Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Ekbom Syndrome Management in Elderly Patients: Challenges in Risperidone Titration and Treatment Adherence.","authors":"Florina Madalina Mindru, Adrian Gheorghe Bumbu, Darian Faur","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020043","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ekbom Syndrome, also known as Delusional Parasitosis (DP), is considered a rare psychiatric condition. Based on diagnostic criteria, it is characterized by the strong belief of being infested with various parasites, as well as the presence of perceptual disturbances, usually tactile and/or visual hallucinations. The syndrome can manifest idiopathically or in connection with other medical conditions and substance use. Diagnosis is challenging, as patients tend to pursue dermatological care initially. This case report describes an 81-year-old female diagnosed with Ekbom Syndrome, presenting with severe anxiety, insomnia, and persistent delusions of infestation. Initial treatment with low-dose Risperidone (2 mg/day) was ineffective, requiring a dose escalation to 4 mg/day. However, the patient's nonadherence to follow-up limited the assessment of long-term outcomes. This case highlights key clinical challenges in elderly patients, particularly dose titration, treatment response, and adherence issues. Comparative analysis with prior case reports suggests that higher doses of Risperidone (3-6 mg/day) may be required for symptom remission, but long-term outcomes remain uncertain. Additionally, nonadherence remains a major barrier, underscoring the need for structured monitoring and caregiver involvement. These findings offer insights into antipsychotic strategies for Ekbom Syndrome, highlighting individualized pharmacotherapy, long-term follow-up, and adherence support in elderly patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Impact of Sustained Knowledge, Confidence, and Clinical Application Following a First-Year Student Pharmacist Diabetes Self-Care Education Program.","authors":"Candis M Morello, Eduardo S Fricovsky","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020042","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With diabetes reaching epidemic proportions globally, it is imperative to increase the number of providers equipped to screen, educate, and help patients achieve glycemic control. This study evaluated the long-term results of student pharmacists attending a first-year Diabetes Self-Care Education Program (DSEP) by measuring knowledge retention, confidence, and clinical applicability of skills learned over time. The DSEP, integrated into the early pharmacy curriculum, is a 9-h training program made up of interactive lectures, glucose monitoring assignments, and active-learning workshops. Following DSEP training, two cohorts of first-year student pharmacists were surveyed annually for 3 and 5 years to assess knowledge retention, confidence, and clinical use of the DSEP content in their practice sites. By the year 1 follow-up survey, the response rate from the pre-survey period for cohort 1 was 88% and 78% for cohort 2; over time, the response rate decreased. For the long-term follow-up surveys, cohort 1 (5 years) and cohort 2 (3 years) demonstrated overall significantly improved sustained knowledge of diabetes (48% higher average test score, <i>p</i> < 0.001), perceived confidence, and clinical ability (over 60% and 76% increases from baseline, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Within 12 months of completing the DSEP, about two-thirds of students applied their training to assist patients with diabetes and their caregivers. Long-term, participants in both cohorts reported educating and screening over 22,000 patients with diabetes and caregivers in multiple clinical settings over 3 years and 5 years, respectively, following DSEP training. The positive impact of improved knowledge, confidence, and clinical applicability of the DSEP training obtained by student pharmacists was sustained for 3 or more years, impacting thousands of patients with diabetes and caregivers. Considering the growing global diabetes epidemic, pharmacy schools around the world should consider implementing an early DSEP program.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and Operational Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Pharmacy: A Narrative Review of Real-World Applications.","authors":"Maree Donna Simpson, Haider Saddam Qasim","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020041","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past five years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) including its significant subset, machine learning (ML), has significantly advanced pharmaceutical procedures in community pharmacies, hospital pharmacies, and pharmaceutical industry settings. Numerous notable healthcare institutions, such as Johns Hopkins University, Cleveland Clinic, and Mayo Clinic, have demonstrated measurable advancements in the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare delivery. Community pharmacies have seen a 40% increase in drug adherence and a 55% reduction in missed prescription refills since implementing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. According to reports, hospital implementations have reduced prescription distribution errors by up to 75% and enhanced the detection of adverse medication reactions by up to 65%. Numerous businesses, such as Atomwise and Insilico Medicine, assert that they have made noteworthy progress in the creation of AI-based medical therapies. Emerging technologies like federated learning and quantum computing have the potential to boost the prediction of protein-drug interactions by up to 300%, despite challenges including high implementation costs and regulatory compliance. The significance of upholding patient-centred care while encouraging technology innovation is emphasised in this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methadone and Buprenorphine as Medication for Addiction Treatment Diversely Affect Inflammation and Craving Depending on Their Doses.","authors":"Christonikos Leventelis, Aristidis S Veskoukis, Andrea Paola Rojas Gil, Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Maria Garderi, Asimina Angeli, Antzouletta Kampitsi, Maria Tsironi","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020040","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Buprenorphine and methadone are widely used as medication for addiction treatment (MAT) in patients with opioid use disorders. However, there is no compelling evidence of their impact on the immune-endocrine response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of the aforementioned medications on craving and on biomarkers of inflammation and cortisol, approaching the dose issue concurrently. Sixty-six patients (thirty-four under methadone and thirty-two under buprenorphine) who had just entered a MAT program and were stabilized with the suitable administered doses after a two-week process were divided into four groups based on medication dose (i.e., methadone high dose, buprenorphine high dose, methadone medium dose, and buprenorphine medium dose). The heroin craving questionnaire for craving assessment was completed, and the blood biomarkers were measured on Days 1 and 180. According to the results, high doses of both medications were accompanied by low levels of craving, cortisol, and inflammation on Day 1, and no alterations were observed on Day 180. On the contrary, medium doses reduced the tested psychosocial and biochemical parameters in terms of time, indicating a positive action for the patients. Concludingly, modifications in MAT doses are needed soon after the stabilization process to prevent inflammation and avoid relapse, thus helping opioid-addicted patients toward rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Reproductive Health Education Seminars on College Students' Contraception and Safe Sex Knowledge and Behaviors.","authors":"Marisa Marcath, Kayla Craig, Mary Beth O'Connell","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020039","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, 41.6% of all pregnancies are unintended. This disproportionately affects women 20 to 24 years old. The high rate of unintended pregnancy among college students is associated with a lack of or incomplete formal education on reproductive health in grade and high school. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of health education seminars designed to reduce reproductive health knowledge gaps among college-aged students and increase their safe sex behavior (health protection/prevention). Student pharmacists offered eighteen one-hour health education programs on fertility, contraception, and emergency contraception to college student attendees via live and Zoom-based presentations. Pre- and post-program quizzes, a post-program performance evaluation, and a post-program behavior change survey were completed anonymously. The response rate was 94.8% (<i>n</i> = 153 attendees). Post-program quiz scores (84%) were significantly higher than pre-program quiz scores (56%, <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). The greatest increases in knowledge were about sperm survival, correct condom use, and fertility windows. The two-month follow-up survey responses revealed more confidence with birth control decisions, increased awareness of emergency contraception items, increased safe sex behaviors, and increased condom usage. Students reported that the seminars were helpful for preventing future unintended pregnancies. Reproductive health knowledge gaps can be minimized, and some self-reported safe sex behaviors can be improved with health education programs implemented at a university.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932276/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Teaching of Digital Health-Driven Medical Devices in Pharmacy Education.","authors":"Yasi Mojab, Eunjoo H Pacifici, Terrence F Graham, Rory E Kim, Steven W Chen","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020035","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As medical devices become integral to modern healthcare, it is essential to prepare future pharmacists to counsel patients on device use and emerging therapeutic technologies. This study evaluates the impact of hands-on medical device training on pharmacy students at the University of Southern California (USC) Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, focusing on the level of comfort in counseling patients and retention of device-related information. Utilizing an active learning framework, this study provides insights into how experiential learning methods using medical devices enhance pharmacy students' readiness for clinical practice. The results demonstrated significant improvement in levels of student comfort with counseling and information retention. The implementation of a hands-on training module has the potential to be adapted and applied to other courses or programs. The findings highlight the importance of integrating practical training within the pharmacy curriculum to better prepare graduates for effective patient education and support.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hospital Clinicians' Knowledge of and Opportunity and Motivation for Prescribing Short Antibiotic Courses for Common Infections.","authors":"Michael Wilcock, Dan Hearsey, Mandy Slatter, Neil Powell","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Short-course antibiotic therapies for common infections treated in hospital are supported by national guidelines. Hospital clinicians' knowledge of the course length recommendations for the management of common infections has not been fully explored. This study aims to assess doctors' knowledge of and explores their opportunity and motivation for prescribing short-course therapy. A survey was emailed to all prescribers working in adult medical specialties in two hospitals in England. The survey responses from both hospitals were pooled before analysis. One hundred and sixty-five responses were provided. Knowledge of the recommended short course lengths was high overall, except for severe community-acquired/hospital-acquired pneumonia (CAP/HAP), with only 44% of respondents opting for shorter-course therapy. The majority did not believe longer courses were more effective than shorter courses. We identified a gap in prescriber knowledge for appropriate antibiotic course lengths for severe CAP/HAP. Addressing this gap may contribute to antimicrobial stewardship efforts to reduce course lengths in line with national guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical Public Health: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring Pharmacy Professionals' Advanced Roles in Public Health, Including the Barriers and Enablers.","authors":"Diane Ashiru-Oredope, Roeann Osman, Adeola H Ayeni, Eleanor J Harvey, Maria Nasim, Emma Wright, Christina Narh, Uju Okereke, Tasmin Harrison, Christopher Garland, Cecilia Pyper, Andrew Evans, Marion Bennie","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020037","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the UK and globally, pharmacy professionals (pharmacists and pharmacy technicians) contribute to the delivery of local and national public or population health interventions. The existing literature on pharmaceutical public health predominantly focuses on micro-level activities, primarily describing community pharmacies delivering public health interventions to individuals. There is little-known evidence on pharmacy professionals' involvement in delivering public health interventions at meso- (e.g., organisational) and macro (national/policy) levels, nor to what extent pharmacy professionals have specialist/advanced roles within public health practice. This study specifically explored pharmacy professionals' specialist/advanced roles within public health as well as the opportunities and barriers to career development. The analyses of this mixed-methods study makes a series of important recommendations for future action.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included two independent cross-sectional electronic surveys for pharmacy professionals and public health professionals, a call for evidence, and two workshops to develop recommendations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pharmacy professionals (n = 128) and public health professionals (n = 54) across the UK participated in the surveys. Most of the Pharmacy Professionals respondents were female (70%), pharmacists (85%), working in primary (33%) or secondary (25%) care settings, mainly based in England (75%), and most (63%) lacked formal public health qualifications although they were involved in a diverse range of public health interventions. The public health professionals were mostly females (67%), practicing in England (58%). Both professional groups identified opportunities and barriers to pharmacy professionals' involvement in public health. Almost half of the public health professionals respondents (44%) stated that they had a pharmacy professional working as part of their current public health teams. Eighty-seven percent of public health professional respondents (45/52) agreed that having pharmacists or pharmacy technicians specialising in public health would be beneficial or very beneficial. Most of the documents, reports, and case histories provided through the call for evidence were unpublished. The workshops generated 94 recommendation statements, highlighting collaboration and the need to acknowledge pharmacy professionals' contributions to public health.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The recommendations for strategic action at meso- and macro-levels included three main themes: adopting a national strategic approach to pharmaceutical public health, including improving commissioning; formalising pharmaceutical public health workforce development; and promoting further evidence-based pharmaceutical public health research and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blueprint for Constructing an AI-Based Patient Simulation to Enhance the Integration of Foundational and Clinical Sciences in Didactic Immunology in a US Doctor of Pharmacy Program: A Step-by-Step Prompt Engineering and Coding Toolkit.","authors":"Ashim Malhotra, Micah Buller, Kunal Modi, Karim Pajazetovic, Dayanjan S Wijesinghe","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020036","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While pharmacy education successfully employs various methodologies including case-based learning and simulated patient interactions, providing consistent, individualized guidance at scale remains challenging in team-based learning environments. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential solutions through automated facilitation, but its possible utility in pharmacy education remains unexplored. We developed and evaluated an AI-guided patient case discussion simulation to enhance learners' ability to integrate foundational science knowledge with clinical decision-making in a didactic immunology course in a US PharmD program. We utilized a large language model programmed with specific educational protocols and rubrics. Here, we present the step-by-step prompt engineering protocol as a toolkit. The system was structured around three core components in an immunology team-based learning activity: (1) symptomatology analysis, (2) laboratory test interpretation, and (3) pharmacist role definition and PPCP. Performance evaluation was conducted using a comprehensive rubric assessing multiple clinical reasoning and pharmaceutical knowledge domains. The standardized evaluation rubric showed reliable assessment across key competencies including condition identification (30% weighting), laboratory test interpretation (40% weighting), and pharmacist role understanding (30% weighting). Our AI patient simulator offers a scalable solution for standardizing clinical case discussions while maintaining individualized learning experiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disparities in Postoperative Pain Management: A Scoping Review of Prescription Practices and Social Determinants of Health.","authors":"Aidan Snell, Diana Lobaina, Sebastian Densley, Elijah Moothedan, Julianne Baker, Lama Al Abdul Razzak, Alexandra Garcia, Shane Skibba, Ayden Dunn, Tiffany Follin, Maria Mejia, Panagiota Kitsantas, Lea Sacca","doi":"10.3390/pharmacy13020034","DOIUrl":"10.3390/pharmacy13020034","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;: Opioid analgesic therapy has been traditionally used for pain management; however, the variability in patient characteristics, complexity in evaluating pain, availability of treatment within facilities, and U.S. physicians overprescribing opioids have contributed to the current opioid epidemic. Despite large research efforts investigating the patterns of postsurgical pain management and influencing factors, it remains unclear how these overall trends vary across the varying sizes and available resources of academic hospitals, community hospitals, and outpatient surgery centers. The primary aim of this scoping review was to examine the patterns of contemporary postoperative pain management across healthcare settings, including academic medical centers, community hospitals, and outpatient surgery centers. Specifically, this study investigates how prescription practices for opioids, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen are influenced by patient demographics, including sex, race, gender, insurance status, and other social determinants of health (SDoH), to inform equitable and patient-centered pain management strategies. &lt;b&gt;Methods&lt;/b&gt;: This study utilized The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and was used as a reference checklist. The Arksey and O'Malley methodological framework was used to guide the review process. To ensure comprehensive coverage, searches were conducted across three major databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;: A total of 43 eligible studies were retained for analysis. The highest reported Healthy People 2030 category was Social and community context (n = 39), while the highest reported category of SDoH was age (n = 36). A total of 34 articles listed sex and age as SDoH. Additional SDoH examined were race/ethnicity (n = 17), insurance (n = 7), employment (n = 1), education (n = 4), and income (n = 1). This review suggests that there are significant gaps in the implementation of institution-specific, patient-centered, and equitable pain management strategies, particularly in academic hospitals, which our findings show have the highest rates of opioid and NSAID prescriptions (n = 26) compared to outpatient surgical centers (n = 8). Findings from our review of the literature demonstrated that while academic hospitals often adopt enhanced recovery protocols aimed at reducing opioid dependence, these protocols can fail to address the diverse needs of at-risk populations, such as those with chronic substance use, low socioeconomic status, or racial and ethnic minorities. &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;: Findings from this review are expected to have implications for informing both organizational-specific and nationwide policy recommendations, potentially leading to more personalized and equitable pain management strategies across different healthcare settings. These include guidelines for clinicians on addressing various aspects of post","PeriodicalId":30544,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacy","volume":"13 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143693647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}