Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Deciphering the Roots of Pharmacists' Critical Thinking About Pseudoscientific Claims: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Survey.","authors":"Tomofumi Watanabe, Mari Matsumoto, Masami Ukawa, Makoto Ohira, Masaru Tsunoda","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060165","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global trend toward self-medication has increased public reliance on over-the-counter treatments and health-related information, contributing to the spread of pseudoscientific claims in healthcare and posing serious public health risks. Pharmacists, as accessible healthcare professionals, play a crucial role in critically evaluating these claims and providing evidence-based guidance. However, little quantitative research has assessed pharmacists' critical thinking regarding pseudoscientific claims or the factors influencing them. This study aims to evaluate the demographic factors affecting pharmacists' critical thinking about pseudoscientific claims. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among pharmacists in hospitals, insurance pharmacies, and drugstores across Japan. The newly developed Pseudoscience Criticism Scale (PCS) measured attitudes toward pseudoscientific claims. Statistical analysis identified factors that form and influence critical thinking. This study revealed two primary dimensions: \"Medical Superstitions and Unscientific Treatments\" and \"Natural Healing Superstitions\". Gender and educational background significantly impacted PCS scores, with male pharmacists and graduates from six-year pharmacy programs exhibiting higher skepticism. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing professional development in pharmacy education to strengthen critical thinking. The PCS is an effective tool for assessing this competency. Enhancing educational efforts is essential to equip pharmacists to effectively counter pseudoscientific claims and improve public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Impact of a Leadership Development Programme for Community Pharmacy Neighbourhood Leads in South East London.","authors":"Finlay Royle, Sarah Guard, Ricarda Micallef","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060164","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Community pharmacists continue to deliver a growing number of services, with an increased need for collaborative work between local teams in community settings. In South East London, the Integrated Care Board and Pharmacy Alliance have invested in the development of community pharmacy neighbourhood leads (CPNLs), who represent community pharmacies in a locality and provided a tailored five-session leadership course that ran between November 2023 and March 2024, covering theory and implementation. This study aimed to evaluate the experiences of the CPNLs and other colleagues who participated in the leadership development programme. Participants were asked to complete an evaluation survey after each session, along with individual interviews taking place with those who volunteered. Ethical approval was received. There was a total of 37 participants at the sessions, and 7 participated in an interview. Overall confidence increased throughout the course, with males statistically more confident than females. Relationships with new stakeholders also increased throughout the course. The proposed actions after each session echoed the topics covered, with planning meetings being prioritised. The interviews highlighted new opportunities identified and being acted on, a greater understanding of the role, and an increase in confidence and key relationships. Barriers in the role included time for meetings. Overall, investment in the CPNL role showed that learning from the programme was applied in practice, with an increase in confidence and understanding of the role and improved local relationships. The findings from this study can be used by others to support community pharmacy transformation and integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nexus of Quality Use of Medicines, Pharmacists' Activities, and the Emergency Department: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Tesfay Mehari Atey, Gregory M Peterson, Mohammed S Salahudeen, Barbara C Wimmer","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060163","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute care provided in the hospital's emergency department (ED) is a key component of the healthcare system that serves as an essential bridge between outpatient and inpatient care. However, due to the emergency-driven nature of presenting problems and the urgency of care required, the ED is more prone to unintended medication regimen changes than other departments. Ensuring quality use of medicines (QUM), defined as \"choosing suitable medicines and using them safely and effectively\", remains a challenge in the ED and hence requires special attention. The role of pharmacists in the ED has evolved considerably, transitioning from traditional inventory management to delivering comprehensive clinical pharmacy services, such as medication reconciliation and review. Emerging roles for ED pharmacists now include medication charting and prescribing and active participation in resuscitation efforts. Additionally, ED pharmacists are involved in research and educational initiatives. However, the ED setting is still facing heightened service demands in terms of the number of patients presenting to EDs and longer ED stays. Addressing these challenges necessitates innovation and reform in ED care to effectively manage the complex, rising demand for ED care and to meet government-imposed service quality indicators. An example is redesigning the medication use process, which could necessitate a shift in skill mix or an expansion of the roles of ED pharmacists, particularly in areas such as medication charting and prescribing. Collaborative efforts between pharmacists and physicians have demonstrated positive outcomes and should thus be adopted as the standard practice in improving the quality use of medicines in the ED.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of a Clinical Decision Support System on the Change over Time in the Anticholinergic Load in Geriatric Patients: The SADP-Antichol Study.","authors":"Grégoire Delvallée, Lisa Mondet, Chloé Cornille, Guillaume Deschasse, Aurélie Lenglet","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060162","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Anticholinergic drugs can cause adverse events (AEs) in older adults. Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) can detect prescriptions with a high anticholinergic load. Our starting hypothesis was that the anticholinergic load could be reduced by combining a CDSS with a strategy for generating pharmacist interventions. The objective of the present study was to assess the impact of this combination on the change over time in the anticholinergic load in hospitalized older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, single-centre study was divided into two 6-week periods. During the interventional period, a pharmacist analyzed the alerts generated by the CDSS for 30 targeted anticholinergic drugs and decided whether to issue a pharmacist intervention. A control period corresponds to standard care. The primary endpoint of the study is the delta of the anticholinergic load between the alert and hospital discharge; the secondary endpoint is the incidence of anticholinergic adverse events (AEs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 144 alerts generated, 87 were considered to be relevant (36 in the interventional period and 51 in the control period). A significant difference was observed between the delta anticholinergic load between the experimental and control periods (1.61 vs. 0.67, <i>p</i>-value = 0.0115). For the targeted drugs (<i>n</i> = 94) over the 87 alerts, 46.8% were for antihistamines and 21.3% were for desloratadine. Of the 36 pharmacist interventions sent by the pharmacist, 19 (52.8%) were accepted. The most deprescribed drug class was the antihistamine class (<i>n</i> = 7), and the most deprescribed drug was amitriptyline (<i>n</i> = 5). Among these 87 patients with alerts, the correlation between the anticholinergic load and the number of AEs was not statistically significant (<i>p</i> = 0.887). The most common AE affecting the peripheral nervous system was constipation (28.6%), and the most common AE affecting the central nervous system was confusion (29.9%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results showed that the combination of specific CDSS rules with pharmacist-mediated risk management procedures could further reduce the anticholinergic load in hospitalized older adults, relative to routine care. It remains to be determined whether this reduction in the anticholinergic load has an impact on the incidence of peripheral and central anticholinergic AEs, and thus the health of these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacy Education and Clinical Pharmacy Training in France.","authors":"Florence Ranchon, Sébastien Chanoine, Anepc Pedagogical Committee, Antoine Dupuis, Gaël Grimandi, Michel Sève, Stéphane Honoré, Benoît Allenet, Pierrick Bedouch","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060161","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical pharmacy education varies widely between European countries, and several major changes have taken place in France. This review aims to describe the current state of pharmacy education in France, focusing on clinical pharmacy. Research into legislative texts on pharmacy education in France was conducted based on the national database \"legifrance\". A complementary search on clinical pharmacy teaching methods used in France was carried out on the Medline, Embase, Pascal and Francis database for articles published from 2008 to 30 April 2021. Pharmacy studies are taught in universities and last from six to ten years, depending on the student's chosen options. The scientific curriculum is defined at the national level. Students choose their professional path after the fourth year with specialized courses. Whatever the direction chosen, all students have several internships, including a half-time one-year hospital internship, with patient-centered hospital functions within medical and pharmaceutical teams. The status of clinical pharmacy has been enhanced under French law and regulations, improving clinical pharmacy education, which is now skill-based, in a progressive, active, and dynamic process, with community or hospital pharmacists as university teachers and closer to real-life clinical pharmacy. Teaching is increasingly innovative, and this needs to be shared and reported in the literature. Several important reforms have modernized French pharmacy studies in recent years, conferring a pivotal place for clinical pharmacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Categorisation of Patients' Anticholinergic Burden at Admission and Discharge from the Geriatric Ward of Sønderjylland Hospital.","authors":"Cecilie Marie Bæk Kehman, Maja Schlünsen, Lene Juel Kjeldsen","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060160","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High anticholinergic burden is associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation, readmission, and mortality in geriatric patients. The objectives were to develop an updated anticholinergic burden scale for drugs registered in Denmark and to estimate the burden at admission and discharge for hospitalised patients at the Geriatric Ward of Sønderjylland Hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The updated scale was developed through a systematic evaluation of the anticholinergic effect for all active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) listed on validated burden scales. APIs registered in 2020 and 2021 were evaluated separately for possible anticholinergic effect. The anticholinergic effect of each API was scored from 1 (low) to 3 (high). The scale was applied to medical records for patients hospitalised between October 2021 and March 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The scale comprised 87 APIs with anticholinergic effect. We applied the scale on 196 patients aged (median [IQR]) 84 (78-89) years. Of these patients, 75 (38.3%) had a high burden (≥3) on admission. These patients had significantly higher drug use and higher risk of 30-day readmission but no relationship with length of stay. Overall, the anticholinergic burden was unchanged at discharge for 109 (55.1%) patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An updated scale for estimation of the anticholinergic burden in geriatric patients was successfully developed, and a high burden among the admitted geriatric patients was found.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical Advertising and Public Perceptions in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Mohammed A Alnuhait, Hana A Althobaiti, Meshari H Alharbi, Raef A Alahmadi, Yasser E Althubaiti, Abdulrahman A Alsaedi, Abdullah S Alshammari, Mahmoud E Elrggal, Mohammed A Alrashed, Mohamed A Albekery, Abdullah A Alhifany, Abdulmalik S Alotaibi","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12060159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>As the pharmaceutical advertising landscape evolves with digital advancements, this study examines public awareness and perceptions of medication advertisements in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the effects of regulatory frameworks and evaluates how they influence public understanding and attitudes toward these advertisements.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted using an electronic survey in Saudi Arabia in December 2023. The survey was distributed on social media platforms and reached a diverse sample of 440 participants. It covered public perception and attitudes toward drug advertisements, knowledge of regulatory laws, and preferences regarding advertising mediums.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 440 participants in the study, who were primarily employees with bachelor's degrees, there was a clear awareness of drug advertisements. The average age of the group was 33 years, and a significant portion (71.1%) held a bachelor's degree, with 51.1% being employed. The findings revealed that 25.5% of participants frequently noticed drug ads, while 22.7% saw them very often. Although many found the ads informative, there were significant concerns about unrealistic expectations and the risk of overmedication; 89.8% believed the ads set unrealistic expectations about the effectiveness of medications. Additionally, 60.7% thought that celebrity endorsements might mislead the audience, and 91.1% felt that ads should provide more detailed information about potential risks and side effects. Regarding preferred advertising platforms, mobile apps and websites were favored (47%), followed closely by social media (46.4%). A striking 93.2% of participants believed that drug ads on social media should be subject to stricter regulations, and 96.4% wanted more proactive monitoring of online advertising. Many also reported using other sources, such as medical review sites, to verify medication information.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pharmaceutical advertising in Saudi Arabia must balance ethical transparency with educational value. The influence of digital platforms underscores the necessity for stricter regulation and accurate information dissemination. A collaborative approach is essential to align advertising practices with public health interests and regulatory standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11503259/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Efficiency and Staff Satisfaction of the Point-of-Care IV Activated System Versus Traditional Piggyback in Administering IV Antibiotics at a Saudi Tertiary Hospital.","authors":"Khaled Elshammaa, Abubakr A Yousif, Abdullah Alshammari, Mohammed Alnuhait, Abdulmalik S Alotaibi, Mahmoud E Elrggal, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12050158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12050158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aims to compare resource utilization and staff satisfaction between the point-of-care (POC) activated system and the traditional intravenous piggyback (PB) system in hospital pharmacy settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Employing a pre-post quasi-experimental design from November 2019 to April 2020, the study assessed resource requirements for both the POC activated system and the traditional PB system. Additionally, a staff satisfaction survey was conducted, focusing on staff experiences related to the pharmacy preparation process and the subsequent activation of the system by nurses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The POC activated system required significantly fewer full-time equivalents (FTEs) per month compared to the PB system (0.36 ± 0.05 vs. 1.56 ± 0.07; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Using POC in automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs) reduced medication administration time and returns (6.41% vs. 1.75%; <i>p</i> < 0.0001). The staff satisfaction survey revealed greater satisfaction with the POC activated system. A subsequent analysis showed the POC activated system had a low expiration rate of 0.1% and a cost of 39 Saudi riyal, while the traditional system had higher expiration rates and cost of 46,260 SR.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The POC activated system reduced FTEs, decreased returned medications, and enhanced staff satisfaction compared to the PB system.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511071/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacist-Prescribed Hormonal Contraception: A Survey of Perceptions of Georgia Community Pharmacists and Non-Community Pharmacists.","authors":"Rebecca H Stone, Megha D Patel, Lara L Beene","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12050156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12050156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacist-prescribed hormonal contraception (HC) is supported by a majority of pharmacists and pharmacy students; however, few studies have evaluated perceptions of non-community pharmacists, or differences in geographic areas. The primary objective of this study is to assess differences between community and non-community pharmacists in perceptions of pharmacist-prescribing HC in Georgia, a state that does not currently permit this practice. Secondary objectives include assessment of community pharmacist interest in prescribing HC, and differences in perceptions between pharmacists in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. A survey was emailed in early 2022 to 2592 Georgia pharmacists, with Likert questions assessing interest, perceptions, comfort, and perceived barriers regarding pharmacist-prescribed HC. Chi square testing identified differences between groups. The completed survey response rate was 11.8%. Regardless of practice site, a majority agreed that pharmacists are well trained to prescribe HC (community 61.8% vs. non-community 68.1%, <i>p</i> = 0.25) and provision of HC services is within pharmacists' scope (community 73.6% vs. non-community 74.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.90). Overall, metropolitan and nonmetropolitan community pharmacist perceptions were similar; however, more metropolitan pharmacists believed pharmacists are well trained to prescribe HC (66.7% vs. 48.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.049) and that it is within their scope of practice (78.1% vs. 61.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.045). In summary, the majority of pharmacists, regardless of practice type, believe that pharmacists are prepared to prescribe HC and that it is a part of pharmacists' professional scope of practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Survey Instruments and Pharmacy Student Outcomes for Stress, Burnout, Depression and Anxiety.","authors":"Kelly C Lee, Austin Yan, Tram B Cat, Shareen Y El-Ibiary","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12050157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12050157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the need to measure burnout, stress and mental health among pharmacy students has been emphasized in the literature, there is limited information on which validated scales should be used. The objective of this scoping review was to identify published studies that used validated scales for burnout, stress and mental health among pharmacy students to provide recommendations for implementation at schools/colleges of pharmacy. Thirty-two out of 153 articles published in the United States from 1 January 2000 to 30 September 2022 were included and categorized into studies measuring stress (20), burnout (4) and depression/anxiety (8). The most common validated scales used to assess stress and burnout among pharmacy students were the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, respectively. For mental health, anxiety was most commonly investigated using a variety of scales such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; the Patient Health Questionnaire, 9-item was used to measure depression in two studies. Validity, ease of use, cost and generalizability are important considerations for selecting a scale. The PSS has been studied extensively in pharmacy students and has been correlated with other well-being domains. Studies that measured burnout and mental health (specifically, depression and anxiety) have less published evidence among pharmacy students.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510726/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142509391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}