Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Pharmacist-Driven Chondroprotection in Osteoarthritis: A Multifaceted Approach Using Patient Education, Information Visualization, and Lifestyle Integration.","authors":"Eloy Del Río","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040106","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis (OA) remains a major contributor to pain and disability; however, the current management is largely reactive, focusing on symptoms rather than preventing irreversible cartilage loss. This review first examines the mechanistic foundations for pharmacological chondroprotection-illustrating how conventional agents, such as glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, can potentially restore extracellular matrix (ECM) components, may attenuate catabolic enzyme activity, and might enhance joint lubrication-and explores the delivery challenges posed by avascular cartilage and synovial diffusion barriers. Subsequently, a practical \"What-How-When\" framework is introduced to guide community pharmacists in risk screening, DMOAD selection, chronotherapeutic dosing, safety monitoring, and lifestyle integration, as exemplified by the CHONDROMOVING infographic brochure designed for diverse health literacy levels. Building on these strategies, the P4-4P Chondroprotection Framework is proposed, integrating predictive risk profiling (physicians), preventive pharmacokinetic and chronotherapy optimization (pharmacists), personalized biomechanical interventions (physiotherapists), and participatory self-management (patients) into a unified, feedback-driven OA care model. To translate this framework into routine practice, I recommend the development of DMOAD-specific clinical guidelines, incorporation of chondroprotective chronotherapy and interprofessional collaboration into health-professional curricula, and establishment of multidisciplinary OA management pathways-supported by appropriate reimbursement structures, to support preventive, team-based management, and prioritization of large-scale randomized trials and real-world evidence studies to validate the long-term structural, functional, and quality of life benefits of synchronized DMOAD and exercise-timed interventions. This comprehensive, precision-driven paradigm aims to shift OA care from reactive palliation to true disease modification, preserving cartilage integrity and improving the quality of life for millions worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy and Safety of ChatGPT-3.5 in Assessing Over-the-Counter Medication Use During Pregnancy: A Descriptive Comparative Study.","authors":"Bernadette Cornelison, David R Axon, Bryan Abbott, Carter Bishop, Cindy Jebara, Anjali Kumar, Kristen A Root","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040104","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly utilized to perform tasks requiring human intelligence, patients who are pregnant may turn to AI for advice on over-the-counter (OTC) medications. However, medications used in pregnancy may pose profound safety concerns limited by data availability. This study focuses on a chatbot's ability to accurately provide information regarding OTC medications as it relates to patients that are pregnant. A prospective, descriptive design was used to compare the responses generated by the Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer 3.5 (ChatGPT-3.5) to the information provided by UpToDate^®. Eighty-seven of the top pharmacist-recommended OTC drugs in the United States (U.S.) as identified by Pharmacy Times were assessed for safe use in pregnancy using ChatGPT-3.5. A piloted, standard prompt was input into ChatGPT-3.5, and the responses were recorded. Two groups independently rated the responses compared to UpToDate on their correctness, completeness, and safety using a 5-point Likert scale. After independent evaluations, the groups discussed the findings to reach a consensus, with a third independent investigator giving final ratings. For correctness, the median score was 5 (interquartile range [IQR]: 5-5). For completeness, the median score was 4 (IQR: 4-5). For safety, the median score was 5 (IQR: 5-5). Despite high overall scores, the safety errors in 9% of the evaluations (<i>n</i> = 8), including omissions that pose a risk of serious complications, currently renders the chatbot an unsafe standalone resource for this purpose.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144972020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Hemorrhoid Outcomes: A Narrative Review and Best Practices Guide for Pharmacists.","authors":"Nardine Nakhla, Ashok Hospattankar, Kamran Siddiqui, Mary Barna Bridgeman","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040105","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hemorrhoidal disease remains a prevalent yet often overlooked condition, affecting millions worldwide and imposing a substantial healthcare burden. Despite the availability of multiple treatment options, gaps persist in patient education, early symptom recognition, and optimal treatment selection. Recent advancements are evolving the pharmacist's role in hemorrhoid management beyond traditional over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription approaches. The 2024 American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) guidelines introduce updates on the use of phlebotonics, a class of venoactive drugs gaining recognition for their role in symptom management, yet largely underutilized in U.S. clinical practice. In parallel, novel clinical tools are reshaping how pharmacists engage in assessment and care. The integration of digital decision-support platforms and structured evaluation algorithms now empowers them to systematically evaluate symptoms, identify red flag signs, and optimize patient triage. These tools reduce diagnostic variability and improve decision-making accuracy. Given their accessibility and trusted role in frontline healthcare, pharmacists are well-positioned to bridge these critical gaps by adopting emerging treatment recommendations, leveraging algorithm-driven assessments, and reinforcing best practices in patient education and referral. This narrative review aims to equip pharmacists with updated insights into evidence-based hemorrhoid management strategies and provide them with structured assessment algorithms to standardize symptom evaluation and treatment pathways. By integrating these innovations, pharmacists can enhance treatment outcomes, promote patient safety, and contribute to improved quality of life (QoL) for individuals suffering from hemorrhoidal disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389048/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes Toward COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in the Post-COVID Era: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Adults in Malta.","authors":"Maria Cordina, Mary Anne Lauri, Josef Lauri","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040102","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The uptake of the COVID-19 and seasonal influenza (SI) vaccines have decreased in Europe and especially in Malta. The present study aimed to investigate the attitudes toward COVID-19 and SI vaccines and determine if individuals perceive that these vaccines are relevant to protect their health and identify reasons for their responses. A cross-sectional study using an anonymous questionnaire, informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior, addressing behavior beliefs and attitudes, and targeted at adult residents in Malta, was designed on Google Forms and disseminated using social media between January and March 2024. A total of 555 responses were received. The majority of respondents did not take/intend to take the COVID-19 (75%, <i>n</i> = 417) or SI (64.3%, <i>n</i> = 362) vaccines, with females being less likely to do so (<i>p</i> = 0.033). Perceived lack of safety (31.3%, <i>n</i> = 174) was the primary reason for rejecting the COVID-19 vaccine, and perceived lack of a threat from SI (26%, <i>n</i> = 144) was the reason for rejecting the SI vaccine. Those having chronic conditions were positively associated with uptake of both vaccines. In the post-pandemic era, these vaccines are not envisaged as having a major role in protecting one's health. A high degree of skepticism especially toward the combined COVID-19 and SI vaccine in terms of safety, mostly in women, is still present.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12388974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital Pharmacists' Perspectives on Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Developed and Developing Countries: A Comparative Pilot Study.","authors":"Javeria Khalid, Tarilate Temedie-Asogwa, Marjan Zakeri, Sujit S Sansgiry","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040103","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) significantly affect patient safety and healthcare spending worldwide. Hospital pharmacists are uniquely positioned to address ADRs due to their crucial role in medication management. However, underreporting remains a global concern, especially in developing countries, where pharmacovigilance systems are inadequately developed. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to evaluate and compare the knowledge, attitudes, perceived barriers, and facilitators regarding ADR reporting by hospital pharmacists in a developed (US) and a developing (Pakistan) country. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, using a pre-validated questionnaire. The pharmacists, possessing a minimum of one year's hospital experience, were selected via convenience sampling. Out of 151 respondents, included in the final analysis (US: <i>n</i> = 51; Pakistan: <i>n</i> = 100), the majority were female (62.3%), aged 29-35 years (38%), and possessed a Pharm. D degree (49.7%). The knowledge (US: 6.03 ± 0.27 vs. Pakistan:5.69 ± 0.25, <i>p</i>-value = 0.193) and attitude scores (US: 32.02 ± 0.73 vs. Pakistan: 32.63 ± 0.67; <i>p</i>-value = 0.379) exhibited no significant differences between the groups. Nonetheless, barriers at both the individual and systemic levels were more pronounced in the developing country. Important facilitators reported were mobile applications for ADR reporting, specialized training, and intuitive reporting tools. In conclusion, we found that pharmacists in both settings exhibit comparable knowledge and positive attitudes towards ADR reporting, though specific contextual barriers are present. Interventions customized to the local hospital infrastructure are crucial for enhancing ADR reporting, particularly in resource-constrained settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Medication Adherence and Appropriateness Among Heart Failure Patients Attending the Cardiac Clinic at a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.","authors":"Nanayakkara Muhandiramalaya Yasa Kalum Bagyawantha, Isuri Nilnuwani Dangahage, Ghanamoorthy Mayurathan, Weerasinghe Mudiyanselage Suminda Pushpika","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040101","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart failure is a chronic disease with significantly high morbidity and mortality rates, and a thorough understanding of medication adherence and appropriateness is crucial to ensure effective treatment outcomes. This cross-sectional observational study aimed to assess medication adherence, understand the influence of sociodemographic factors on medication adherence, and assess the medication appropriateness for heart failure patients attending the cardiac clinic at National Hospital Kandy (NHK). This study was conducted among 325 heart failure patients attending the cardiac clinic at the NHK. Medication adherence was assessed using the brief medication questionnaire (BMQ) after detailed medication history interviews. Statistically significant associations between total BMQ scores and sociodemographic factors were determined at 95% confidence interval. The appropriateness of the newly prescribed medication lists was assessed using the medication appropriateness index (MAI). Among the 325 patients recruited, the mean total BMQ score was 1.16; 11.7% of the participants were adherent to their medications whereas 15.4% had poor adherence. Most participants (52.0%) were in the probable poor adherent level. Statistically significant associations were observed between total BMQ score and age, sex, and education level. The mean MAI score was 0.56. Medication adherence among heart failure patients was poor and some sociodemographic factors influenced medication adherence. The appropriateness of prescribed medications was found to be acceptable.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12388911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144971992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of RE-AIM to Evaluate a Pharmacist-Led Transitions of Care Service for Multivisit Patients at a Regional Hospital.","authors":"Courtney E Gamston, Salisa C Westrick, Mafe Zmajevac, Jingjing Qian, Greg Peden, Dillon Hagan, Kimberly Braxton Lloyd","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040099","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmacist-led transitions of care (TOC) services decrease preventable hospital readmission. TOC service implementation assessment can inform translation to real-world settings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of a TOC service for patients with multiple admissions at a regional hospital using the RE-AIM framework. In this quasi-experimental, non-randomized study, individuals with ≥2 recent hospitalizations received pharmacist-led discharge medication reconciliation and counseling, management of drug-related problems, post-discharge telephonic visits, and social support. The reach, effectiveness, implementation, and maintenance RE-AIM dimensions were assessed using patient and service records. Outcomes included 30-day readmission rates for individuals completing ≥1 outpatient pharmacist visit (intervention) versus those unreachable in the outpatient setting (comparison), completed interventions, implementation features, and service adaptations. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for comparison of categorical variables and the t-test was used for continuous variables. From February 2022 to August 2023, 72.7% of the 66 service participants participated in the intervention (reach). Additionally, 30-day readmission was 22.9% (intervention) versus 55.6% (comparison; <i>p</i> = 0.01). In total, 2279 interventions were documented (effectiveness). The service was adapted (implementation) and expanded to include additional populations (maintenance) to enhance sustainability. Based on RE-AIM evaluation, the pharmacist-led TOC intervention appears to be a sustainable solution for addressing readmission in multivisit patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12388965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144972040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CalOPT: A Specialty Pharmacy-Dietitian Quality Improvement Initiative for Calcium Optimization in Patients with Osteoporosis Risk.","authors":"Jennifer Cerulli, Alisha Roberts, Ellie Wilson, Scott Guisinger","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040100","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A total of 38% of Americans do not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for calcium including those at risk for osteoporosis. To increase the percentage of patients at risk for osteoporosis who achieve goal calcium RDA intake, a collaborative specialty pharmacy-registered dietitian-nutritionist (RDN) quality improvement program was developed. Patients aged 18 to 90 years old receiving osteoporosis therapy (denosumab, teriparatide, zoledronic acid) or medications that increase bone loss (elagolix, oral prednisone) were provided with a structured assessment and educational intervention. Daily calcium intake included patient self-reported dietary intake plus supplement use. Written and verbal education on increasing dietary intake based on patient preferences was provided with 5 calcium-rich food-source store coupons. Recommendations for supplement selection (citrate vs. carbonate) and/or medication-related problem resolution were provided. Follow-up occurred at 3-6 months. Fifty patients enrolled [94% female, mean age 66.6 years (SD 15.3)] were taking denosumab (36), teriparatide (1), zoledronic acid (1), elagolix (7) and prednisone (5). The mean baseline daily dietary calcium intake was 500 mg (SD 247) with none achieving goal intake with diet alone. Average calcium supplement use in 22 (44%) patients was 686 mg daily (SD 284). At baseline, 17 (34%) met goal daily calcium intake compared to 30 (60%) at post intervention follow-up (<i>p</i> = 0.009). Over half of the store coupons were redeemed. A specialty pharmacy-RDN customized intervention program provides a model for aiding patients to modify calcium intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12389519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144972008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Pharmacists in Delivering Pharmaceutical Services to Breast Cancer Patients in Clinical and Community Settings: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Yuyao Pei, Ruoxin Huang, Feng Chang, Yuanhui Hu, Sarah Versteeg, Yufen Zheng","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040097","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Patient-centered care for individuals with breast cancer requires multidisciplinary cooperation to ensure the appropriate use of medication and prevent medication-related problems. Pharmaceutical care has been associated with improved adherence in breast cancer management, a factor linked to patient outcomes and mortality. This study aims to summarize and explore the provision and utilization of pharmaceutical services for breast cancer patients by pharmacists. (2) Methods: A scoping review was performed to assess the pharmacist's role in providing pharmaceutical services for patients with breast cancer. A comprehensive review of four databases (PubMed, Ovid Embase, Ovid International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Scopus) was completed between 1 January 2012 and 8 April 2025 according to PRISMA-ScR framework. (3) Results: A total of 46 articles met the inclusion criteria, which included RCTs, observatory studies, cohort studies, and reviews. Findings suggest that both clinical and community pharmacists play an important role in prevention, management, and education for breast cancer patients. (4) Conclusions: Pharmacists can improve health outcomes by providing pharmaceutical service in breast cancer care. Optimizing interventions, expanding services, and evaluating long-term cost-effectiveness is needed in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286014/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lysergic Acid Amide (LSA), an LSD Analog: Systematic Review of Pharmacological Effects, Adverse Outcomes, and Therapeutic Potentials.","authors":"Paula S C C Castro, Kae Leopoldo, Maria Olivia Pozzolo Pedro, Juliana Takitane, Henrique Silva Bombana, André Brooking Negrão, Jaqueline R Scholz, João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13040098","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13040098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: To systematically review the scientific literature on lysergic acid amide (LSA), focusing on its physical, neurobiological, and social effects, as well as its potential risks and therapeutic uses. <b>Methods</b>: A systematic review was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science up to December 2023, using keywords such as \"ergine,\" \"lysergic acid amide,\" and \"legal high.\" Studies were included if they reported original human data on the physical, neurobiological, psychological, or social effects of LSA; seventeen studies were included. Animal studies, in vitro research, and non-original articles were excluded. Two independent reviewers screened and selected the studies, with a third resolving discrepancies. Data were extracted using a standardized form. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework. <b>Results</b><i>:</i> LSA is primarily consumed through preparations made from the seeds of Convolvulaceae plants. Reported effects include euphoria, hallucinations, nausea, and anxiety. Severe adverse outcomes, such as psychosis, hypertension, and hospitalization, have also been documented. Some evidence suggests its potential therapeutic application for cluster headaches. However, variability in dosing and misinformation on digital platforms heighten the risks associated with LSA use. <b>Conclusions</b><i>:</i> LSA poses significant health risks, exacerbated by online misinformation and variability in its effects, and a lack of scientific studies. Further research is essential to clarify its pharmacological profile, establish guidelines for safe use, and raise public awareness about its dangers.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12286086/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}