Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"In Patients Experiencing Pain and Inflammation, the Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Is More Likely a Marker of the Observed Cardiovascular Risk Rather than Its Cause: A Viewpoint.","authors":"Gerhard Zingler, Thomas Herdegen","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060139","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been among the most frequently prescribed medications worldwide for several decades. Ongoing vigilance regarding their potential adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys remains critical. Over the past twenty years, accumulating evidence has indicated an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk associated with NSAID use, posing a significant challenge for both patients and healthcare providers. This issue has prompted the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to issue explicit warnings concerning NSAID use. Recent data and comparative analyses of existing publications provide a basis for critically re-evaluating the association between NSAID use and potential CV risk, particularly when NSAIDs are administered for approved indications such as the treatment of pain and inflammation in patients with arthritis. The debate regarding the CV safety of NSAIDs centers on establishing causality. It is necessary to determine whether NSAIDs directly induce CV risks by initiating new pathological processes or act as modulators that influence the severity of pre-existing susceptibilities. The evidence presented in this review supports the view that NSAIDs do not create new CV risks but reduce CV incidents in patients with inflammatory pathologies such as arthritis. Conversely, NSAIDs have been observed to slightly increase CV risk when used at inappropriate high doses or in patients without inflammatory pain, such as those with Alzheimer's disease or other vulnerable populations. This perspective shifts the focus from causality to context-based risk management. The distinction between risk generation and risk modulation is proposed as a framework for the rational use of NSAIDs. The potential for NSAIDs to exacerbate pre-existing CV risk is dependent on the context of morbidity, and is low when used for anti-inflammatory indications in populations with the highest benefit, i.e., those with inflammatory morbidities. A general condemnation of NSAIDs keeps relevant patient populations from the only anti-inflammatory analgetic pharmacotherapy so far available.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13610097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Dispensary: Pharmacists' Perspectives on the Responsible Implementation of Emerging Clinical, Digital, and Ethically Sensitive Roles.","authors":"Christopher Mosch, Clara Simon, Enes Dusinovic, Stephanie Clemens, Johanna Pachmayr, Olaf Rose","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060140","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacy practice is expanding into clinical, digital, and ethically sensitive areas, yet professional support may not translate into implementation. Building on previous studies in point-of-care testing (POCT), artificial intelligence (AI), and assisted suicide, this exploratory convergent mixed-methods study used a purpose-designed symposium workshop focused on responsible implementation. Participants completed an anonymous 15-item questionnaire and submitted anonymous online barrier entries during the workshop. Of 45 returned questionnaires, 42 met the predefined completeness criterion for inferential analyses; 186 barrier entries were analyzed using structured qualitative content analysis. POCT showed high perceived capability, relevance, support, and willingness, while barriers centered on resources and economic viability. AI was considered highly relevant, but perceived capability was lower and concerns focused on reliability, regulation, accountability, and uncritical use. Pharmacist involvement in assisted suicide was broadly supported, while perceived capability was lower and barriers spanned ethical, organizational, legal, communicative, and emotional domains. These field-specific patterns were heuristically summarized as endorsement-capacity, capability-governance, and support-preparedness gaps. The labels are descriptive, non-validated summaries rather than participant-level mismatches. The findings suggest that professional support alone is an insufficient indicator of implementation readiness, as each activity was characterized by a distinct combination of capability, organizational capacity, and governance or support needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13610308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distilling AI Workforce-Readiness Competencies for U.S. Pharmacists from Job Advertisements: Implications for Pharmacy Education.","authors":"Ashim Malhotra, Alvin Cheung","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060138","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is entering medication-use and drug-development workflows, but the AI-specific capabilities needed for pharmacist workforce readiness remain poorly characterized. This pilot environmental scan and qualitative content analysis examined publicly accessible United States employment advertisements covering 1 January 2023 through 10 August 2026. Thirty-four distinct candidate requisitions were audited; 31 met operational criteria. Ten explicitly required AI-related work and formed the primary analytic sample, while 21 AI-enabling informatics, electronic-health-record, automation, analytics, and clinical-decision-support roles were retained as contextual comparators. AI-explicit employers sought pharmacists or PharmD-eligible professionals to evaluate model-generated clinical content, correct unsafe reasoning, construct prompts and cases, curate datasets and reference answers, verify claims, apply structured evaluation frameworks, validate dosing and pharmacokinetic reasoning, provide iterative model feedback, and implement AI-enabled clinical-pharmacology use cases. These activities were synthesized into five AI workforce-readiness competencies: AI-output evaluation and validation; AI systems and workflow literacy; prompt and evaluation-task design; AI performance assessment and improvement; and responsible AI implementation and governance. The framework distinguishes these AI-specific capabilities from the pharmacotherapy, medication-safety, evidence-appraisal, and quantitative expertise required to exercise them safely. These preliminary workforce signals support staged curricular development while requiring larger prospective and stakeholder-validated studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13610747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Attendance Format with Learning Gain and National Examination Performance in a HyFlex Preparatory Course for Pharmacy Students.","authors":"Yukinori Nagakura, Fumiko Yamaki, Hiroshi Saimaru, Kou Hiroya, Koji Ichinose","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060135","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attendance format may be associated with the learning-support effects of preparatory courses for the National Examination for Pharmacists (NEP). This retrospective observational study examined associations of self-selected attendance format with course-period learning gain and subsequent NEP performance in a four-month HyFlex course for sixth-year pharmacy students. Students received the same course content and examinations and were classified into face-to-face (F2F), live online (LO), or mixed (MIX) attendance groups. Course-period learning gain was defined as the difference in examination score percentage between the post-course and pre-course examinations. The F2F group showed greater learning gain than the LO and MIX groups. Although the NEP pass rate was higher in the F2F group, the difference among groups did not reach statistical significance in the primary analysis (<i>p</i> = 0.086). Similar findings were observed in a sensitivity analysis. In conclusion, F2F attendance was associated with greater course-period learning gain than LO or MIX attendance. However, this advantage was not clearly reflected in NEP outcomes, indicating that course-period learning gain alone may not fully explain final examination performance and continued post-course support may be needed. Because the attendance format was self-selected, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence of a causal effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13610032/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Beliefs Surrounding Nalmefene Among Alabama Pharmacists: A Cross-Sectional Survey Informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior.","authors":"Nicholas P McCormick, Christian S Flores, Olivia Aycock, Victoria Patterson, Francesca Mengel, Shannon Woods, Erin Blythe, Olivia Radzinski, Madison Holland, Melissa Sanders, Kathlyn Smith, Autumn Randles, Emma Tidmore, Bryson Grimsley, Anne Taylor, Brandy Davis, Lindsey Hohmann","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060137","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060137","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The opioid epidemic continues to be a major public health crisis in the United States, and nalmefene has recently emerged as an alternative opioid overdose reversal agent. However, little is known about pharmacists' awareness and beliefs regarding nalmefene use and distribution. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess Alabama pharmacists' knowledge, perceptions, and behavioral intentions related to nalmefene. This study used a cross-sectional survey design. Practicing pharmacists in the state of Alabama were eligible to participate, and were recruited through the Alabama Board of Pharmacy email listserv. An anonymous online survey was distributed via email, and respondents were eligible to enter a lottery for one of five $100 electronic gift cards. The survey instrument was developed by the investigators, adapted from prior overdose reversal literature and informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior. Primary outcome measures included: knowledge of nalmefene (12 items); perceived barriers regarding nalmefene stocking and recommendations (19 items); and Theory of Planned Behavior concepts including attitudes (15 items), subjective norms (perceived social support) (six items), perceived behavioral control (confidence in ability to stock or recommend nalmefene) (11 items), and behavioral intentions surrounding nalmefene stocking and recommendations (13 items). Outcomes were measured via multiple-choice (objective knowledge) and Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) questions. Differences in mean scale scores across pharmacy setting (pharmacists employed in inpatient versus outpatient settings), community pharmacy type (chain vs. independent), and geographic location (rural vs. urban) were analyzed using two-sided Mann-Whitney U tests for non-parametric data or &lt;i&gt;t&lt;/i&gt;-tests for parametric data, as appropriate. Multiple linear regression analyses examined associations between TPB constructs and pharmacists' intentions to stock or recommend nalmefene over the next six months. All data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 29 with an alpha of 0.05. There were 119 pharmacist respondents (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 25 inpatient, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 94 outpatient). The majority were female (68.1%), White (94.1%), and worked in community settings (35.3% independent, 10.9% corporate, 10.1% big-box, 5.0% grocery). Median age was 42 years (IQR: 36-51). Awareness of nalmefene was low: only 39.5% had heard of it and 5.9% had seen it in practice. Inpatient versus outpatient pharmacists reported higher subjective norms external to the workplace (median [IQR]: 3.00 [2.33, 3.58] vs. 2.33 [1.67, 3.00]; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.004) as well as subjective knowledge (mean [SD]: 2.96 [0.94] vs. 2.55 [0.74]; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.023), while outpatient versus inpatient pharmacists reported higher perceived barriers related to fiscal/logistical concerns (mean [SD]: 3.45 [0.59] vs. 3.07 [0.66]; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.009). Among community pharmacists, stocking and procurem","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13610114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Pharmacists Using Motivational Interviewing and Patient Outcomes.","authors":"Blair Woodard, Angelia LaPresta, Baylee Eastes, Stephanie M Tubb, Aleda M H Chen","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060136","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients often must change their behaviors to prevent and mitigate the impact of chronic disease, yet deciding to begin and adhere to these changes can be challenging. Motivational interviewing (MI), a patient-centered communication approach, has been utilized by pharmacists to support patients in making these changes. Thus, this systematic review aimed to describe the outcomes of MI interventions by pharmacists and student pharmacists.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using PRISMA methodology and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024546509), PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched for articles matching the study objective (pharmacists, motivational interviewing, and patient outcomes) from January 2014 to April 2024. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Data from included articles were extracted, synthesized categorically, and underwent quality assessment using the Mixed Methods Assessment Test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 356 identified articles, 45 were included. Randomized controlled trial designs implemented in ambulatory care or community pharmacies in the Global North were most common. Studies most frequently addressed diabetes, hypertension, and smoking cessation. Overall, MI interventions were associated with positive or neutral outcomes, with no studies reporting worsened results. Conditions such as hypertension and lipidemia and the need for nicotine cessation had positive outcomes, while diabetes and cardiovascular conditions contained both positive and neutral outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Given its low implementation burden, MI represents a potential strategy for pharmacists and student pharmacists to improve patient outcomes, though future research should evaluate intervention fidelity and expand settings studied.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13610353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary Prevention Bundle for Drug-Related Problems in an Integrated Healthcare Setting: A Pragmatic Observational Implementation-Effectiveness Study.","authors":"Jordi Fernández-Morató, Jesús Ruiz-Ramos, Mireia Fuster-Barrera, Alícia Antón-López, Eduardo Ortiz-Del Romero, Adrián Plaza-Ruiz, Cristina Roure-I-Nuez","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060134","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluates the implementation and associated 30-day outcomes of the \"Medication Code\" (MC), a secondary prevention bundle for drug-related problems (DRPs), implemented at the Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa (CST), an integrated healthcare organization in Catalonia. The bundle, which combines medication reconciliation, structured medication review, and coordinated communication with primary care, was previously shown to reduce 30-day readmissions in a randomized trial at a large tertiary hospital. Between May 2024 and December 2025, 185 patients attending the emergency department (ED) at CST for a DRP received the secondary prevention intervention bundle. The study assesses the association between implementation of the recommendations and 30-day outcomes, not the effect of the MC bundle itself. Treatment optimization proposals were implemented in 72.4% of patients, either at discharge or during primary care follow-up, supported by a multiprofessional integrated team of pharmacists and primary care practitioners. Implementation of the pharmacotherapeutic proposals was associated with an absolut risk reduction of 30-day ED revisits and DRP-related readmissions. These findings are consistent with previous observations from the original MC program. However, because all included patients received the intervention bundle and outcomes were compared according to implementation status, the study cannot estimate the effectiveness of the MC bundle itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13610349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual Perceptions and Self-Care Practices for Abdominal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Survey Conducted in Italian Community Pharmacies.","authors":"Corrado Giua, Nicolina Paola Floris, Lisa Boschetti, Lorenzo Turati, Sgcp, Enrico Keber","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060133","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Abdominal pain is one of the most common complaints in community pharmacy, yet how individuals define it, which symptoms they associate with it, and how they manage it through self-care remains poorly characterized.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate individual perceptions, definitions, and self-care behaviors related to abdominal pain among adults attending Italian community pharmacies and to explore healthcare-seeking behaviors and needs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional observational survey was conducted among adults attending community pharmacies across Italy. Eligible participants were aged ≥18 years and provided consent for data processing; individuals with cognitive or language barriers were excluded. Thirty-three SIFAC clinical pharmacists administered an expert-reviewed 18-item digital questionnaire (October-December 2025), covering pain perception, healthcare needs, and self-care behaviors. Data were analyzed descriptively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>406 pharmacy customers were enrolled (66.7% female; mean age 44.3 years). Over 93% reported at least one episode in the previous 12 months. The term was applied heterogeneously across localizations, symptom profiles, and attributed causes. The pharmacist was the preferred professional for mild-to-moderate episodes (29.9%) and high-intensity episodes without alarm signs (40.2%). Conversely, the physician was most frequently consulted for high-intensity episodes with alarm signs (53.4%) and first-time episodes (16.1%). Self-medication was reported by 89.4%, with probiotics and intestinal flora products (57.4%), antispasmodics (43.8%), and antacids and gastric acid suppressants (32.5%) most commonly used. Despite this, 55.3% expressed insecurity about autonomous management.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings indicate that community pharmacists represent an important point of contact in the initial management of abdominal pain among pharmacy customers. The heterogeneous symptom profiles, widespread use of self-medication, and uncertainty reported by many respondents about autonomous management support the potential value of structured symptom assessment, personalized counselling, and clear guidance on when medical evaluation is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13610268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Issues Associated with Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Individuals: A Systematic Review Relevant to Community Pharmacy Practice.","authors":"Fabrice Mitoumba, Héloïse Henry, François Medjkane, Sophie Gautier, Bertrand Décaudin","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060132","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Community pharmacists play an increasingly important role in the care of transgender individuals receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). However, the content of structured pharmaceutical consultations tailored to this population has not yet been clearly defined. This systematic review aimed to identify therapeutic issues relevant to community pharmacy practice in order to inform the development of structured pharmaceutical consultations. A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 Statement. The review question was structured using the PICo framework, with transgender individuals as the population, treatment-related issues associated with GAHT as the phenomenon of interest, and community pharmacy practice as the context. Electronic searches of Medline, Google Scholar, and APA PsycINFO were performed on 17 July 2024. Studies involving transgender adolescents or adults receiving GAHT and reporting therapeutic effects, adverse events, monitoring requirements, or medication-related issues were eligible. Two reviewers independently screened the studies and extracted data using a standardized form. Owing to the heterogeneity of study designs, the findings were synthesized narratively according to therapeutic domains relevant to community pharmacy practice. Among 755 screened records, 116 articles met the inclusion criteria. Seven therapeutic domains relevant to pharmacist-led consultations were identified: cardiovascular and cardiometabolic effects, dermatologic effects, gynecologic effects, musculoskeletal effects, biological and pharmacological effects, psychiatric effects, and other adverse effects or specific clinical situations. The evidence highlighted treatment-specific monitoring needs, medication-related risks, fertility and contraceptive considerations, laboratory monitoring requirements, drug-drug interactions, and mental health outcomes. Community pharmacists may contribute to the monitoring and optimization of GAHT, adverse effect management, patient education, fertility and contraceptive counseling, pharmacovigilance, and interdisciplinary collaboration within the scope of their professional practice. These findings provide an evidence-informed basis for the future development of structured pharmaceutical consultations tailored to transgender individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13610454/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Descriptive Website Review of Publicized PharmD Pre-Matriculation Programs.","authors":"Colyn C Bessard, Kala B Oliver, Frank Yu, Ryoichi Fujiwara","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14060131","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy14060131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Colleges of pharmacy have begun offering pre-matriculation programs to refresh and strengthen pharmacy students' basic math skills. Although previous survey-based research showed that many institutions offer a pre-matriculation program, it remains unclear whether such information is publicly available to prospective pharmacy students. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of pharmacy school websites to identify pharmacy schools that publicly describe their pre-matriculation programs. <b>Methods:</b> The official websites of the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education pharmacy schools were searched for information on pre-matriculation programs. <b>Results:</b> Out of 142 pharmacy schools, 20 (14%) of those schools were found to describe their pre-matriculation program on their website. Ten of those 20 programs reported that their pre-matriculation program includes a section that teaches calculations. Only one school described a positive impact on student performance in a calculations course. The timing, length, and format of the 20 programs varied. <b>Conclusions:</b> Only a small proportion of U.S. pharmacy schools (14%) publicly disclose the presence of a pre-matriculation program on their institutional websites. Most of the programs do not report outcomes or evidence of impact. Future work should focus on developing calculation-focused pre-matriculation programs and evaluating their effectiveness, while also improving the visibility and availability of information about these programs on institutional websites.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13609974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}