IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation最新文献

{"title":"A Super-Low-Frequency Transmitter for Ground-Transparent Communication Across a Four-Layer Medium","authors":"Xie He;Jianya Zhang;Qiang Zhou;Changfeng Liang","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690479","url":null,"abstract":"Rotating magnet based mechanical antenna (RMBMA) is a novel super low frequency electromagnetic transmitting technology. It uses the mechanical rotary motion of permanent magnet to directly excite electromagnetic waves and is expected to achieve the miniaturization of the super low frequency ground-transparent transmitting system. To reveal the ground-transparent propagation characteristics of the RMBMA, this paper establishes a four-layer medium model of air - reinforced concrete - air - underground rock layer. By using the Helmholtz equations and the Sommerfeld integral, the analytical expression of the RMBMA in the four-layer medium is given. Based on the electromagnetic field simulation software FEKO, the correctness of the proposed four-layer medium propagation model is verified, and the directional characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation are analyzed. Moreover, the effects of the reinforced concrete layer conductivity and operating frequency on the propagation characteristics of the RMBMA are investigated, and a method for extending the horizontal transmission distance is provided. A prototype of the RMBMA is set up to conduct ground-transparent propagation and communication experiments. This verifies the feasibility of the scheme and lays a foundation for the realization of efficient and miniaturized ground-transparent communication.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1257-1265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11508163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast Computation of Electromagnetic Scattering by Graphene-Filled Honeycomb Coated Target","authors":"Wei-Jia He;Yong-Xiang Zheng;Xue Yang;Bi-Yi Wu;Sheng Sun;Ming-Lin Yang;Xin-Qing Sheng","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3699738","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an efficient method is presented for computing electromagnetic scattering from objects coated with thin graphene-filled honeycomb structures. In the proposed approach, the graphene-filled honeycomb coating is first homogenized as an anisotropic medium characterized by <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> tensorial relative permittivity and permeability. The homogenized model is then reduced to an equivalent impedance surface described by a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> surface-impedance tensor derived from the effective material parameters. Based on this model, a general self-dual combined field integral equation for anisotropic surface impedance, referred to as G-C-SDIE, is formulated. Several representative targets coated with graphene-filled honeycomb structures are investigated. Numerical results are compared with those obtained using the conventional surface integral equation (SIE) method and the hybrid finite element-boundary integral (FE-BI) method to validate the accuracy of the proposed approach. In addition, an electrically large aircraft model is analyzed to demonstrate the flexibility and computational efficiency of the method.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1408-1415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11550178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planar CP ME-Dipole Antenna With Surface-Wave Compensation for Symmetric Axial-Ratio Beamwidth in mm-Wave Frontend Systems","authors":"Arpan Desai;Nirbhay Bhojani;Yi-Fan Tsao;Heng-Tung Hsu","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3701226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3701226","url":null,"abstract":"A planar embedded magneto-electric (ME) circularly polarized (CP) dipole antenna achieving symmetrical axial-ratio (AR) beamwidth is presented for mm-wave Satcom applications. Although AR beamwidth is a critical parameter governing polarization stability over wide angular coverage, it is often overlooked in favor of impedance and AR bandwidth. While maintaining symmetric AR beamwdith along two principal cutplanes is preferred for certain applications, such issues have rarely been discussed. In conventional air-cavity-based ME dipoles, the absence of dielectric loading results in symmetrical AR beamwidth across both principal planes due to negligible surface-wave (SW) excitation, thereby preserving a stable quadrature condition. In contrast, planar embedded ME dipoles, which are more suitable for compact front-end integration, introduce significant SW modes at mm-wave frequencies. These SWs capture a portion of the radiated power and coherently re-couple to the radiating currents, resulting in amplitude and phase imbalance between orthogonal field components, thereby degrading AR beamwidth symmetry across the principal planes. To address this limitation, the dipole patches are intentionally placed asymmetrically to disrupt the coherent buildup of surface waves, effectively modifying their coupling with the radiating modes. This approach restores symmetric CP radiation without the need for additional structures or multilayer complexity. Based on this principle, two antenna configurations are developed to realize left-hand and right-hand circular polarization, respectively. Both designs demonstrate symmetrical AR beamwidth, stable CP performance, and a fully planar PCB-compatible structure.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1416-1424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11554070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hybrid Multilayered Slot Array Antenna-Cavity Backed and Fed by Substrate-Integrated Groove Gap Waveguide (SIGGW) Network","authors":"Panagiotis Petroutsos;Sofia Bakogianni;Stavros Koulouridis","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3686894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3686894","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a mixed multilayered cavity-backed slot array antenna for the 27 GHz band, fed by a substrate-integrated groove gap waveguide (SIGGW). The proposed antenna structure is based on a three-layer design, consisting of two dielectric substrates for the feeding network and cavity distribution layer, and a metal layer for a corrugated slot array antenna. In the presented multilevel antenna design, the feeding network and cavity layer are implemented by periodic “Mushroom”-type surfaces, creating electromagnetic band gap properties. This allows for easy assembly of the distinct printed layers without requiring an electrical contact or a bonding layer. Simultaneously, we address the potential issue of energy leakage due to surface roughness or non-flat surfaces. Measurements show good agreement with the simulation results. An impedance bandwidth of 11.7%, ranging from 25.6 to 28.8 GHz, is achieved. The measured normalized radiation patterns are symmetrical, with sidelobe levels below −10 dB at both <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0° and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 90° planes. Finally, the maximum peak gain is measured at 17.72 dBi, along with a radiation efficiency of 84% and an aperture efficiency of 77% at the central operating frequency.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1176-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11494044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site-Specific Channel Modeling and Optimization of RIS-Assisted Multiuser MISO Systems","authors":"Ziqi Liu;Wei Yu;Sean Victor Hum","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696522","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a physics-based channel modeling and optimization framework for reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted downlink multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO) communication systems in site-specific environments. A hybrid ray-tracing (RT) and full-wave electromagnetic analysis approach is developed to construct a deterministic channel model that explicitly captures multipath propagation, RIS scattering behavior, and mutual coupling effects through a non-diagonal load impedance representation. Based on this model, an alternating optimization scheme jointly updates the base-station (BS) beamformer and RIS load impedances to maximize the minimum achievable rate under a total transmit power constraint and practical capacitance limits. The objective of the proposed framework is to provide a reliable initial assessment of the system-level impact of RIS deployment in realistic propagation scenarios. To evaluate this capability, the RIS is operated in a column-paired 1-bit control mode that enables exhaustive evaluation of all realizable configurations in both simulation and measurement. Performance is compared at the distribution level through achievable-rate histograms across all configurations and further examined under small user-location variations. The observed agreement between simulation and measurement demonstrates that the proposed framework reliably captures practical performance trends and provides useful guidance for the design and deployment of RIS-assisted MU-MISO systems in site-specific environments.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1356-1369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11534823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compact Three-in-One Integrated Millimeter-Wave and Microwave Antenna Architecture for Metal-Framed 5G/6G Smartphones Featuring Satellite-Direct-to-Cell Communications","authors":"Huan-Chu Huang;Jie Wu;Shuang Cui;Chow-Yen-Desmond Sim","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3690032","url":null,"abstract":"A compact, simple, low-cost, and practical three-in-one antenna architecture, via hybrid integration of a thin PCB-based FR2 millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna array module and a metal-frame-based FR1 microwave antenna, is proposed for the first time for metal-framed 5G and 6G smartphones featuring satellite-direct-to-cell (SDTC) communications. The three-in-one integrated antenna architecture, supporting FR1 cellular/non-cellular, FR2 cellular, and FR1 SDTC functions, is realized by connecting a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1times 4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm-wave antenna array module operating in the 5G FR2 band n261 with a maximum scan angle of 45° to the top metal frame of a smartphone, thereby supporting various 5G FR1 bands, such as n1, n2, n5, n7, n13, n20, n25, n26, n29, n30, n34, n38, n39, n40, n41, and n65. In addition to covering the listed 5G FR1 and FR2 cellular bands, the proposed integrated antenna architecture can further support multiple 4G long-term evolution (LTE) bands, including B6, B19, B23, B27, B33, B35, B36, and B37, as well as the non-cellular 2.4-GHz band for WLAN and Bluetooth. Moreover, it is important to note that at 1900 MHz, approximately the center frequency of LTE bands B2 and B25, the radiation pattern from the proposed integrated FR1 microwave antenna is primarily directed upward toward the sky, achieving a high upper-hemisphere power ratio (UHPR) of 70.2%, effectively enhancing SDTC performance. Therefore, the core contribution of this work is to first strategically propose an innovative three-in-one integrated antenna architecture serving as an antenna total solution for smartphones in both current and future generations of mobile communications, in turn strengthening product competitiveness.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1244-1256"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11505825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation Instructions for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3712425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3712425","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11644006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Beam Conformal Leaky-Wave Antenna Fed by an Integrated Quasi-Optical System","authors":"Michael Dittman;Ethan Neitzke;Brian Wright;John Papapolymerou;Mauro Ettorre","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3694256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3694256","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a fully conformal antenna system composed of an integrated multi-layer quasi-optical system and a conformal leaky-wave antenna (CLWA). The conformal system enables simultaneous beam steering in the E- and H-principal planes, multi-beam capability, and mitigation of geometric defocusing. The work represents a novel integration of quasi-optical structures with CLWAs. The CLWA is constructed from an array of slots on a double-grounded substrate illuminated by the conformal quasi-optical system. The antenna system operates in the band of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {22 GHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {26 GHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a design frequency of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {24.15 GHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The radiation patterns in the E- and H-planes of the CLWA are controlled by the leaky-wave mode and the quasi-optical system, respectively. The quasi-optical system is illuminated by seven input ports enabling azimuthal beam switching. The spacing between consecutive slot elements of the CLWA has been engineered to compensate for the defocusing induced by the conformal shape, such that the central feed horn in the focus of the quasi-optical system radiates broadside at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {24.15 GHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Numerical results are validated by a prototype in printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The input ports feature a reflection coefficient <inline-formula> <tex-math>$leq {text {-}10 {,}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>dB in the band of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {19.75 GHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {25.50 GHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, corresponding to a fractional bandwidth of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {25.41%}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The measured gain for the broadside beam is <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {23.35 dBi}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {24.15 GHz}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a radiation efficiency of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {65.36%}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The antenna can cover an angular range of approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math>${{33}}^{circ } $ </tex-math></inline-formula> in elevation via frequency steering and a maximum of ±36.5° in azimuth via beam switching.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1318-1328"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11523027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148675894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Optimal Gain Mask for Phased Array-Fed Offset Reflectors","authors":"Minsang Yoon;Changhyeon Im;Changsung Kim;Wongu Seo;Seulgi Park;Hosung Choo","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3696230","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a method to derive an optimal gain mask to enhance the aperture efficiency of phased array-fed reflectors (PAFRs). The optimal gain mask is obtained to uniformly illuminate the offset reflector’s surface. The optimal gain mask is derived based on the square of the distances from the feed antenna to each point on the offset reflector surface. To generate a feed pattern similar to the optimal gain mask, a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array antenna is used as the feed antenna. Using this array antenna, beam synthesis is applied through the superposition of array patterns sampled at 1° intervals in both <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$varphi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. In addition, to achieve sidelobe suppression, quadratic taper function is applied to the derived optimal gain mask. We then illuminate the reflector using three feed patterns: a synthesized beam based on the proposed mask, a synthesized beam following a cosecant-squared mask, and a single horn antenna pattern. In this case, the same quadratic tapering order of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$N$ </tex-math></inline-formula> = 0.5 is applied to both the proposed gain mask and the cosecant-squared mask. The proposed method shows a bore-sight gain of 48.2 dBi and a sidelobe level (SLL) of −39.0 dB, representing improvements compared with the results obtained using the cosecant-squared-based pattern (47.5 dBi and −35.8 dB) and the horn antenna pattern (47.8 dBi and −34.0 dB). These results demonstrate that the proposed gain mask and beam synthesis method are effective in achieving high aperture efficiency and sidelobe suppression performance.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1346-1355"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11534851","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metallization Techniques for Additive Manufacturing of Antennas and RF Systems: A Survey","authors":"Ulan Myrzakhan;Hafsa Talpur;Juan Andres Vásquez-Peralvo;Shuai Zhang;Symeon Chatzinotas","doi":"10.1109/OJAP.2026.3693263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2026.3693263","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing has recently become a manufacturing method of choice of the antennas and RF components, gaining traction not only in research but also in industrial applications. This fabrication approach offers unique advantages, including the ability to create complex, lightweight antenna structures monolithically, all within a low-cost and rapid fabrication process, using a wide variety of materials. While direct metal printing is possible, it typically yields heavy structures with rough surface finishes. The more widely used method involves high resolution dielectric printing followed by metallization. Given the increasing interest in this fabrication approach, several review papers have been published to highlight different additive manufacturing techniques. However, they mostly focus on the dielectric printing, offering limited insights into the various metallization strategies. The goal of this paper is to bridge that gap by compiling, categorizing and comparing the latest metallization techniques used in the literature to implement antennas and RF components in a single resource. The survey covers both full-surface metallization techniques (electroless plating, dip coating, spray plating), as well as more advanced methods (hydro/water transfer printing, screen printing, inkjet printing, fused deposition modeling, aerosol jet printing, ultra-precise dispensing) that enable high resolution patterned metallization. For each technique, the paper details the required equipment and conductive materials, and highlights notable antenna designs realized through these approaches. The authors believe this work will serve as a valuable reference for the antenna and RF research community involved in additive manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":34267,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation","volume":"7 4","pages":"1296-1317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11520320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148676103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}