwidth is presented for mm-wave Satcom applications. Although AR beamwidth is a critical parameter governing polarization stability over wide angular coverage, it is often overlooked in favor of impedance and AR bandwidth. While maintaining symmetric AR beamwdith along two principal cutplanes is preferred for certain applications, such issues have rarely been discussed. In conventional air-cavity-based ME dipoles, the absence of dielectric loading results in symmetrical AR beamwidth across both principal planes due to negligible surface-wave (SW) excitation, thereby preserving a stable quadrature condition. In contrast, planar embedded ME dipoles, which are more suitable for compact front-end integration, introduce significant SW modes at mm-wave frequencies. These SWs capture a portion of the radiated power and coherently re-couple to the radiating currents, resulting in amplitude and phase imbalance between orthogonal field components, thereby degrading AR beamwidth symmetry across the principal planes. To address this limitation, the dipole patches are intentionally placed asymmetrically to disrupt the coherent buildup of surface waves, effectively modifying their coupling with the radiating modes. This approach restores symmetric CP radiation without the need for additional structures or multilayer complexity. Based on this principle, two antenna configurations are developed to realize left-hand and right-hand circular polarization, respectively. Both designs demonstrate symmetrical AR beamwidth, stable CP performance, and a fully planar PCB-compatible structure.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1416-1424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11554070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Hybrid Multilayered Slot Array Antenna-Cavity Backed and Fed by Substrate-Integrated Groove Gap Waveguide (SIGGW) Network 基于衬底集成槽隙波导（SIGGW）网络的混合多层槽阵天线腔

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-23 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3686894

Panagiotis Petroutsos;Sofia Bakogianni;Stavros Koulouridis

{"title":"A Hybrid Multilayered Slot Array Antenna-Cavity Backed and Fed by Substrate-Integrated Groove Gap Waveguide (SIGGW) Network","authors":"Panagiotis Petroutsos;Sofia Bakogianni;Stavros Koulouridis","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3686894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3686894","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a mixed multilayered cavity-backed slot array antenna for the 27 GHz band, fed by a substrate-integrated groove gap waveguide (SIGGW). The proposed antenna structure is based on a three-layer design, consisting of two dielectric substrates for the feeding network and cavity distribution layer, and a metal layer for a corrugated slot array antenna. In the presented multilevel antenna design, the feeding network and cavity layer are implemented by periodic “Mushroom”-type surfaces, creating electromagnetic band gap properties. This allows for easy assembly of the distinct printed layers without requiring an electrical contact or a bonding layer. Simultaneously, we address the potential issue of energy leakage due to surface roughness or non-flat surfaces. Measurements show good agreement with the simulation results. An impedance bandwidth of 11.7%, ranging from 25.6 to 28.8 GHz, is achieved. The measured normalized radiation patterns are symmetrical, with sidelobe levels below −10 dB at both <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0° and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 90° planes. Finally, the maximum peak gain is measured at 17.72 dBi, along with a radiation efficiency of 84% and an aperture efficiency of 77% at the central operating frequency.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1176-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11494044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Site-Specific Channel Modeling and Optimization of RIS-Assisted Multiuser MISO Systems ris辅助多用户MISO系统的站点特定信道建模与优化

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-25 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696522

Ziqi Liu;Wei Yu;Sean Victor Hum

{"title":"Site-Specific Channel Modeling and Optimization of RIS-Assisted Multiuser MISO Systems","authors":"Ziqi Liu;Wei Yu;Sean Victor Hum","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696522","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a physics-based channel modeling and optimization framework for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted downlink multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO) communication systems in site-specific environments. A hybrid ray-tracing (RT) and full-wave electromagnetic analysis approach is developed to construct a deterministic channel model that explicitly captures multipath propagation, RIS scattering behavior, and mutual coupling effects through a non-diagonal load impedance representation. Based on this model, an alternating optimization scheme jointly updates the base-station (BS) beamformer and RIS load impedances to maximize the minimum achievable rate under a total transmit power constraint and practical capacitance limits. The objective of the proposed framework is to provide a reliable initial assessment of the system-level impact of RIS deployment in realistic propagation scenarios. To evaluate this capability, the RIS is operated in a column-paired 1-bit control mode that enables exhaustive evaluation of all realizable configurations in both simulation and measurement. Performance is compared at the distribution level through achievable-rate histograms across all configurations and further examined under small user-location variations. The observed agreement between simulation and measurement demonstrates that the proposed framework reliably captures practical performance trends and provides useful guidance for the design and deployment of RIS-assisted MU-MISO systems in site-specific environments.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1356-1369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11534823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Compact Three-in-One Integrated Millimeter-Wave and Microwave Antenna Architecture for Metal-Framed 5G/6G Smartphones Featuring Satellite-Direct-to-Cell Communications 紧凑型三合一集成毫米波和微波天线架构，用于具有卫星直连蜂窝通信功能的金属框架5G/6G智能手机

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-04 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690032

Huan-Chu Huang;Jie Wu;Shuang Cui;Chow-Yen-Desmond Sim

{"title":"Compact Three-in-One Integrated Millimeter-Wave and Microwave Antenna Architecture for Metal-Framed 5G/6G Smartphones Featuring Satellite-Direct-to-Cell Communications","authors":"Huan-Chu Huang;Jie Wu;Shuang Cui;Chow-Yen-Desmond Sim","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690032","url":null,"abstract":"A compact, simple, low-cost, and practical three-in-one antenna architecture, via hybrid integration of a thin PCB-based FR2 millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna array module and a metal-frame-based FR1 microwave antenna, is proposed for the first time for metal-framed 5G and 6G smartphones featuring satellite-direct-to-cell (SDTC) communications. The three-in-one integrated antenna architecture, supporting FR1 cellular/non-cellular, FR2 cellular, and FR1 SDTC functions, is realized by connecting a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm-wave antenna array module operating in the 5G FR2 band n261 with a maximum scan angle of 45° to the top metal frame of a smartphone, thereby supporting various 5G FR1 bands, such as n1, n2, n5, n7, n13, n20, n25, n26, n29, n30, n34, n38, n39, n40, n41, and n65. In addition to covering the listed 5G FR1 and FR2 cellular bands, the proposed integrated antenna architecture can further support multiple 4G long-term evolution (LTE) bands, including B6, B19, B23, B27, B33, B35, B36, and B37, as well as the non-cellular 2.4-GHz band for WLAN and Bluetooth. Moreover, it is important to note that at 1900 MHz, approximately the center frequency of LTE bands B2 and B25, the radiation pattern from the proposed integrated FR1 microwave antenna is primarily directed upward toward the sky, achieving a high upper-hemisphere power ratio (UHPR) of 70.2%, effectively enhancing SDTC performance. Therefore, the core contribution of this work is to first strategically propose an innovative three-in-one integrated antenna architecture serving as an antenna total solution for smartphones in both current and future generations of mobile communications, in turn strengthening product competitiveness.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1244-1256"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11505825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Instructions for authors 面向作者的IEEE天线和传播指南开放期刊

IF 3.4

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Pub Date : 2026-08-01 Epub Date: 2026-08-06 DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2026.3712425

引用次数: 0