iSciencePub Date : 2026-04-24DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115871
Wenyue Sima , Zhiyuan Shen , Geng Tian , Xuebing Jiang , Jiafeng Zhou , Xiaofeng Zhao , Zhenling Cui , Jinhua Liu , Zhonglei Xie , Baoyu Chen , Hongjun Wang , Hongguang Cai , Zhongqing Zhang , Qiang Gao , Shuoran Liu
{"title":"Green synthesis and slow-release mechanism of biodegradable compound fertilizers","authors":"Wenyue Sima , Zhiyuan Shen , Geng Tian , Xuebing Jiang , Jiafeng Zhou , Xiaofeng Zhao , Zhenling Cui , Jinhua Liu , Zhonglei Xie , Baoyu Chen , Hongjun Wang , Hongguang Cai , Zhongqing Zhang , Qiang Gao , Shuoran Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>N-(n-Butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) degrades gradually when directly blended with compound fertilizer, which severely limits the product shelf life. To address this limitation, a biodegradable coating layer composed of ethyl cellulose and stearic acid was applied to the surface of compound fertilizer granules via the solvent evaporation method, using industrially recyclable toluene and isopropanol as solvents. This approach enabled the stable integration of NBPT into compound fertilizers while maintaining its bioactivity. Incubation experiments demonstrated that the degradation rate of NBPT in the slow-release system compound fertilizer (SRS-CF) was reduced to 15.51% after 60 days of storage at 10°C, with a half-life of 221 days, in comparison with 17.9 days for directly add NBPT to compound fertilizer. This study effectively addresses the technical bottleneck of the unstable incorporation of NBPT in compound fertilizers, provides feasible strategies for its practical application in compound fertilizer systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 115871"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
iSciencePub Date : 2026-04-22DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115832
Zijing Wu , Kaiang Zhang , Huixian Zhou , Leyi Wan , Jingyuan Zhong , Chunhua Li , Lianggeng Gong , Yun Peng
{"title":"Active Surveillance for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Integrating Guidelines, Emerging Evidence, and Directions","authors":"Zijing Wu , Kaiang Zhang , Huixian Zhou , Leyi Wan , Jingyuan Zhong , Chunhua Li , Lianggeng Gong , Yun Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as an alternative to immediate surgery (IS) for patients with low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), against a background of rising thyroid cancer incidence but persistently low disease-specific mortality. More than three decades of follow-up data support that AS is oncologically safe, and that patients undergoing conversion surgery (CS) achieve outcomes comparable to those with IS at diagnosis. This review synthesizes major international guidelines and consensus statements on AS published recently, with the foundational evidence that underpins current practice, and interprets areas of convergence and divergence. Recent evidence on clinical outcomes under AS is summarized. Emerging data on risk prediction, management of special populations, and patient-centered perspectives are integrated to illustrate how current evidence is enabling more nuanced, risk-adapted decision-making. Finally, key priorities for the future development of AS are outlined, aiming to reduce overtreatment while supporting safer, more individualized and globally generalizable implementation of AS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 115832"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
iSciencePub Date : 2026-04-22DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115853
Bo Xiao , Maureen Mongan , Young-Bum Kim , Ying Xia
{"title":"MAP3K1 integrates RhoA/ROCK signaling to regulate epithelial morphogenesis","authors":"Bo Xiao , Maureen Mongan , Young-Bum Kim , Ying Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biological processes rely on the interplay between genetic and environmental cues, yet the mechanisms underlying gene-gene (G×G) and gene-environment (G×E) interactions remain poorly understood. Using mouse embryonic eyelid closure as an experimentally tractable model, we extend the established S1PR-MAP3K1-JNK signaling axis by identifying a RhoA-ROCK branch as a functionally integrated component of the MAP3K1 network. These pathways converge on paxillin phosphorylation and c-Jun activation, coupling cytoskeletal remodeling with AP-1-dependent transcriptional responses. TurboID-based proximity proteomics identifies Gβ2 and RhoGEF1/5 as candidate intermediates linking MAP3K1 to S1PR and RhoA. Genetic analyses reveal that <em>Rhoa</em> or <em>Rock1</em> loss alone is harmless, whereas their combined deficiency or single-gene loss in the context of <em>Map3k1</em> heterozygosity, <em>S1pr</em> deletion or dioxin exposure, disrupts eyelid closure. These findings define RhoA-ROCK as an integral module within a broader MAP3K1 regulatory network that integrates genetic and environmental inputs to ensure robust morphogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 115853"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
iSciencePub Date : 2026-04-22DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115855
Luca Lo Piccolo , Ranchana Yeewa , Pitiporn Noisagul , Arnaud Monteil , Vorasuk Shotelersuk , Salinee Jantrapirom
{"title":"Dopaminergic neurons are vulnerable to dysregulation of YEATS2-dependent calcium homeostasis","authors":"Luca Lo Piccolo , Ranchana Yeewa , Pitiporn Noisagul , Arnaud Monteil , Vorasuk Shotelersuk , Salinee Jantrapirom","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>YEATS2 is a chromatin-associated factor that regulates dopaminergic (DAergic) synaptic integrity, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we profiled head transcriptomic changes following neuron-specific <em>YEATS2</em> knockdown in <em>Drosophila</em>. This analysis revealed coordinated downregulation of metabolic genes alongside upregulation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling components. YEATS2 loss led to elevated intracellular calcium, indicating calcium overload in the nervous system, and was associated with seizure-like activity, locomotor deficits, and loss of DAergic neurons, while sparing glutamatergic neurons and mushroom bodies. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) via the Orai channel, as well as blockade of ryanodine receptors, improved stress-induced phenotypes, restored calcium balance, and preserved DAergic neuron integrity. Together, these findings identify ER-centered calcium dysregulation as a key downstream consequence of YEATS2 loss and define a YEATS2-dependent epigenetic-calcium axis that links chromatin regulation to neuronal excitability and selective dopaminergic vulnerability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 115855"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
iSciencePub Date : 2026-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115836
Ziyu Wang , Xuejie Han , Baohao Qian , Xiulai Zhang , Jingyuan Ma , Ru Feng , Meiqin Shi , Guangbo Chen , Fanfei Sun
{"title":"Operando XAFS Insights into the Dynamic Evolution of Cu-Based Catalysts for Light-Promoted CO2 Hydrogenation","authors":"Ziyu Wang , Xuejie Han , Baohao Qian , Xiulai Zhang , Jingyuan Ma , Ru Feng , Meiqin Shi , Guangbo Chen , Fanfei Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photothermal catalytic reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO has been regarded as a promising strategy for solar-to-chemical energy conversion, yet the dynamic evolution of active sites under realistic reaction conditions remains poorly understood. Herein, we synthesized CuO/ZnO (CuZnO) catalysts with intimate interfacial contact via a one-step co-precipitation and calcination method. Under photothermal reaction conditions, CuZnO underwent in-situ reconstruction into low-coordinated metallic Cu in close contact with ZnO, delivering a CO generation rate of ∼18.1 mmol g<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> with a selectivity as high as 99% at 200 °C, outperforming that achieved under purely thermal conditions. Operando photothermal X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy revealed the real-time structural evolution of CuZnO of both Cu and Zn environments, illustrating the formation and stabilization of metallic Cu on ZnO during photothermal catalysis. This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying photothermal synergy in CO<sub>2</sub> reduction and provides mechanistic insights into active-site dynamics under photothermal conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 115836"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
iSciencePub Date : 2026-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115788
Xiunan Wang , Chuanfang Chen , Yuling Hong , Jia Zhang , Shih-Chin Cheng
{"title":"Pulsed photobiomodulation reprograms the tumor immune microenvironment to restore local T cell–mediated antitumor immunity","authors":"Xiunan Wang , Chuanfang Chen , Yuling Hong , Jia Zhang , Shih-Chin Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing strategies to precisely modulate the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) is crucial for advancing immunotherapy. Here, we reported that 980 nm pulsed photobiomodulation (PBM) inhibits early tumor growth by locally reinvigorating anti-tumor immunity, without direct cancer cell cytotoxicity. In syngeneic LLC and MC38 models, daily PBM delayed tumor growth and conferred durable protection upon rechallenge without systemic toxicity, while efficacy was dependent on CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry revealed PBM directly alleviates CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell exhaustion and enhances their cytotoxic function in a Treg-independent manner, with immunomodulatory effects restricted to irradiated tumor sites, whereas contralateral, untreated lesions remained unaffected, confirming a localized mode of immune modulation. PBM failed against pigmented B16 melanoma, likely due to melanin-mediated light absorption. Collectively, 980 nm pulsed PBM is a localized photo-immunomodulatory strategy that reinvigorates CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, holding potential as a safe adjunct to existing immunotherapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 115788"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
iSciencePub Date : 2026-04-20DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115821
Liyan Sui , Ying-Hua Zhao , Heming Wang , Hongmiao Chi , Hanxi Xie , Tian Tian , Wenfang Wang , Mucuo Zhu , Naicui Zhai , Zhixia Song , Yueshan Xu , Kaiyu Zhang , Lihe Che , Guoqing Wang , Nan Liu , Yicheng Zhao , Quan Liu
{"title":"Virus-host interactome reveals host cellular pathways perturbed by tick-borne encephalitis virus infection","authors":"Liyan Sui , Ying-Hua Zhao , Heming Wang , Hongmiao Chi , Hanxi Xie , Tian Tian , Wenfang Wang , Mucuo Zhu , Naicui Zhai , Zhixia Song , Yueshan Xu , Kaiyu Zhang , Lihe Che , Guoqing Wang , Nan Liu , Yicheng Zhao , Quan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) poses an increasingly significant threat to public health. Building on our previous TBEV–host interactome study, we further refine the virus–host interaction network and show that multiple viral proteins, including prM, NS1, NS2B3, NS4A and NS5, are associated with modulation of diverse host cellular pathways, including innate immune responses, autophagy, ribosomal biogenesis, homologous recombination, and cell cycle regulation. Notably, TBEV infection is associated with a modest but reproducible accumulation of host cells in the G0/G1 phase. Mechanistically, NS5 interacts with the histone acetyltransferase P300 and correlates with increased P16 expression and reduced CDK4 levels, consistent with G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Similar alterations were observed in TBEV-infected brain organoids. Pharmacological inhibition of P300 or activation of CDK4 attenuated virus-induced cell cycle changes and reduced viral RNA and protein levels. These findings provide valuable insights into TBEV pathogenicity and hold promise for antiviral drug development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 115821"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
iSciencePub Date : 2026-04-02eCollection Date: 2026-04-17DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115452
Alexandre Pereira Santos, Silvia De Angeli, Franziska Stefanie Hanf, Charlotta Mirbach, Nicole van Maanen, Vitus Benson, Marleen Carolijn de Ruiter, Alexandre Dunant, Stefano Terzi, Pia-Johanna Schweizer, Taís Maria Nunes Carvalho, Mariana Madruga de Brito, Kelley De Polt, Robert Šakić Trogrlić, Marc van den Homberg
{"title":"Erratum: Workshop report-Vulnerability in multi-hazard risks: Addressing its complexity and dynamics.","authors":"Alexandre Pereira Santos, Silvia De Angeli, Franziska Stefanie Hanf, Charlotta Mirbach, Nicole van Maanen, Vitus Benson, Marleen Carolijn de Ruiter, Alexandre Dunant, Stefano Terzi, Pia-Johanna Schweizer, Taís Maria Nunes Carvalho, Mariana Madruga de Brito, Kelley De Polt, Robert Šakić Trogrlić, Marc van den Homberg","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115250.].</p>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 4","pages":"115452"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
iSciencePub Date : 2026-03-30eCollection Date: 2026-04-17DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115539
Yan Hu, Wenhao Wang, Hao Wang, Zhanyuan Gao, Xinru Zhu, Yuchen Yang, Jianguo Lu
{"title":"The pangenome of <i>Acanthopagrus</i> provides genomic variation evidence for genetic diversity.","authors":"Yan Hu, Wenhao Wang, Hao Wang, Zhanyuan Gao, Xinru Zhu, Yuchen Yang, Jianguo Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Acanthopagrus</i> species are ecologically and economically important sparid fishes with strong environmental adaptability. To characterize genomic architecture underlying their adaptation and phenotypic diversity, a population-scale survey of intraspecific variation in yellowfin seabream (<i>A. latus</i>) was conducted using whole-genome resequencing data from 80 wild individuals. Among the genomic variations identified, structural variations (SVs) contribute disproportionately high to genomic diversity, defining 11,463 variable genes associated with immunity, ion transport, and environmental adaptation. Compared to the core genes with conserved functions in basic metabolism, these variable genes exhibit lower expression levels but higher transcriptional variance. Furthermore, a pangenome graph for <i>Acanthopagrus</i> species identifies a 24-bp deletion in the <i>gch2</i> promoter of blackhead seabream (<i>A. schlegelii</i>) as a candidate variant for the loss of xanthophore pigmentation. This deletion disrupts a conserved motif, potentially impairing Pax7a-mediated regulation. These findings uncover genetic mechanisms driving adaptation and phenotypic divergence in <i>Acanthopagrus</i> species with high aquaculture values.</p>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 4","pages":"115539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13091521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
iSciencePub Date : 2026-03-30eCollection Date: 2026-04-17DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115520
Nadege Nziza, Wonyeong Jung, Yunjoo Lee, Jeff C Hsiao, Tina Chen, Fan Li, Caroline Atyeo, Douglas A Lauffenburger, Louise Kuhn, Nicole H Tobin, Grace M Aldrovandi, Galit Alter, Boris Julg
{"title":"Breast milk antibody Fc signatures track with HIV transmission during breastfeeding in ART-naïve mothers.","authors":"Nadege Nziza, Wonyeong Jung, Yunjoo Lee, Jeff C Hsiao, Tina Chen, Fan Li, Caroline Atyeo, Douglas A Lauffenburger, Louise Kuhn, Nicole H Tobin, Grace M Aldrovandi, Galit Alter, Boris Julg","doi":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.isci.2026.115520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breastfeeding shapes early life immunity, but without antiretroviral therapy (ART), it poses a risk of HIV transmission. The contribution of breast milk antibodies to this risk remains unclear. Using systems serology, we profiled milk antibodies from transmitting and non-transmitting mothers in the ART naive Zambia Exclusive Breastfeeding Study. Transmission was associated with elevated gp41-specific IgG1 and enhanced effector functions-including complement deposition and neutrophil phagocytosis-likely driven by higher milk viral loads. In contrast, non-transmitting mothers exhibited functional p24-specific antibody responses that correlated with lower milk viral loads, suggesting improved viral control. Fc glycosylation analysis showed that transmitting mothers had higher levels of digalactosylated IgG, a profile linked to increased neutrophil inflammatory cytokine release. Overall, these data indicate that milk antibodies have multifaceted roles in postnatal HIV transmission and identify immune signatures associated with increased risk or protection, providing mechanistic insights relevant for vaccine development and Fc-engineered antibody-based prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":342,"journal":{"name":"iScience","volume":"29 4","pages":"115520"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13091459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}