Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Pharmacist-Led Collaboration of Multiple Clinical Professions Model Focusing on Continuity of Pharmacotherapy: Japanese Version of the Lund Integrated Medicines Management (LIMM) Model.","authors":"Rie Sato, Syuichi Aoshima, Tommy Eriksson","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060184","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: In general, it is known that continuity of care can contribute to an increase in patient satisfaction, reduce health care costs, and improve patient outcomes. A guarantee of continuity in pharmacotherapy is a big challenge facing Japanese health care as a system that encourages cooperation/collaboration for pharmacists with other health care professions is currently lacking. (2) Method: This is a narrative review. (3) Results: The Lund Integrated Medicine Management (LIMM) model describes a systematic approach to individuals and was developed in Sweden to optimize pharmacotherapy among elderly inpatients. The aim of the LIMM model is to provide patients with continuous pharmacotherapy at different levels of care. The LIMM model, in which a clinical pharmacist is the catalyst and leads other health care professions in completing the process, has the potential to reduce potentially inappropriate prescriptions, reduce rehospitalization risk, unscheduled hospital revisits due to problems related to medications, reduce total medical expenditure, and provide a comprehensive understanding of patients' conditions of taking medicine. (4) Conclusions: Introducing a framework such as Sweden's LIMM model, anchored by clinical pharmacists, could provide a good opportunity to promote collaborations among different health care professionals and improve continuity in pharmacotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11679876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latvian Healthcare Professionals' Self-Reported Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Related to Pregnancy Prevention Program Materials for Valproate-Containing Medicines.","authors":"Milana Špoģe, Mirdza Kursīte, Elita Poplavska","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060182","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Valproates are recognized for their significant teratogenic risks, which can lead to physical defects and developmental disorders when used during pregnancy. To mitigate these risks, the Pregnancy Prevention Program (PPP) was developed by European regulators for patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs). Despite the crucial nature of this program, the implementation of the PPP does not appear to be fully effective. This situation highlights the need for a deeper understanding of HCPs' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding the PPP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study using anonymous electronic questionnaires was conducted. The questionnaires were developed by a board of experts from eight different EU countries and were distributed among prescribers (general practitioners (GPs), neurologists, and psychiatrists) and pharmacists. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the obtained data on participants' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding the prescribing and dispensing of valproate-containing medicines to women of reproductive age, as well as the impact of PPP materials on their work.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study results indicate that while HCPs in Latvia are generally aware of valproate teratogenic risks, significant gaps remain in the implementation of the PPP. A considerable number of both prescribers and pharmacists expressed the belief that they are not responsible for educating patients about the PPP, attributing this responsibility to other specialists. Furthermore, barriers such as a lack of time and accessible materials were identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The roles and responsibilities of HCPs should be clearly defined to improve adherence to the PPP. Further research is needed to assess prescription and dispensing strategies, as well as HCPs' attitudes toward the PPP. Additionally, re-evaluating and enhancing the accessibility of PPP materials is essential in effective risk management and better patient care.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11679773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142897817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights from a National Survey on Controlled Substance Diversion Practices in U.S. Hospital Pharmacies: Opportunities for Enhanced Surveillance and Compliance.","authors":"Samantha S Bastow, Eric P Borrelli, Julia D Lucaci, Heather Nelkin, April Graves, Amanda Hays","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060183","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explored controlled substance (CS) diversion surveillance practices within hospital pharmacies across the United States. A survey with questions based on published CS diversion risk points was conducted in May 2024. A total of 66 participants from 31 states responded, with 54.5% from single facilities and the remaining from health systems. Most respondents were pharmacy directors, managers, or those in dedicated drug diversion roles. Over 70% have dedicated surveillance teams and use drug diversion software. Results highlight variation in practices, with larger institutions generally showing better compliance. Compliance in procurement and receiving was high for access measures; however, auditing of processes was lower. The lowest procurement compliance was in monitoring periodic automatic replacement (PAR) levels and validating orders with wholesalers. Storage practices showed high compliance in deploying cameras, but low compliance in monitoring them. Dispensing practices had high compliance for restricting CS in automated dispensing cabinets, but low incidence of witness verification during stocking. Waste and disposal practices were well-followed, but training on detecting potential signs of medication tampering was less common. The survey highlights that while strategies to prevent CS diversion exist, their implementation varies. Enhancing monitoring, auditing, and training is essential to strengthen diversion prevention efforts in hospital pharmacies.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with DAD Detection for the Determination of Cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil.","authors":"Zehra Hajrulai-Musliu, Elizabeta Dimitreska Stojkovikj, Dimitar Gusheski, Dea Musliu, Daniel Velkovski","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060181","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study highlights the need for quality control in evaluating medicinal plant products, especially CBD oils, before market release. Due to varying regulatory requirements, product labeling can sometimes be misleading, especially regarding cannabinoid concentrations such as CBD and THC. This research focused on developing a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for accurately identifying and quantifying key cannabinoids in Commercial Veterinary CBD Oil. The main compounds identified included Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBD-A), Cannabigerolic Acid (CBG-A), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabidiol (CBD), Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Cannabinol (CBN), ∆⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d9-THC) ∆8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d8-THC), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabichromene (CBC), and Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid (THCA), determined in line with the International Conference on Harmonization's (ICH) guidelines. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). It was determined to be linear, with a correlation coefficient (R²) > 0.999. The LOD and LOQ values calculated from the calibration curve ranged from 0.05 to 0.13 and 0.50 to 0.61 µg/mL, respectively. The method also exhibited acceptable precision, with relative standard deviation values lower than or equal to 2%. The method's accuracy was assessed through recovery percentages and fell within an acceptable range of 98-102 if the RSD was 2%. This study's rigorous methodology and comprehensive findings significantly contribute to cannabinoid analysis. This validated protocol was used to analyze cannabinoids in 14 commercial veterinary CBD oil products from the Republic of North Macedonia. The performance parameters demonstrated that the method is reliable for quantitatively measuring cannabinoids in CBD oil. The analysis showed that the cannabinoid levels in the products were consistent with the manufacturers' declared specifications, with no significant discrepancies in labeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11677526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addition of Bevacizumab to Chemotherapy and Its Impact on Clinical Efficacy in Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Aleena Shahzad, Anees Ur Rehman, Tehnia Naz, Muhammad Fawad Rasool, Alisha Saeed, Saba Rasheed, Sadia Shakeel, Saleh Karamah Al-Tamimi, Rabia Hussain","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060180","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background and Objectives</i>: Cervical cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in females. One of the most successful therapeutic modalities to date is suppressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets VEGF-A. The outcomes for cervical cancer patients treated with bevacizumab in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy have been explored in several studies. This study aimed to assess the impact of bevacizumab on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic cervical cancer. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023456755). Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar identified 28 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The outcomes of interest were PFS and OS. The statistical analysis computed hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The study also included a subgroup analysis by cervical cancer stage. <i>Results</i>: The pooled analysis revealed that bevacizumab-based therapy significantly improved both PFS with HR 0.77 (95% CI: 0.58-0.96; <i>p</i> < 0.01; I² = 58%) and OS with HR 0.63 (95% CI: 0.45-0.89; <i>p</i> < 0.01; I² = 41%) in cervical cancer patients. Subgroup analysis by stage of cervical cancer demonstrated better efficacy of bevacizumab in metastatic stage IVB cervical cancer patients indicated by HR for PFS (0.69, 95% CI: 0.54-0.79; <i>p</i> < 0.01) and HR for OS (0.57, 95% CI: 0.46-0.73; <i>p</i> < 0.01). <i>Conclusions</i>: Bevacizumab exhibits a significant increase in PFS and OS, underscoring the efficacy of anti-angiogenesis therapy in cervical cancer, particularly in stage IVB metastatic cervical cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11677453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Situation for Pharmacists in Japanese Veterinary Medicine: Exploring the Pharmaceutical Needs and Challenges of Veterinary Staff to Facilitate Collaborative Veterinary Care.","authors":"Taisuke Konno, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Naoto Suzuki, Kouji Okada, Yosuke Nishikawa, Daisuke Kikuchi, Hitoshi Nakamura, Yuriko Murai","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060179","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While veterinary pharmacy is common overseas, it has yet to gain traction in Japan. To clarify the actual situation in Japan, two surveys were conducted, targeting 4017 facilities (2000 pharmacies/drug stores, 2000 veterinary medical facilities, and 17 university-affiliated veterinary hospitals). We received 324 responses from pharmacy staff and 217 from veterinary hospital staff. Pharmacists were involved in drug therapy for companion animals either via direct discussion with veterinarians or by referrals for prescriptions from veterinarians (11 respondents). Veterinary staff and pharmacists showed a disparity regarding pharmacists' involvement in companion animal healthcare. Veterinary staff wanted pharmacists to provide pharmaceutical guidance, perform audits, supply drug information, and prepare drugs. Strong demand (72.2% of the veterinary staff) existed for consultations with pharmacists regarding medication issues. Veterinary medicine has evolved to meet the demand for the advanced care of companion animals. Veterinary staff have diverse and substantial requests for pharmacists. Integrating the expertise of both veterinary staff and pharmacists may facilitate a team-based approach to veterinary medicine and improve the quality of care for companion animals. Tailoring approaches to suit Japan's unique circumstances and creating a conducive environment for effective communication between pharmacists and veterinary staff are pivotal for advancing veterinary pharmacy in Japan.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11677796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials: Can Patient Adherence to Antibiotics Be Improved Through Pharmaceutical Communication-Based Interventions?","authors":"Carla Pires","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060178","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patient adherence to antibiotics is vital to ensure treatment efficiency.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the impact of pharmacist communication-based interventions on patients' adherence to antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for systematic review (PRISMA) checklist and flow diagram. Controlled trials were included.</p><p><strong>Databases: </strong>PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Quality, risk of bias, and confidence in cumulative evidence were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-one trials were selected, with better patient adherence for the intervention than the control group. However, statistically significant differences were only found in two-thirds of these trials. The use of educational leaflets, personalized delivery of antibiotics, follow-up measures, and structured counseling were among the most impactful and significant interventions. The fact that community and/or hospital pharmacists were required to intervene in both groups (e.g., intervention vs. control/usual care) may explain that statistically significant differences were not achieved in all trials. Moderate quality issues and/or risk of bias were detected in some of the evaluated trials. The cumulative evidence was classified as high to moderate, which was considered acceptable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It seems that more intense and structured pharmacist interventions can improve patient adherence to antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11677000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Pharmacists in Minimizing the Risk Inherent in Unbundled Telehealth Services: A 12-Month Retrospective Case Study.","authors":"Louis Talay, Matt Vickers, Tiffany Cheng","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060177","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacists have often been viewed as the last line of defence against prescription errors in traditional care models. Although a large number of chronic care patients are using telehealth services to increase their access to continuous care, researchers have yet to investigate prescription safety in such settings in Australia. The absence of this literature is particularly concerning in the context of the Australian Government's admission in a 2024 report that the national health system has not adequately addressed the World Health Organization's 'Medication without harm' objective. One of the report's key findings was that knowledge on digital direct-to-consumer services is insufficient. A defining feature of some of these services is their unbundling of the pharmacy component, which logically increases the risk for prescription errors. This study analyzed the frequency of which the Cloud pharmacy network intercepted prescription errors in an unbundled digital sexual dysfunction service for men. Investigators found that Cloud pharmacists were responsible for intercepting 22 (5.31%) the 414 prescribing errors observed in the Pilot Australia service in 2023, including 12 (8.05%) of the 149 prescription errors for premature ejaculation (PE) patients and 10 (3.77%) of the 265 errors for erectile dysfunction (ED) patients. Seven of the errors intercepted by Cloud pharmacists were of high or medium severity, including four drug contraindications, two cases of inadequate patient history reviews, and one case of inadequate counselling. This study also appears to be the first to provide digital prescribing error rate data in an Australian sexual healthcare setting, observing an error rate of 0.86% from 30,649 ED prescriptions, 1.13% from the 13,154 PE prescriptions, and a total prescription error rate of 0.95% (414 out of 43,792 prescriptions). These findings demonstrate the vital role of pharmacists in intercepting prescribing errors in unbundled telehealth services. Possible implications of these findings include the allocation of additional resources across the pharmacy sector and the establishment of regulatory safety standards for unbundled telehealth services.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11679928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabidiol Supplements in Romania: Bridging the Gap Between Marketed Claims and Clinical Reality.","authors":"Corina Andrei, George Mihai Nitulescu, Georgiana Nitulescu, Anca Zanfirescu","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060176","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the European market, including Romania, has witnessed a significant increase in the promotion of cannabidiol (CBD)-based products, often presented as effective treatments for various health conditions. This study investigates the inconsistencies between the health claims associated with these supplements and the evidence from clinical trials. To identify products available on the Romanian market, a systematic review of online pharmacies and websites that specialize in selling CBD-based products has been performed. Additionally, a systematic review of clinical trials has been conducted to assess the efficacy of CBD for the specified indications. Our analysis revealed that some claims, such as those related to post-traumatic stress disorder, lack substantial clinical evidence. Moreover, even when clinical support exists, the dosages recommended for the supplements are often significantly lower than those used in trials, raising concerns about their efficacy. These findings highlight the need for stricter regulatory oversight and more transparent communication to ensure that consumer expectations are aligned with scientific evidence, ultimately promoting informed decision-making and consumer safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes and Experiences of Patients Regarding Gender-Specific Aspects of Pain Management.","authors":"Carolin Alexandra Boldt, Dirk Keiner, Norman Best, Thilo Bertsche","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy12060175","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy12060175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Biological, pharmacological, and socio-cultural aspects influence gender-specific effects in pain management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Gender-specific aspects of pain management were assessed in a rural outpatient center via semi-structured patient interview: (i) general gender aspects (total population) from 1 = \"fully disagree\" to 5 = \"fully agree\"; and (ii) individual pain (matched pairs) via numeric analog scale (NAS) from 0 = \"no pain\" to 10 = \"maximum pain\". Patient charts were assessed for pain management (WHO-ladder).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 113 patients were enrolled (59.18 [SD: 12.76] years, 46% female, 54% male, 0% diverse), and 42 were matched into female-male pairs. (i) Women and men agreed that men and women should be treated equally despite biological differences (median: 5 [women] vs. 5 [men]; <i>p</i> = 0.789). As a reason for gender-specific aspects, \"medication concentration\" was reported more frequently by women (<i>p</i> = 0.038) and \"no answer\" by men (<i>p</i> = 0.014). (ii) Mean value (SD) of pain (NAS) was 4.0 (SD 2.3) for women and 3.3 (SD 2.6) for men (<i>p</i> = 0.215) with a positive correlation between pain management escalation (WHO-ladder) and the pain score (NAS) only in men (r = 0.704, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Women rather reported an influence of adverse drug reactions on treatment contentment than men (<i>p</i> = 0.042).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although patients pleaded for gender-independent equal treatment, gender-specific differences in pain therapy were found.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11587403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}