Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"SMART Pharmacist-The Impact of Education on Improving Pharmacists' Participation in Monitoring the Safety of Medicine Use in Montenegro.","authors":"Snežana Mugoša, Arijana Meštrović, Veselinka Vukićević, Milanka Žugić, Michael J Rouse","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmaceutical care as a concept was introduced in Montenegro during the last 10 years. The Pharmaceutical Chamber of Montenegro (PCM) and the Institute for Medicines and Medical Devices (CInMED) conducted SMART Pharmacist Program educational activities for pharmacists as a project to improve their impact on monitoring drug safety. In the period from September 2023 to May 2024, a total of 78 pharmacists participated in the project, of which 53 (68%) submitted valid reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs). During the project, a total of 302 valid reports were submitted, and the pharmacists' share in total reporting increased to 74% in 2023 compared to less than 10% in the previous 5 years. The results of this research will be used to make recommendations for further improvement of the pharmacovigilance system, as well as to create plans for continuing education (CE) of other health workers in the area of rational and safe use of medicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Influencing Community Pharmacists' Participation in Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Qualitative Inquiry.","authors":"Tasneem Rizvi, Syed Tabish R Zaidi, Mackenzie Williams, Angus Thompson, Gregory M Peterson","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Very few studies, all employing surveys, have investigated the perceptions of community pharmacists regarding antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). A qualitative inquiry exploring factors affecting community pharmacists' participation in AMS may assist in the implementation of AMS in the primary care setting. This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers and enablers of community pharmacists' participation in AMS. One-on-one semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with a sample of community pharmacists from across Australia. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using the Framework Analysis method. Twenty community pharmacists (70% female), representing urban, regional, and remote areas of Australia participated in the study. Pharmacists identified a discord between clinical needs of patients and practice policies as the primary source of excessive prescribing and dispensing of antibiotics. The fragmented nature of the primary healthcare system in Australia was seen as limiting information exchange between community pharmacists and general practitioners about antibiotic use, that was encouraging inappropriate and, at times, unsupervised use of antibiotics. The existing community pharmacy funding model in Australia, where individual pharmacists do not benefit from any financial incentives associated with clinical interventions, was also discouraging their participation in AMS. Pharmacists suggested restricting default antibiotic repeat supplies, reducing legal validity of antibiotic prescriptions to less than the current 12 months, and adopting a treatment duration-based approach to antibiotic prescribing instead of the 'quantity-based' approach, where the quantity prescribed is linked to the available pack size of the antibiotic. Structural changes in the way antibiotics are prescribed, dispensed, and funded in the Australian primary care setting are urgently needed to discourage their misuse by the public. Modifications to the current funding model for pharmacist-led cognitive services are needed to motivate pharmacists to participate in AMS initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heparin-Induced Hyperkalemia Assessment Utilizing the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale: A 40-Year Systematic Review.","authors":"Divita Singh, Omnia A E A Mesalhy, Michael J Cawley","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adverse drug reactions have been reported as leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Unfractionated heparin- and low-molecular-weight heparin-induced hyperkalemia are side effects that have been reported in approximately 7 to 8% of heparin-treated patients. Algorithms, assessment tools, and decision aids are needed to assist in determining the causality of these adverse drug reactions.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the number of case reports of hyperkalemia resulting from unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin use by utilizing the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant publications. Search terms and Boolean operators, including \"hyperkalemia AND heparin\", \"hyperkalemia AND low molecular weight heparin\", \"heparin AND hypoaldosteronism\", and \"low molecular weight heparin AND hypoaldosteronism\", were used. Searches were limited to case reports and human specimens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 29 case reports were identified, incorporating 38 patient cases. Of the 38 patient cases, 5 [4 involving unfractionated heparin and 1 involving low-molecular-weight heparin] (13.2%) utilized the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale to identify the possibility of an adverse drug reaction occurring due to exposure to unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin as probable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The available evidence suggests that clinicians' use of the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale to determine the potential of hyperkalemia occurring due to exposure to unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin is limited. Clinicians should be encouraged to utilize an objective monitoring tool to help standardize assessment of causality for all adverse drug reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144062449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Pharmacy Student Perspectives and Attitudes Towards Compliance Aids and Devices Through Health Disparity Simulation.","authors":"Bradley Phillips, Jason Powell","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study intends to evaluate simulated experiences provided to pharmacy students that directly compare the perspective of patients managing chronic disease states through traditional means without compliance aids to those using compliance aids, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and other devices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This simulation was conducted with third-year pharmacy students enrolled in the ambulatory care elective course at the University of Florida College of Pharmacy. It was designed to simulate a patient responsible for self-administering an array of medications for multiple chronic diseases that the students are likely to encounter during clinical practice. For the first week, students were tasked with adhering to a complex medication schedule from their associated pill bottles without the use of compliance aids (pill organizers, alarms, etc.) and checking their blood glucose twice daily using a traditional glucometer. In the second week, students continued the role of the patient; however, they were provided with compliance aids and encouraged to set alarms and use CGMs. Using a questionnaire developed based on the traditional Likert scale model, the students were able to quantify their experiences in a way that allowed the investigators to observe any changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regarding the overall implications of this experience, most participants (>80%) agreed that this project increased their understanding of the value of compliance aids and devices and encouraged them to not only incorporate them into their future patient care plans but also advocate for accessibility to improve health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Students who completed this experience reported better adherence to chronic disease state control using compliance aids and, in turn, the applicability of the use of compliance aids in managing those with complex medication regimens. This simulation may encourage future pharmacists to incorporate compliance aids with their patients to improve health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Time-Varying Nature of Medication Adherence Predictors: An Experimental Approach Using Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use.","authors":"Vasco M Pontinha, Julie A Patterson, Dave L Dixon, Norman V Carroll, D'Arcy Mays, Karen B Farris, David A Holdford","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medication adherence is a crucial factor for managing chronic conditions, especially in aging adults. Previous studies have identified predictors of medication adherence. However, current methods fail to capture the time-varying nature of how risk factors can influence adherence behavior. This objective of this study was to implement multitrajectory group-based models to compare a time-varying to a time-fixed approach to identifying non-adherence risk factors. The study population comprised 11,068 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older taking select medications for hypertension, high blood cholesterol, and oral diabetes medications, between 2008 and 2016. Time-fixed predictors (e.g., sex, education) were examined using generalized multinomial logistic regression, while time-varying predictors were explored through multitrajectory group-based modeling. Several predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics were identified as risk factors for following at least one non-adherence trajectory. Time-varying predictors displayed an alternative representation of those risk factors, especially depression symptoms. This study highlights the dynamic nature of medication adherence predictors and the utility of multitrajectory modeling. Findings suggest that targeted interventions can be developed by addressing the key time-varying factors affecting adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Removing Race Coefficient from Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimation Equations on Antidiabetics Among Black Patients.","authors":"Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul, Ebony Evans, Ewanna Brown, Kent Patterson, Weerachai Chaijamorn, Taniya Charoensareerat, Sanaa Belrhiti, Uzoamaka Nwaogwugwu, Constance Mere","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In 2021, the National Kidney Foundation-American Society of Nephrology (NKF-ASN) recommended the use of the 2021 refit equation without race; however, the effect of the removal is unclear. Our research aimed to examine the implications of antidiabetic dosing and eligibility on the new 2021 equation among Black patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective analysis of patients receiving care at the diabetes treatment center (DTC) of an academic medical center. Estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) based on serum creatinine were calculated using the 2009 and 2021 CKD-EPI equations. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to create 10,000 virtual patients. Dosing simulations based on each estimate of kidney function were performed for antidiabetics based on product labeling. The proportion and percentage of patients who were eligible based on the estimates were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The percentages of patients ineligible for metformin based on the estimates from the 2009 and 2021 CKD-EPI equations at the DTC were comparable (8.02% and 8.36%, respectively). In our 10,000 simulated virtual patients, the percentage of ineligibility increased only by 1%. For the GFR cut points of 20 mL/min and 25 mL/min, the rates of ineligibility were similar in our cohort and simulated patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The exclusion of race from the 2021 CKD-EPI equation may slightly reduce medication eligibility among Black patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges of Key Performance Indicators and Metrics for Measuring Medical Science Liaison Performance: Insights from a Global Survey.","authors":"Samuel Dyer, Cherie Hyder, Jeff Kraemer","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medical Science Liaisons (MSLs) serve a vital role in facilitating the exchange of scientific knowledge between pharmaceutical companies and health care professionals (HCPs), including pharmacists, ensuring the dissemination of accurate, evidence-based information to support clinical decision-making. Evaluating MSL performance is critical for demonstrating their value, yet defining appropriate key performance indicators (KPIs) remains challenging due to the combination of scientific engagement, relationship-building, and other activities that are difficult to measure.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examines the current and perceived ideal use of quantitative and qualitative metrics for MSL performance evaluation, the difficulties in measuring MSL impact, and the perceived effectiveness of existing KPIs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A global survey of 1023 medical affairs professionals across 63 countries was conducted, gathering data on which KPIs are currently used versus which should be used, the preferred weighting of qualitative vs. quantitative metrics, and opinions on measurement difficulty and KPI effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results reveal a strong preference for qualitative metrics (52%) over quantitative metrics (7%), though most organizations primarily use activity-based metrics such as the number of key opinion leader (KOL) engagements (92%). Despite these practices, many respondents believe that MSL KPIs should focus more on impact-based qualitative metrics, such as the quality of KOL/HCP relationships and/or engagements (70%) and the quality of actionable insights gathered (67%). Furthermore, 67% of participants reported it is \"difficult\" or \"very difficult\" to measure MSL performance accurately, and only 3% revealed current KPIs and metrics used to measure MSL performance are \"very effective\". These findings highlight a disconnect between the way MSLs are evaluated and the value they provide.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrates the need for a balanced KPI framework that integrates both qualitative and quantitative measures. A more refined performance evaluation system (incorporating stakeholder feedback, insight quality, and strategic impact) can ensure fair assessments and drive MSL effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030051/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medication Safety in Saudi Arabia: Evaluating the Current Situation and Identifying the Areas for Improvement.","authors":"Anwar A Alghamdi","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug safety is crucial in healthcare, ensuring the secure and effective administration of medications to protect patient welfare. Drug and medication safety is a major concern among Saudi healthcare providers, with numerous studies outlining the incidence of medication errors and the need for enhanced safety standards. This review will examine the existing level of drug-related safety in Saudi Arabia, categorizing the areas for improvement and highlighting concepts to improve safety practices. The overview discusses the history and evolution of pharmaceutical safety procedures, the present regulatory framework, major stakeholders, and the types and origins of prescription errors. It also examines the role of healthcare personnel and the use of technology and patient education in promoting pharmaceutical safety. The data reveal that the rate of pharmaceutical errors in Saudi hospitals is shockingly high, ranging from 13 to 56 per 100 medication orders, highlighting the urgent need for effective medication safety standards. Despite the formation of the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) and the National Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety Centre, issues such as poor understanding among healthcare providers and the need for more effective reporting methods remain a challenge. The evaluation highlights the deficiencies in ongoing education, such as real-world case scenarios and related trainings, inadequate incorporation of skills in assessment methods, and deficiency in standardized protocols for error reporting. To address these gaps, it is proposed to implement structured competency-based training, simulation exercises must be preferred for periodic skill assessments, and a safe reporting culture should be encouraged for the sake of transparency and learning from errors. We recognize the use of technology, such as electronic health records and computerized physician order input systems, as an important technique for improving medication safety. Future directions include creating national guidelines, establishing a centralized pharmaceutical error reporting system, and fostering a safety culture inside healthcare organizations. By addressing these obstacles and capitalizing on the opportunities indicated, we may improve pharmaceutical safety and, ultimately, patient care and outcomes in Saudi Arabia.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Pharmacy a Friendly Profession for Everyone in the U.S.? A Probe into Gender and Other Income Disparities.","authors":"Ioana Popovici, Manuel J Carvajal","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The literature shows that women persistently earn less than men for similar roles and qualifications; yet, pharmacy has been portrayed as an egalitarian profession, with a small gender earnings gap relative to other occupations. There is a lack of recent studies, and some evidence suggests a significant gender gap when earnings are estimated separately for male and female pharmacists. This study compared the nature and magnitude of gender income disparities using two alternative methodological procedures and evaluated the evidence for policy implications. The study was based on 2019-2022 American Community Survey (ACS) data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau. The sample consisted of 12,450 pharmacists (61.5% women) ages 25-64 years practicing in the U.S. Ordinary least-squares models calculated pharmacist annual incomes as functions of work input, human-capital, and job-related covariates. Results estimated a gender earnings gap of up to 18.6%. Differences across sociodemographic groups suggested that pharmacy is only friendly to selected segments of the profession. The empirical evidence reported here is expected to be used by healthcare managers and policymakers to inform ongoing discussion regarding the need for policy changes and cultural shifts to promote gender equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription Audit in Outpatient Pharmacy of a Tertiary Care Referral Hospital in Haryana Using World Health Organization/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (WHO/INRUD) Core Prescribing Indicators: A Step Towards Refining Drug Use and Patient Care.","authors":"Nikhil Verma, Shanmugapriya Vinayagam, Niti Mittal, Rakesh Mittal, Neeraj Bansal","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13020048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The evaluation of internationally comparable indicators of medicine use is important to devise strategies to promote the rational use of medicines (RUM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital from January to June 2024. Prescriptions were collected from the outpatient pharmacy using systematic random sampling and analyzed for WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators, index of rational drug prescribing (IRDP) and completeness (general, treatment and prescribers' details).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 844 prescriptions collected, 607 were analyzed. A total of 1837 drugs were prescribed, with a mean (SD) of 3.03 (1.51) drugs per prescription; 1378 (75%) drugs were prescribed as generic names; 125 prescriptions (20.59%) had an antibiotic prescribed; and injectables were given in 7 (1.15%) prescriptions. Of the total 1837 drugs, 1018 (55.4%) were mentioned in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) 2022, while 934 (50.8%) were included in the Haryana state essential medicines list (2013-2014). The IRDP was calculated as 3.86. The mean (SD) completeness score of the prescriptions was 10.33 (0.8) (range 5 to 11).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There was a high incidence of polypharmacy, brand name and non-essential drug prescribing, while antibiotic and injection use were in accordance with WHO standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}