Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Hospital Clinicians' Knowledge of and Opportunity and Motivation for Prescribing Short Antibiotic Courses for Common Infections.","authors":"Michael Wilcock, Dan Hearsey, Mandy Slatter, Neil Powell","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Short-course antibiotic therapies for common infections treated in hospital are supported by national guidelines. Hospital clinicians' knowledge of the course length recommendations for the management of common infections has not been fully explored. This study aims to assess doctors' knowledge of and explores their opportunity and motivation for prescribing short-course therapy. A survey was emailed to all prescribers working in adult medical specialties in two hospitals in England. The survey responses from both hospitals were pooled before analysis. One hundred and sixty-five responses were provided. Knowledge of the recommended short course lengths was high overall, except for severe community-acquired/hospital-acquired pneumonia (CAP/HAP), with only 44% of respondents opting for shorter-course therapy. The majority did not believe longer courses were more effective than shorter courses. We identified a gap in prescriber knowledge for appropriate antibiotic course lengths for severe CAP/HAP. Addressing this gap may contribute to antimicrobial stewardship efforts to reduce course lengths in line with national guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical Public Health: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring Pharmacy Professionals' Advanced Roles in Public Health, Including the Barriers and Enablers.","authors":"Diane Ashiru-Oredope, Roeann Osman, Adeola H Ayeni, Eleanor J Harvey, Maria Nasim, Emma Wright, Christina Narh, Uju Okereke, Tasmin Harrison, Christopher Garland, Cecilia Pyper, Andrew Evans, Marion Bennie","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020037","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the UK and globally, pharmacy professionals (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) contribute to the delivery of local and national public or population health interventions. The existing literature on pharmaceutical public health predominantly focuses on micro-level activities, primarily describing community pharmacies delivering public health interventions to individuals. There is little-known evidence on pharmacy professionals' involvement in delivering public health interventions at meso- (e.g., organisational) and macro (national/policy) levels, nor to what extent pharmacy professionals have specialist/advanced roles within public health practice. This study specifically explored pharmacy professionals' specialist/advanced roles within public health as well as the opportunities and barriers to career development. The analyses of this mixed-methods study makes a series of important recommendations for future action.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included two independent cross-sectional electronic surveys for pharmacy professionals and public health professionals, a call for evidence, and two workshops to develop recommendations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pharmacy professionals (n = 128) and public health professionals (n = 54) across the UK participated in the surveys. Most of the Pharmacy Professionals respondents were female (70%), pharmacists (85%), working in primary (33%) or secondary (25%) care settings, mainly based in England (75%), and most (63%) lacked formal public health qualifications although they were involved in a diverse range of public health interventions. The public health professionals were mostly females (67%), practicing in England (58%). Both professional groups identified opportunities and barriers to pharmacy professionals' involvement in public health. Almost half of the public health professionals respondents (44%) stated that they had a pharmacy professional working as part of their current public health teams. Eighty-seven percent of public health professional respondents (45/52) agreed that having pharmacists or pharmacy technicians specialising in public health would be beneficial or very beneficial. Most of the documents, reports, and case histories provided through the call for evidence were unpublished. The workshops generated 94 recommendation statements, highlighting collaboration and the need to acknowledge pharmacy professionals' contributions to public health.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The recommendations for strategic action at meso- and macro-levels included three main themes: adopting a national strategic approach to pharmaceutical public health, including improving commissioning; formalising pharmaceutical public health workforce development; and promoting further evidence-based pharmaceutical public health research and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blueprint for Constructing an AI-Based Patient Simulation to Enhance the Integration of Foundational and Clinical Sciences in Didactic Immunology in a US Doctor of Pharmacy Program: A Step-by-Step Prompt Engineering and Coding Toolkit.","authors":"Ashim Malhotra, Micah Buller, Kunal Modi, Karim Pajazetovic, Dayanjan S Wijesinghe","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020036","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While pharmacy education successfully employs various methodologies including case-based learning and simulated patient interactions, providing consistent, individualized guidance at scale remains challenging in team-based learning environments. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential solutions through automated facilitation, but its possible utility in pharmacy education remains unexplored. We developed and evaluated an AI-guided patient case discussion simulation to enhance learners' ability to integrate foundational science knowledge with clinical decision-making in a didactic immunology course in a US PharmD program. We utilized a large language model programmed with specific educational protocols and rubrics. Here, we present the step-by-step prompt engineering protocol as a toolkit. The system was structured around three core components in an immunology team-based learning activity: (1) symptomatology analysis, (2) laboratory test interpretation, and (3) pharmacist role definition and PPCP. Performance evaluation was conducted using a comprehensive rubric assessing multiple clinical reasoning and pharmaceutical knowledge domains. The standardized evaluation rubric showed reliable assessment across key competencies including condition identification (30% weighting), laboratory test interpretation (40% weighting), and pharmacist role understanding (30% weighting). Our AI patient simulator offers a scalable solution for standardizing clinical case discussions while maintaining individualized learning experiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disparities in Postoperative Pain Management: A Scoping Review of Prescription Practices and Social Determinants of Health.","authors":"Aidan Snell, Diana Lobaina, Sebastian Densley, Elijah Moothedan, Julianne Baker, Lama Al Abdul Razzak, Alexandra Garcia, Shane Skibba, Ayden Dunn, Tiffany Follin, Maria Mejia, Panagiota Kitsantas, Lea Sacca","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020034","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020034","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;: Opioid analgesic therapy has been traditionally used for pain management; however, the variability in patient characteristics, complexity in evaluating pain, availability of treatment within facilities, and U.S. physicians overprescribing opioids have contributed to the current opioid epidemic. Despite large research efforts investigating the patterns of postsurgical pain management and influencing factors, it remains unclear how these overall trends vary across the varying sizes and available resources of academic hospitals, community hospitals, and outpatient surgery centers. The primary aim of this scoping review was to examine the patterns of contemporary postoperative pain management across healthcare settings, including academic medical centers, community hospitals, and outpatient surgery centers. Specifically, this study investigates how prescription practices for opioids, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen are influenced by patient demographics, including sex, race, gender, insurance status, and other social determinants of health (SDoH), to inform equitable and patient-centered pain management strategies. &lt;b&gt;Methods&lt;/b&gt;: This study utilized The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and was used as a reference checklist. The Arksey and O'Malley methodological framework was used to guide the review process. To ensure comprehensive coverage, searches were conducted across three major databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;: A total of 43 eligible studies were retained for analysis. The highest reported Healthy People 2030 category was Social and community context (n = 39), while the highest reported category of SDoH was age (n = 36). A total of 34 articles listed sex and age as SDoH. Additional SDoH examined were race/ethnicity (n = 17), insurance (n = 7), employment (n = 1), education (n = 4), and income (n = 1). This review suggests that there are significant gaps in the implementation of institution-specific, patient-centered, and equitable pain management strategies, particularly in academic hospitals, which our findings show have the highest rates of opioid and NSAID prescriptions (n = 26) compared to outpatient surgical centers (n = 8). Findings from our review of the literature demonstrated that while academic hospitals often adopt enhanced recovery protocols aimed at reducing opioid dependence, these protocols can fail to address the diverse needs of at-risk populations, such as those with chronic substance use, low socioeconomic status, or racial and ethnic minorities. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;: Findings from this review are expected to have implications for informing both organizational-specific and nationwide policy recommendations, potentially leading to more personalized and equitable pain management strategies across different healthcare settings. These include guidelines for clinicians on addressing various aspects of post","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Reporting Antimicrobial Use and <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Standardized Infection Ratios in South Carolina Hospitals.","authors":"Maya Abo-Hamzy, Kayla Antosz, Sarah E Battle, Pamela Bailey, Hana R Winders, P Brandon Bookstaver, Majdi N Al-Hasan","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020033","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have been encouraging hospitals in the United States to report antimicrobial use (AU) to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). This retrospective cohort study examines the association between reporting AU and the <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) standardized infection ratio (SIR) in South Carolina hospitals. Student's <i>t</i>-test was used to examine the mean difference in the change in CDI SIRs from 2017 to 2021 between hospitals reporting AU for ≥3 years and those reporting AU for <3 years during the study period. Among 65 hospitals in South Carolina, 43 reported AU for <3 years, and 22 reported AU for ≥3 years. There was significantly greater decline in the CDI SIR from 2017 to 2021 in hospitals reporting AU for ≥3 years compared to those reporting AU for <3 years (mean difference of the change in the CDI SIR -0.33 [95% CI -0.57, -0.06]; <i>p</i> = 0.016). The results of a steeper decline in the CDI SIR in hospitals consistently reporting AU during the majority of the study period compared to other hospitals encourages hospitals to report AU to the NHSN and promotes antimicrobial stewardship efforts at the state and national level.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Student Use of Digital Patient Cases May Improve Performance in a Pharmacy Cardiovascular Therapeutics Course.","authors":"Paul J Wong, Noam Morningstar-Kywi, Rory E Kim, Tien M H Ng","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020031","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of digital patient cases (eCases) is associated with student-perceived improvements in learning. However, novel instructional tools must demonstrate measurable student benefits to justify ongoing use. This research sought to identify the impact of digital patient cases (eCases) on student performance in a PharmD cardiovascular course. Optional eCases for hypertension (HTN), venous thromboembolism (VTE), and acute heart failure (AHF) were incorporated into the course. Performance on the exams and course overall was compared between student cohorts based on eCase use. Aggregated data were analyzed by year. Additional analysis was performed for scores on exam items related to eCase content. From 2020 to 2022, a total of 322/562 students (57.3%) used any eCase. While there were no differences in 2020 and 2021, eCase users in 2022 had significantly higher course (83.6% vs. 79.7%, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and final exam scores (75.0% vs. 67.7%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) compared with non-users. VTE eCase users had higher scores on VTE exam items compared to non-users, but only in 2021. AHF eCase users received higher scores on AHF exam items compared to non-users in 2021 and 2022. Among certain cohorts, student eCase use was associated with improved performance, and the use of certain eCases showed differences in content-specific performance. The eCase is a promising instructional tool that warrants further investigation to determine best design elements for maximal effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Regional Pattern of Sedative Psychotropic Drug Use in South Tyrol: A Comparison with National Trends in Italy.","authors":"Christian J Wiedermann, Katia Sangermano, Pasqualina Marino, Dietmar Ausserhofer, Adolf Engl, Giuliano Piccoliori","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020032","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated regional variations in the use of sedative psychotropic medications, often prescribed for insomnia, by comparing Italy and the culturally distinct Autonomous Province of Bolzano, South Tyrol. Using daily defined dose (DDD) data per 1000 inhabitants per day, benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, sedative antidepressants, and melatonin consumption from 2019 to 2023 were examined. The findings indicate a notably lower utilization of benzodiazepines in South Tyrol compared to the national Italian average, alongside a significant increase in sedative antidepressant use, particularly mirtazapine. These disparities likely stem from regional prescribing preferences influenced by cultural, linguistic, and healthcare system factors. While Z-drug consumption remained comparable across regions, melatonin use exhibited a gradual upward trend, albeit less pronounced in South Tyrol. These insights emphasize the necessity for region-specific strategies in optimizing insomnia treatment, balancing pharmacological approaches with non-pharmacological alternatives such as cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Understanding these prescribing trends can inform healthcare policies aimed at reducing long-term sedative use while enhancing patient-centered care in sleep medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Pilot Study Evaluating the Impact of an Algorithm-Driven Protocol on Guideline-Concordant Antibiotic Prescribing in a Rural Primary Care Setting.","authors":"Arinze Nkemdirim Okere, Anthony Ryan Pinto, Sandra Suther, Patrick Ten Eyck","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13010030","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13010030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximately 2.8 million cases of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) infections result in over 35,000 deaths annually in the U.S. AMR is driven largely by inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics, especially in clinics serving rural communities or underserved populations. Antibiotic Stewardship Programs (ASPs) improve prescribing practices, but many rural clinics lack fully functional ASPs. This pilot study evaluated the impact of an algorithm-driven protocol on antibiotic prescribing in a rural primary care setting. We conducted a pre-post quasi-experimental study at a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC), focusing on upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted infections. Eligible patients were enrolled in the study during their primary care visits. The primary outcome was the frequency of guideline-concordant treatment, analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Among 201 patients (101 pre-intervention, 100 post-intervention), the pre-intervention group consisted of 77% females and 47% African Americans, while the post-intervention group consisted of 72% females and 46% African Americans. The intervention was associated with a 12.6% decrease in the number of antibiotic prescriptions discordant with clinical guidelines (37.6% to 25%) from the pre- to post-intervention periods. This corresponded to an odds ratio of 0.55 (95% CI: 0.30-1.01, <i>p</i> = 0.054). Although not statistically significant at α = 0.05, this numerical decrease suggests potential benefits of algorithm-driven protocols in improving antibiotic stewardship in resource-limited settings. Longer study periods may further elucidate these benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11859786/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mentorship Blueprint: A Comprehensive Review for the Development of Programs in Pharmacy Education.","authors":"Jason W Guy, Shelby Smart, Mollie Harber, Julie H Oestreich","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13010029","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13010029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Mentorship has benefits for students and faculty, helping to support their professional development, connectedness, and career endeavors. While the value of mentorship programs is well documented in the literature, there is less practical guidance and few compiled resources to start a program. This paper reviews different mentorship practices in pharmacy education and provides a list of strategies to develop high-functioning mentorship programs or groups. <b>Methods:</b> A review of the literature was conducted through PubMed and other databases. If the titles and abstracts met the initial criteria for relevance to the topic, the complete article was reviewed in the context of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included articles focused on mentorship, mentorship programs, mentorship development, mentoring faculty or students, or mentoring in the workplace. <b>Results:</b> Twenty-three studies were included in the final review. Summaries and key points from the studies were reviewed and discussed. The advantages of mentorship programs include increased social connection, goal setting, and professional development. Challenges include increased time commitments and difficulty in determining objective markers of success. Critical components have been extracted from the literature, and key resources and templates have been provided to aid in mentorship program development. <b>Conclusions:</b> This review summarizes the pharmacy mentorship literature and provides user-friendly tables to quickly locate resources to build a mentorship program in pharmacy education.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11859274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences in a Clinical Innovation Pharmacy Fellowship: A Novel Model of Ambulatory Care Training and Practice Advancement.","authors":"Alison Doane, Nicholas Cox, Shannon Gadd, Erin Gurney, Payson Ashmead, Kyle Turner","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13010028","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13010028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The University of Utah Clinical Innovation Fellowship models novel partnerships between third-party payers, clinical practices, and academia. While healthcare costs continue to increase unabated and physician burnout leads to provider shortages, this fellowship focuses on both crises by training pharmacists to establish new practices in ambulatory clinic spaces using funding provided by third-party payers. Not only does this fellowship represent a future in which pharmacists are able to address third-party payers' need to reduce healthcare costs and clinics' need to address provider shortages, it also successfully trained fellows to pursue jobs in ambulatory care and academia. Payers, clinics, providers and patients all expressed a high degree of satisfaction with the work of the fellows. In multiple clinics where fellows established new pharmacy services, those services led directly to new job approvals funded by the clinics themselves. The purpose of this paper is to serve as a model by which fellowship programs elsewhere can be designed, as well as to show that partnerships between ambulatory clinics, payers, and pharmacists are both sustainable and beneficial to all parties including, most importantly, the patients who receive better care for their complex chronic disease states. While this paper is descriptive in nature, work is ongoing to objectively measure the impact of the fellows on patients, providers, and third-party payers. A sampling of outcomes is presented, describing the impact of the pharmacist fellows' efforts to improve medication management in primary care. Even with limited objective measures of success, we are able conclude that over the past 3 years, the fellowship has accomplished its aim of preparing fellows for future roles in ambulatory care, practice design, and academia while also demonstrating that a funding model aligning payers, clinics, and academia is sustainable.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11858872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}