Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"From Classroom to Cleanroom: Evaluating Industrial Field Visits as a Pedagogical Tool in Parenteral Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Quality Control Education.","authors":"Sandi Ali Adib, Husam M Younes","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the educational impact of an industrial field visit on the learning experience of second-year pharmacy students at Qatar University. The visit, integrated within the Pharmaceutics II course (PHAR 310), was designed to complement theoretical instruction by providing exposure to real-world pharmaceutical manufacturing and quality control processes, particularly for parenteral dosage forms. A mixed-methods approach was employed using quantitative and qualitative data derived from post-visit questionnaires. Findings indicated that students reported positive perceptions of the experience, with the majority indicating improved understanding of key pharmaceutical manufacturing concepts and strong support for the inclusion of similar activities within the curriculum. Qualitative analysis further suggested that the visit facilitated contextualization of theoretical knowledge, enhanced engagement, and supported early professional awareness. While these findings suggest that structured industrial visits may serve as a valuable complementary educational strategy in pharmacy training, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and single-institution design. Further research incorporating larger cohorts, objective learning assessments, and longitudinal evaluation is underway to better establish the educational impact of these interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding the Disposal of Unused and Expired Medicines in Romania During the Early Implementation of the 2023 Hospital-Based Collection Framework.","authors":"Anca Lupu, Ștefan Roșca, Ancuța Iacob, Marius Moroianu, Ramona-Oana Roșca","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Improper disposal of unused and expired medicines represents an environmental and public health concern. In Romania, Law No. 269/2023 assigned the responsibility for collecting household pharmaceutical waste to public and private hospitals, while operational procedures were further detailed in the Ministry of Health (MoH) Instruction No. 6226/2024. <b>Objectives:</b> This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to the disposal of unused and expired medicines among the general public and community pharmacy staff during the early phase of implementation of the hospital-based medicine take-back system in Romania. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling was conducted between 1 and 31 August 2023. Two structured questionnaires were administered: one targeting the general public/patients and another addressing community pharmacy staff. Data were analyzed descriptively using frequencies and percentages. Several items allowed multiple responses. <b>Results:</b> Among public respondents (<i>n</i> = 108; predominantly male, 90.7%; urban, 75.0%), household waste disposal was the most frequently reported method (58.3%), followed by pharmacy return (43.5%). Willingness to use a dedicated collection system was very high (96.3%). Among pharmacy staff (<i>n</i> = 71; predominantly female, 78.9%; urban, 74.6%), 40.8% reported no collection activity; where collection occurred, it was typically on demand. Disposal routes included transfer to specialized waste companies (56.3%) and regulated destruction (43.7%). Only 1.4% of pharmacies offered incentives, while 45.4% of the public indicated discounts could motivate returns. <b>Conclusions:</b> Findings indicate an implementation and communication gap during the transition to a hospital-based pharmaceutical waste collection system. Strengthening public communication on official collection points and providing clearer operational guidance may support safer disposal practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Improper Disposal of Drugs and the Lack of Information About It Among a Highly Educated Population in Brazil: Analysis of the Factors Influencing Correct Disposal.","authors":"Jamila Alessandra Perini, Thais da Silva Figueiredo, Mayara Calixto da Silva, Daniel Escorsim Machado, Jéssica Vilarinho Cardoso","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The improper disposal of household pharmaceuticals is a global public health concern, posing risks to both human health and the environment and highlighting the need to raise public awareness. This study aimed to identify individual characteristics associated with the inappropriate disposal of household pharmaceuticals and to determine which individuals may require greater awareness. This cross-sectional study included 310 participants who completed an online questionnaire collecting sociodemographic and clinical information, as well as data regarding the participants' use, storage, and disposal of medications. Most participants were female (74%), single (57%), had a university degree (81%), and were 34 ± 12 years old; 37% had some non-communicable disease (NCD), 85% used some medication, and 62% disposed of pharmaceuticals inappropriately. Having no undergraduate degree (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 2.01-9.8), an absence of NCDs (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.1-5.6), a lack of knowledge about reverse logistics (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.7-7.6) or environmental risks (OR = 13.5; 95% CI = 1.5-125), and a lack of guidance from healthcare professionals (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.2-10.6) were associated with inappropriate disposal. Although most respondents (88.6%) were aware of the negative environmental impacts of improper disposal, 69.7% did not know what reverse logistics was or where to find collection points (73.5%). These findings highlight the importance of environmental education for the effective implementation of reverse logistics for household pharmaceuticals.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Faculty-Constructed AI Tutor for Personalized Learning and Remediation in a U.S. PharmD Immunology Course: An \"In-House\" Evaluation of New Learning Technology.","authors":"Ashim Malhotra","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While generative AI becomes increasingly available in higher education, faculties find it challenging to design, implement, and evaluate AI-enabled personalized learning systems within accreditation-constrained professional curricula. This method paper describes ADAPT (Assessment-Driven AI for Personalized Tutoring), a home-grown AI tutoring and remediation ecosystem implemented in a required PharmD immunology course. Using standard learning management (Canvas) and assessment (ExamSoft) platforms, a 20-item quiz mapped to six immunology mastery domains (N = 34; mean 69.1%, SD 17.9; Cronbach's α = 0.73) was used to trigger tiered, structured generative AI remediation at both individual student and cohort levels. Instructional impact was evaluated using reliability indices, item-level difficulty analyses, and paired pre/post-assessment comparisons. Following AI-guided remediation, mean performance increased to 79.8% (+10.7 percentage points), variability decreased (SD 14.4), and assessment reliability improved (ExamSoft KR-20 0.87) compared with the diagnostic exam, the first midterm exam, and the final exam, respectively. Item difficulty stabilized (mean ≈ 0.80), with sustained retention of targeted concepts on the final examination. ADAPT provides a replicable, low-cost methodological blueprint for faculties to independently construct assessment-driven AI tutoring systems and lays the foundational steps for future AI-based predictive analysis workflow for at-risk students.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Pharmacy in Radiopharmacy: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Practices Within the HUGOPharm Network.","authors":"Evan Terrier, Laura Foucault-Fruchard, Nicolas Arlicot, Yann Venel, Mickaël Bourgeois, Serge Maia, Anne-Claire Dupont","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiopharmacy is a specialized area of hospital pharmacy dedicated to the preparation and appropriate use of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging and targeted therapies. While clinical pharmacy activities are well established in many hospital settings, their integration into radiopharmacy remains poorly documented and lacks standardization, particularly in the context of the rapid development of theranostic applications. This descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed to assess current clinical pharmacy practices in radiopharmacy across the HUGOPharm network. Between July and September 2025, an anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to radiopharmacy teams, collecting information on prescription analysis, biological monitoring, interdisciplinary collaboration, and other clinical pharmacy activities. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses. All participating centers reported verifying patient identity and key prescription parameters; however, substantial variability in practices was observed. Pharmacotherapeutic analysis was more frequently performed for therapeutic procedures (71%) than for diagnostic procedures (57%). Pre-procedure biological testing was common in therapeutic contexts (86%) but infrequent for diagnostic applications (29%). No center reported conducting structured medication reviews or pharmaceutical consultations. The implementation of radioligand therapies, such as [¹⁷⁷Lu]-PSMA, was associated with enhanced safety checks and increased interdisciplinary collaboration. Overall, clinical pharmacy in radiopharmacy is developing but remains inconsistently implemented. Structured clinical pharmacy activities appear particularly relevant for theranostic procedures and may represent priorities for future practice development to support patient safety and integrated care.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118997/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidance for Use of Artificial Intelligence in Community Pharmacy Practice: Perspectives and Needs of Pharmacists in Ontario, Canada.","authors":"Zubin Austin, Paul Gregory","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As Artificial Intelligence (AI) proliferates in society, community pharmacists must make decisions as to how to responsibly adopt this technology in their practice. Currently, there are few regulatory requirements or tools to support pharmacists in ensuring safe and ethical integration of AI in their work.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An exploratory qualitative study of community pharmacists in Ontario, Canada was undertaken to examine their needs for guidance, regulation, and support in adopting AI in their practice.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Semi-structured interviews with 24 community pharmacists were undertaken to the point of thematic saturation. Constant-comparative analysis highlighted three key themes: (a) currently, AI is being used in unstandardized and unregulated ways; (b) pharmacists desire guidance or regulation focused on patient safety considerations; and (c) in the absence of regulation, ad hoc informal decision making is occurring.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>With or without formal regulation, AI is being adopted in pharmacy practice. Current reliance on informal network support without clear regulatory guidance raises concerns for pharmacists regarding patient safety and their work as professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118915/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lacosamide Safety During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: A Single-Centre Experience and Comprehensive Narrative Review.","authors":"Kamila Saramak, Manuela Kaml, Marina Peball, Luisa Delazer, Gerald Walser, Anna Hussl, Iris Unterberger, Alexandra Astner-Rohracher","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: The management of epilepsy during pregnancy requires balancing effective seizure control against potential teratogenic effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs). Data on the safety of lacosamide (LCM), a third-generation ASM, during pregnancy and breastfeeding are limited. (2) Methods: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of LCM during pregnancy and breastfeeding, we report a single-centre case series and provide a comprehensive narrative review of the literature. (3) Results: In total, 22 cases of maternal exposure to LCM throughout pregnancy (1 monotherapy, 21 polytherapy) were identified, resulting in 21 live births (95.5%). Congenital malformations (atrial septal defect) were observed in one offspring exposed to LCM and levetiracetam (4.8%). Twelve newborns were breastfed (57.1%) without neurodevelopmental delay after twelve months. The literature search identified 16 studies, overall reporting data on 627 pregnancies with LCM (236 monotherapy, 391 polytherapy). Among 632 available pregnancy outcomes (3 twin pregnancies and 1 triplet in the polytherapy group) the proportion of live births was 81.3% (514/632). Major congenital malformations were reported in 2.5% (6/236) with LCM monotherapy and 11.9% (47/396) with polytherapy. (4) Conclusions: According to the literature, no major safety concerns, especially in LCM monotherapy, and no specific malformations associated with LCM exposure were identified. Conclusions are limited by the heterogeneity of studies and the small number of monotherapy-exposed cases. Larger, prospective studies with longer follow-up are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119888/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Pharmacies Face Critical Sustainability Challenges in the United States: Academic Pharmacy Can Help.","authors":"Karl M Hess, Peter Lim","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Community pharmacies in the United States (US) face an increasingly unsustainable future due to declining third-party reimbursement (remuneration) and ongoing cash flow challenges following the elimination of retroactive direct and indirect remuneration (DIR) fees. These pressures have contributed to widespread pharmacy closures, the emergence of pharmacy deserts, and reduced access to care for millions of patients. Despite these challenges, community pharmacy remains the most common employment setting for pharmacy school graduates in the US. However, currently required community pharmacy Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) student rotations may offer limited exposure to business, management, and entrepreneurial activities, potentially leaving students underprepared for practice in this setting. US colleges and schools of pharmacy are uniquely positioned to address this gap by partnering with their community pharmacy APPE rotation sites to intentionally integrate business- and practice-focused knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) into the APPE. Equipping students with these KSAs may enhance early career readiness while also supporting the financial sustainability of US community pharmacies through the development of innovative, revenue-generating services. These efforts further align with the 2025 Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Standards and may help advance the profession. Future research should examine optimal community pharmacy APPE structures, models, and assessment strategies to maximize student preparedness and long-term community pharmacy sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13119507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Gabapentinoids in Neuropathic Pain: A Single-Center Retrospective Study at a Specialized Institution in Mexico.","authors":"Carlos Eduardo Estrada-De La Rosa, Felipe Alexis Avalos-Salgado, Nancy Evelyn Navarro-Ruiz, Erika Fabiola López-Villalobos, Roberto de Jesús Sandoval-Muñiz, Monserratt Abud-González, María Luisa Muñoz-Almaguer, Raymundo Escutia-Gutiérrez","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Gabapentinoids are first-line treatments for neuropathic pain (NP); however, real-world evidence regarding their safety and effectiveness in complex clinical populations remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety profile of gabapentinoid therapy in patients managed within a specialized pain relief institution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study (<i>n</i> = 109) was conducted (January 2024 to December 2024). Effectiveness was assessed via DN4 and VAS over one year. Time to improvement was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort (mean age 66.2 ± 15.3 years) presented 100% comorbidity and polypharmacy (66.1% opioids; 67.9% antidepressants). Although all patients showed improvement, only 35.8% achieved \"maximal improvement.\" Pregabalin demonstrated faster VAS reduction than gabapentin (<i>p</i> = 0.029), though long-term success was comparable (<i>p</i> = 0.30). Significantly, 100% of patients reported at least one adverse drug event (ADE), primarily somnolence (66.1%), though no serious ADEs occurred. Lower baseline pain scores were significant predictors of therapeutic success.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gabapentinoids are effective for long-term NP management; however, their use is consistently associated with non-serious ADEs. In specialized settings characterized by extensive CNS-active polypharmacy, proactive pharmacovigilance and multidisciplinary oversight are essential to balance analgesic effectiveness with medication safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13118929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Frequency, Prescribing Patterns, and Characteristics of Patients Receiving Drugs with Pharmacogenomic (PGx) Guidelines Through an EMR: Follow-Up Analysis 5 Years Later.","authors":"George E MacKinnon, Megan Mills, Ulrich Broeckel","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy14020053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy14020053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: This follow-up retrospective analysis used electronic medical record (EMR) data from a health system to identify patients and medications prescribed in accordance with Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines. (2) Methods: This analysis included EMR data from a clinical research data warehouse encompassing 928,291 patients seen at an academic medical center between 2020 and 2024. The study evaluated 75 commercially available medications linked to 52 evidence-based CPIC pharmacogenomic (PGx) guidelines. (3) Results: Of the 928,291 patient encounters, 709,673 medication orders were recorded, with 416,621 patients (44.8%) prescribed at least 1 of the 75 CPIC-associated medications. This compares with 845,518 patients who had an encounter in 2015-2019 with 590,526 medication orders, and 335,849 (56.9%) patients had medication orders represented by CPIC-associated medications. One to three CPIC-associated medications accounted for 76.6% of patients in 2020-2024 compared to 75.6% in 2015-2019. (4) Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that the proportion of patients prescribed a CPIC-actionable medication remained just under half of those evaluated within a single institution's EMR. About three-quarters of patients over the ten-year period had between one to three CPIC-associated medications identified, and the top five classes of medications remained the same in the two periods. This understanding of patient volume may help organizations as they begin to assess the implementation of PGx services.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13120371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}