Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Interprofessional Educational Interventions to Improve Pharmacological Knowledge and Prescribing Competency in Medical Students and Trainees: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Alec Lai, Viki Lui, Weiwei Shi, Brett Vaughan, Louisa Ng","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13050116","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13050116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction</b>: Prescribing errors are the most common cause of preventable patient harm. In recent years, interprofessional education (IPE) has been increasingly utilised to improve knowledge and skills through promoting interprofessional collaboration. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of IPE interventions for pharmacological knowledge and prescribing skills in medical students and doctors-in-training. <b>Methods</b>: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC and Scopus were searched on 18 February 2025 for studies published since 2020. Keywords included interprofessional education, medical student, medical trainee, pharmacology and prescribing. <b>Results</b>: Of the 2254 citations identified, 42 studies were included. There were four main types of IPE interventions: case-based learning, work-integrated-learning, didactic, and simulation and role-plays. Outcomes were spread across pharmacological knowledge, prescribing skills and interprofessional attitudes, and all studies reported one or more positive findings at Kirkpatrick IPE level 1, 2a, 2b, 3 or 4b. No study reported outcomes at Kirkpatrick IPE 4a. <b>Conclusions</b>: IPE interventions targeting pharmacology and prescribing are positively viewed by medical learners. IPE is effective in improving interprofessional attitudes and collaboration, as well as pharmacological knowledge and prescribing competency. Logistical challenges can be barriers to larger-group IPE implementation; nonetheless, IPE work-integrated learning in authentic clinical settings may overcome these challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Does the Electronic Collection of Patient-Reported Outcomes Improve Patient Engagement in Pharmacy Encounters? A Multi-Method Study.","authors":"Bonyan Qudah, Sura AlMahasis, Betty Chewning","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13050115","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13050115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Routine collection of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) can enhance patient-pharmacist communication and identify medication-related concerns. This study aims to explore the influence of RxTalk™, an electronic PRO tool, on patients' attributes and the dynamics of communication. Secondary aims include describing patients' experiences with RxTalk™ and identifying suggestions for improvements. This study is part of a pilot randomized controlled trial in which patients used RxTalk™ in the pharmacy while being observed before they spoke with the pharmacist. Patients' interactions with pharmacists were tape-recorded and analyzed, and patients were interviewed within one week. We integrated data from RxTalk™, patient observations, taped encounters, and interviews to provide a thicker description of patients' experiences with RxTalk™ and its impact on their communication. A total of 70% of patients found RxTalk™ easy to use, and 59% perceived RxTalk™ as very useful to extremely useful. Triangulated findings show that RxTalk™ met patients' social and informational needs, improved their communication skills, and cultivated a sense of privacy to share concerns. Furthermore, RxTalk™ validated the appropriateness of reporting any health concerns, not simply medication concerns. As patients had a positive experience with RxTalk™, pharmacists should consider integrating PRO tools into their daily services to improve patient interactions and quality of care.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educational Escape Room Reinforcement of Infection Prevention in Third-Year Student Pharmacists.","authors":"Benjamin Gal, Tony Le, Jiya Thomas, Crystal K Hodge","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13050114","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13050114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infection prevention and control (IPC) competencies are essential to safe patient care across practice settings. This cross-sectional survey study aimed to describe the ability of an escape room to reinforce IPC concepts and knowledge retention rates for third-year student pharmacists.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An IPC-themed escape room using a mixture of online and physical puzzles was incorporated into a third-year student pharmacist course. Students in the course took knowledge assessment and perception surveys before the escape room (T1), after the escape room (T2), and for retention at the end of the semester (T3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increases in knowledge occurred on four out of five of the knowledge assessment questions between the pre- and post-assessments (T1, T2) as well as between the pre- and retention assessments (T1, T3). Student confidence in their ability to provide patient care compliant with IPC practices also demonstrated statistically significant improvement between pre, post, and retention assessments (T1, T2, T3).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>An IPC escape room is an effective tool to reinforce IPC concepts and increases student pharmacist knowledge and confidence in patient safety practices. Future study iterations should evaluate the role of an IPC IPE event for utility across multiple health professions curricula.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452324/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Role of Pharmacists in the Care of Incarcerated People at Correctional Facilities: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Christian Eduardo Castro Silva, Beatriz Bernava Sarinho, Michelle Bonafé, Tácio de Mendonça Lima, Inajara Rotta, Samara Jamile Mendes, Patricia Melo Aguiar, Marília Berlofa Visacri","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13050113","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13050113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to map the literature on the clinical role of pharmacists in the care of incarcerated people at correctional facilities and to identify gaps in this field. A scoping review was conducted on 30 July 2024, using the PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS databases. Gray literature was searched via Google Scholar, and references of included studies were manually reviewed. Primary studies of any design reporting pharmacists' clinical services and/or activities for incarcerated individuals were eligible. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by two reviewers, with a third resolving disagreements. The search yielded 894 records, from which 27 studies were included. Most studies were conducted in the United States (<i>n</i> = 16; 59%) and France (<i>n</i> = 7; 26%). Eleven (41%) focused exclusively on male populations, and one (4%) on female inmates. Most studies addressed pharmacists' clinical roles in mental health conditions and substance use disorders (<i>n</i> = 9; 33%), infectious diseases (<i>n</i> = 5; 19%), and diabetes (<i>n</i> = 4; 15%). Clinical services and/or activities related to direct patient care were the most frequently reported (<i>n</i> = 18; 67%). Process measures were reported in 18 studies (67%), and clinical outcomes were the most common type of outcome (<i>n</i> = 13; 48%). This review highlights the pharmacist's clinical role in treating mental health conditions and substance abuse, infectious diseases, and diabetes in incarcerated care. It underscores the need for further research in low- and middle-income countries, on women's health, and on other prevalent conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12452765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Problems Related to Hormonal Contraceptives in Community Pharmacy: Application of a Structured Questionnaire in Women of Childbearing Age.","authors":"Raquel Sicilia-González, Susana Abdala-Kuri, Chaxiraxi Morales-Marrero, Adama Peña-Vera, Alexis Oliva-Martín, Sandra Dévora-Gutiérrez","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040112","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of hormonal contraceptives is essential to ensure effective and safe contraception. However, factors such as inadequate prescription, poor adherence, or lack of information can lead to drug-related problems (DRPs) and negative outcomes associated with medication (NOMs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between January and June 2024 in two community pharmacies in Tenerife. It included 316 users of hormonal contraceptives over the age of 18. The main instrument was a structured questionnaire, administered through individual interviews conducted in the Personalized Care Area (PCA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs) were the most frequently used method (72.2%). Adverse reactions were reported by 47.2% of participants, mainly psychiatric disorders (28.1%). Emergency contraception had been used at least once by 43.8% of the respondents. Among COC users, 68.9% reported difficulties with daily adherence, and only 36.7% had adequate knowledge in case of missed doses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Community pharmacists may play a key role in reproductive health by providing personalized counselling, referring patients to other levels of care, and promoting the rational and safe use of hormonal contraceptives.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflecting on Uncertainty Tolerance in Student Pharmacists Following an Inpatient Rounding Simulation: A Pilot Mixed-Methods Study.","authors":"Nicole E Cieri-Hutcherson, Collin M Clark","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040111","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With increasing involvement of pharmacists in clinical situations and expanding scope of practice, the expectation and management of uncertainty is a desirable component of pharmacy education, leading to improved uncertainty tolerance (UT) as pharmacists.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether an inpatient rounding simulation (IRS) that exposes student pharmacists to a level of uncertainty leads to changes in tolerance of ambiguity scale (TAS) scores and self-reflection comments. A pre-/post-observational, pilot survey study was conducted, including student pharmacists in their second professional year at the United States School of Pharmacy who were enrolled in an associated lab-based course in Spring 2024. Student teams completed a mock IRS and responded to clinical questions in a timed environment. Students completed pre-/post-simulation TAS and self-reflection on uncertainty/UT within the simulation. Pre-/post-simulation TAS scores were analyzed with a paired <i>t</i>-test. Qualitative analysis was used to identify themes in self-reflection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>59 students responded (48% response rate). TAS was not different pre-/post-IRS (63.2 vs. 62.6, <i>p</i> = 0.63). When individual subscales were compared, a statistically significant difference was found in the insolubility subscale (10.5 vs. 9.5; <i>p</i> = 0.02). Themes of uncertainty that emerged during qualitative analysis of pre-simulation included the clinical question posed to the team. Student pharmacists overcame uncertainty pre-simulation by working with their team and relying on the availability of resources. Themes of uncertainty emerging during qualitative analysis of post-simulation included discerning the best answer. Student pharmacists overcame uncertainty post-simulation by working with their team and cited working with their team as a positive aspect of the IRS experience.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this pilot study, student pharmacists had high TAS scores both pre- and post-simulation. Students utilized their teams and cited this as a positive in an uncertain environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144972004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Soft Skills for Sustainable Community Pharmacy Practice Through a Competency-Based Modular Programme.","authors":"Ivana Zimonjić, Lazar Dražeta, Valentina Marinković, Tatjana Milošević","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040110","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explored a competency-based soft-skills programme supporting evolving community pharmacy professionals' roles and sustainable practice in Serbia. Four researchers with academic and practice backgrounds developed the programme using healthcare guidelines and the International Pharmaceutical Federation's competency framework. The process involved defining objectives, selecting methods, designing and organising activities, accreditation, and evaluating outcomes based on the Kirkpatrick model. From January 2021 to March 2025, the \"Galenika Academy\" was implemented through webinars, accredited tests, onsite courses, and a mobile application. Satisfaction was assessed via a validated online questionnaire among participants attending ≥80% of sessions, following evaluation of attendance and test performance. The programme reached 5107 participants, 10,427 webinar views, and 8252 test completions. The \"Galiverse\" mobile app, launched in February 2023, had 5558 users by March 2025. The most attended webinar was \"Burnout\" (787). Average test success was 82.9%, with 95.3% for \"Resilience\" and 61.0% for \"Team Management.\" Satisfaction was 95.5% for content, 94.2% for quality, 92.3% for materials, 77.1% for the application, and 96.3% would recommend it. Among those reporting improved resilience, 96.9% believed it could positively impact pharmacy operations. Pharmacists found the programme relevant and effective. Further research is needed to evaluate its impact on practice and patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389078/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacist-Led Interventions for Polypharmacy Management in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Strategies and Outcomes in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.","authors":"Fionnuala McGrory, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040109","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polypharmacy in older adults increases risks of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), hospitalisations, and mortality. Pharmacist-led interventions using validated tools (e.g., STOPP/START, MAI, STOPPFrail) aim to optimise prescribing, yet their impact on clinical and economic outcomes in UK/Ireland health systems remains underexplored. This systematic review aimed to critically assess the impact of pharmacist-led deprescribing interventions on PIP, clinical outcomes, and costs in older adults (≥65 years) across the UK and Ireland. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) were searched for studies (2010-2024). Eligible studies included randomised trials, observational designs, and intervention studies in hospitals, care homes, community pharmacies, and intermediate care settings. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using CASP checklists. Narrative syntheses and heat maps summarised the findings. Twelve of fourteen studies reported positive outcomes: reductions in potentially inappropriate medications, ADRs, medication burdens, and falls/fall risks. Medication appropriateness improved significantly in 35% of studies using the MAI. STOPPFrail reduced PIMs in care homes, while the MAI enhanced complex hospital reviews. Community interventions improved adherence and reduced the use of fall risk drugs. No studies demonstrated a reduction in hospitalisations, mortality, or the length of stays. Economic analyses showed mixed cost-effectiveness. Key barriers included low uptake of pharmacist recommendations and short follow-up periods. Pharmacist-led interventions have significantly improved the prescribing quality and reduced medication-related risks, but they fail to impact hospitalisations or mortality due to implementation gaps. Context-specific tools and policy reforms-including expanded pharmacist roles and electronic decision support-are critical for sustainability. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and multidisciplinary integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Legislative and Regulatory Frameworks Governing Community Pharmacy in Bulgaria and North Macedonia.","authors":"Anna Todorova, Mariya Ivanova, Magdalena Pesheva, Dijana Miceva, Bistra Angelovska","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040108","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The common border between Bulgaria and North Macedonia, alongside the regulatory requirements stemming from Bulgaria's membership in the European Union, provide grounds for comparing the legislative environment in both countries. This article presents a comparative case study of the regulatory frameworks governing community pharmacies in Bulgaria and North Macedonia. The aim of this study is to examine the specific features of current legislation related to the operation of community pharmacies, and to identify similarities, differences, and gaps in the organizational structure of pharmacy services, the population's access to pharmaceutical care, and the qualification requirements for personnel working in community pharmacies. Bulgaria has been a member of the European Union since 2007, while the Republic of North Macedonia has had official EU candidate status since 2005. This provides a basis for comparing the regulatory frameworks of an EU and a non-EU system within the same regional context. In both countries, the overall pharmacy-to-population ratio exceeds the European average (3.3 pharmacies per 10,000 inhabitants), indicating sufficient availability. However, pharmacies are predominantly concentrated in major urban areas. In Bulgaria, challenges remain in ensuring access to pharmaceutical services in smaller and rural settlements, while in North Macedonia, the provision of such services is better ensured. The findings of this case study may be particularly relevant for countries undergoing health system reforms or EU harmonization processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12388963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of the Clinical Pharmacist in Hospital Admission Medication Reconciliation in Low-Resource Settings.","authors":"Tijana Kovačević, Sonja Nedinić, Vedrana Barišić, Branislava Miljković, Emir Fazlić, Slobodan Vukadinović, Pedja Kovačević","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040107","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medication discrepancies at hospital admission are common and may lead to adverse outcomes. Medication reconciliation is a critical process for minimizing medication discrepancies and medication errors at the time of hospital admission. This study aimed to evaluate the role of clinical pharmacists in identifying pharmacotherapy-related issues upon patient admission in a low-resource setting. A prospective observational study was conducted at a university hospital between 1 March and 31 May 2023. Within 24 h of admission, a clinical pharmacist documented each patient's pre-admission medication regimen and compared it with the medication history obtained by the admitting physician. Discrepancies and pharmacotherapy problems were subsequently identified. Among 65 patients, pharmacists documented 334 medications versus 189 recorded by physicians (<i>p</i> < 0.01). The clinical pharmacist identified 155 discrepancies, 112 (72.26%) of which were unintentional. The most frequent type was drug omission (91.07%), followed by incorrect dosage (4.46%), incorrect dosing interval (2.68%), and medications with unknown indications (1.79%). Most discrepancies were classified as errors without harm (53.57%), while 41.07% were potentially harmful. These findings underscore the importance of integrating clinical pharmacists into the healthcare team. Their active participation during hospital admission can significantly enhance medication safety and reduce preventable adverse drug events.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12388866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}