Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Exploring Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing in Duck Embryonic Myoblasts via Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing.","authors":"Jintao Wu, Shuibing Liu, Dongcheng Jiang, Ya'nan Zhou, Hongxia Jiang, Xiaoyun Xiao, Boqian Zha, Yukai Fang, Jie Huang, Xiaolong Hu, Huirong Mao, Sanfeng Liu, Biao Chen","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120601","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The duck industry is vital for supplying high-quality protein, making research into the development of duck skeletal muscle critical for improving meat and egg production. In this study, we leveraged Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing to perform full-length transcriptome sequencing of myoblasts harvested from the leg muscles of duck embryos at embryonic day 13 (E13), specifically examining both the proliferative (GM) and differentiation (DM) phases. Our analysis identified a total of 5797 novel transcripts along with 2332 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), revealing substantial changes in gene expression linked to muscle development. We detected 3653 differentially expressed genes and 2246 instances of alternative splicing, with key genes involved in essential pathways, such as ECM-receptor interaction and Notch signaling, prominently featured. Additionally, we constructed a protein-protein interaction network that highlighted critical regulators-<i>MYOM3</i>, <i>MYL2</i>, <i>MYL1</i>, <i>TNNI2</i>, and <i>ACTN2</i>-associated with the processes of proliferation and differentiation in myoblasts. This extensive transcriptomic investigation not only sheds light on the intricate molecular mechanisms driving skeletal muscle development in ducks but also provides significant insights for future breeding strategies aimed at enhancing the efficiency of duck production. The results emphasize the efficacy of ONT sequencing in uncovering complex regulatory networks within avian species, ultimately contributing to progress in animal husbandry.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic Granulomatosis in the Meagre <i>Argyrosomus regius</i>: Fishing for a Plausible Etiology.","authors":"Claudio Murgia, Tiziana Cubeddu, Giovanni P Burrai, Alberto Alberti, Luigi Bertolotti, Barbara Colitti, Marino Prearo, Paolo Pastorino, Giuseppe Esposito, Luciana Mandrioli, Gaspare Barbera, Marina Antonella Sanna, Marta Polinas, Esteban Soto, Elisabetta Antuofermo","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120597","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meagre (<i>Argyrosomus regius</i>) is one of the fast-growing species considered for sustainable aquaculture development along the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic coasts. The emergence of Systemic Granulomatosis (SG), a disease marked by multiple granulomas in various tissues, poses a significant challenge in meagre aquaculture. In the current study, we investigate the association of <i>Mycobacterium</i> spp. and SG in offshore aquaculture facilities in Sardinia, Italy. A total of 34 adult seemingly healthy meagre were arbitrarily collected and analyzed, combining histological, microbiological, molecular, metagenomics, and in situ techniques to investigate the presence of pathogens. Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), periodic acid-schiff (PAS), and Giemsa stains were performed for the detection of acid-fast bacteria, common parasites, and fungi within granulomas, respectively. Granulomas were detected in 91% (31/34) of fish. The affected organs were kidney (88%), liver (47%), heart (41%), intestine (17.6%), and brain (5%). Acid-fast staining, along with <i>Mycobacterium</i> spp. specific quantitative PCR (qPCR), in situ hybridization (ISH) assay, and microbiological analyses showed negative results for the detection of <i>Mycobacterium</i> spp. and other bacteria implicated in granuloma formation. However, PCR amplification and sequencing of the 65-kDa heat shock protein gene revealed the presence of <i>M. chelonae</i> in 13% of both formalin-fixed and frozen liver tissues. Bacterial isolation failed to detect nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and other bacteria typically associated with granulomas. Consistently, the use of an <i>M. chelonae</i>-specific probe in ISH failed to identify this bacterial species in granulomas. Collectively, results do not support the role of <i>M. chelonae</i> in the development of granulomas and suggest rejecting the hypothesis of a potential link between NTM and SG.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European <i>EHBP1L1</i> Genotyping Survey of Dyserythropoietic Anemia and Myopathy Syndrome in English Springer Spaniels.","authors":"Sarah Østergård Jensen, Alexandra Kehl, Urs Giger","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120596","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dyserythropoietic anemia and myopathy syndrome (DAMS) with neonatal losses was recently characterized as an autosomal recessive disorder caused by an <i>EHBP1L1</i> frameshift variant in English Springer Spaniels (ESSPs). The frequency and dissemination of the mutation remained unknown. The EHBP1L1 protein is essential for muscle function, and the Rab8/10-EHBP1L1-Bin1-dynamin axis participates in nuclear polarization during the enucleation of erythroblasts. Lack of EHBP1L1 function decreases enucleation, leading to increased numbers of nucleated erythrocytes, which are characteristic of DAMS. A genotyping survey for the <i>EHBP1L1</i> variant was conducted based upon submitted samples of ESSPs from Europe. DNA was extracted, and a real-time PCR assay, with allele-specific TaqMan probes for <i>EHBP1L1</i> wild-type and frameshift deletion, was applied. Between September 2022 and August 2024, 803 samples were received from 18 European countries. The <i>EHBP1L1</i> mutant allele frequency was 9.7%, including 4 homozygous dogs and 148 heterozygotes. The mutant <i>EHBP1L1</i> allele was found in 13 countries. A total of 6 homozygous and 73 heterozygous ESSPs reported on an open database could be tracked to an original common ancestor. Although the survey is biased, it indicates that the mutant <i>EHBP1L1</i> variant is disseminated in the breed and across Europe. The genotyping of ESSPs is recommended to diagnose DAMS and guide breeders.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Evidence of Cotinine in Canine Semen Reveals Tobacco Smoke Exposure.","authors":"Debora Groppetti, Giulia Pizzi, Elisa Giussani, Alessandro Pecile, Silvia Michela Mazzola, Valerio Bronzo, Eleonora Fusi","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120598","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco smoke has numerous adverse effects on both human and animal health, including impaired reproductive function. Recent research has explored environmental exposure in dogs, investigating various biological matrices. However, no data are currently available on the presence of cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, in the canine ejaculate. This study aimed to evaluate the detectability of cotinine in the semen of dogs living with smoking owners. Additionally, seminal cotinine concentrations were correlated with those in serum and hair. To further examine the potential impact of smoking on canine fertility, the relationships between seminal cotinine, total sperm concentration, and antioxidant activity in plasma and semen were analyzed in exposed and non-exposed dogs. This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of cotinine in canine ejaculate and its correlation with blood and hair concentrations. While the potential toxic effect of cotinine on seminal parameters and male fertility in dogs requires further investigation, it is crucial to raise awareness among pet owners about the risks associated with domestic smoking for their animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mutational Landscape of <i>KIT</i> Proto-Oncogene Coding Sequence in 62 Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors.","authors":"Ludovica Montanucci, Elena Guidolin, Rosa Maria Lopparelli, Greta Mucignat, Marianna Pauletto, Mery Giantin, Mauro Dacasto","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120593","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canine mast cell tumors (MCTs) are common skin neoplasms with varying biological behaviors. The <i>KIT</i> proto-oncogene plays a key role in the development of these tumors, and internal tandem duplications on exon 11 are usually associated with more aggressive behavior, increased local recurrence, and decreased survival time. However, apart from exons 8-11 and 17, there is limited understanding of the overall <i>KIT</i> mutational landscape in canine MCTs. This work aims to analyze the entire <i>KIT</i> coding sequence (21 exons) in a cohort of 62 MCTs, which included 38 cutaneous and 24 subcutaneous tumors, and potentially identify new variants. In addition to confirming previously reported activating <i>KIT</i> mutations in exons 8, 9, and 11, we identified new variants in exons 2, 3, 5, 16, and the 3' untranslated region (UTR). Notably, these last variants include an amino acid change (Asp/His) in exon 16. Additionally, we confirmed a differential prevalence of <i>KIT</i> variants in cutaneous and subcutaneous MCTs. These findings enhance our understanding of the <i>KIT</i> proto-oncogene coding sequence and provide valuable information for future confirmatory studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expression of GnRH, Kisspeptin, and Their Specific Receptors in the Ovary and Uterus in Deslorelin-Treated Late-Prepubertal Bitches.","authors":"Muhammet Ali Karadağ, Aykut Gram, Sabine Schäfer-Somi, Selim Aslan, Duygu Kaya","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120591","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the expression and localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1) and kisspeptin (KISS1) and their specific receptors in canine ovarian and uterine tissues were investigated after the application of deslorelin acetate (Suprelorin^®, 4.7 mg, Virbac, France) in the late prepubertal period. We hypothesized that prolonged treatment of prepubertal dogs with deslorelin would alter the expression of GnRH and kisspeptin genes in the uterus and ovaries. Ovarian and uterine samples of 25 dogs with an average age of 7.8 ± 0.2 months and from mixed breeds were used. Following implant insertion, dogs entered estrus (EST; n = 6); dogs without estrus (N-EST; n = 10) comprised the experimental groups. Nine dogs with placebo implants served as a control (CONT). Ovarian and uterine tissues were investigated for expression of GnRH1, GnRHR, KISS1, and KISS1R/GPR54 mRNA and protein by using IHC and RT-qPCR. In the uterus, expression of GnRH1 significantly decreased in response to deslorelin treatment in the N-EST, compared with the control group. Compared with CONT, KISS1R expression in ovarian samples was significantly lower in the EST group. Uterine protein expression of GnRH1 appeared weaker in N-EST than in CONT. While GnRH1-system members and KISS1 protein were localized in the follicles at various stages and stroma, no or only weak signals were detected for KISS1R in the ovarian samples. Deslorelin-mediated induction of puberty by changing the expression of some of the GnRH and KISS1-system members seems to have an effect on ovarian and uterine functionality. Deslorelin implants can, therefore, not be considered a valuable alternative to induce fertile estrus in late-prepubertal bitches. However, further studies with a larger number of animals are needed to clarify the effect of deslorelin-mediated induction of puberty.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and Molecular Characterization of <i>Entamoeba</i> spp. in Non-Human Primates in Zoos in China.","authors":"Diya An, Shui Yu, Tingting Jiang, Jianhui Zhang, Qun Liu, Jing Liu","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120590","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus <i>Entamoeba</i> infects both humans and NHPs. In zoos, visitors feeding significantly increases the frequency of human-to-NHP contact, thereby raising the risk of zoonotic transmission. In this study, six <i>Entamoeba</i> species were investigated and analyzed in the fecal samples of 14 NHP species from zoos in Beijing, Guiyang, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, and Xingtai in China. A total of 19 out of 84 primate fecal samples tested positive for <i>Entamoeba</i> spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among these, 14 samples contained mono-detections of <i>E. coli</i> (7/84), <i>E. dispar</i> (4/84), and <i>E. polecki</i> (3/84). Five samples were found to have mixed detections with two or three species, suggesting the potential for zoonotic transmission; however, no pathogenic <i>E. histolytica</i>, <i>E. moshkovskii</i>, or <i>E. nuttalli</i> were detected. This study provides new insights into parasitic detections in NHPs in Chinese zoos and offers valuable background information for the prevention and control of zoonotic parasitic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Distribution and Risk Factors for Trematode Infections in Domesticated Ruminants in the Lake Victoria and Southern Highland Ecological Zones of Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Godlisten Shedrack Materu, Jahashi Nzalawahe, Mita Eva Sengupta, Anna-Sofie Stensgaard, Abdul Katakweba, Birgitte J Vennervald, Safari Kinung'hi","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120595","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trematode infections cause long-term suffering and debilitation, posing a significant threat to global animal health and production and leading to considerable economic losses. Studies on the epidemiology and control of these infections in Tanzania are limited. The few available studies have been conducted in abattoir settings. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by determining the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors for trematode infections in domesticated ruminants in two different ecological zones of Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Lake Victoria and the Southern highlands ecological zones of Tanzania. Rectal fecal samples were collected and examined for <i>F. gigantica</i>, Paramphistomidae, and <i>S. bovis</i> infections using the sedimentation technique. A total of 1367 domesticated ruminants were sampled and examined for trematode infections. The overall prevalence of trematode infections was found to be 65.7%. The individual prevalence of <i>F. gigantica</i>, Paramphistomidae, and <i>S. bovis</i> (based on egg morphology only) was 35.1%, 60.2%, and 3.1%, respectively. Adult cattle were more likely to be infected with Paramphistomidae (adjusted odds ratio, (AOR): 1.98; 95% confidence interval, (CI): 1.40-2.78) and <i>S. bovis</i> (AOR: 8.5; 95% CI: 1.12-64.19) than weaners. It was observed that trematode infections in domesticated ruminants are prevalent in the two ecological zones of Tanzania; therefore, effective and community-directed prevention and control strategies are highly needed to address trematode infections of domesticated ruminants in these areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Dual Mutations G347E and E349D of the Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1 Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein In Vitro and In Vivo.","authors":"Yu Chen, Junhao Gong, Tiansong Zhan, Mingzhan Wang, Shunlin Hu, Xiufan Liu","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120592","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pigeon Newcastle disease (ND) is the most common viral infectious disease in the pigeon industry, caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1), a variant of chicken-origin Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Previous studies have identified significant amino acid differences between PPMV-1 and chicken-origin NDV at positions 347 and 349 in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, with PPMV-1 predominantly exhibiting glycine (G) at position 347 and glutamic acid (E) at position 349, while most chicken-origin NDVs show E at position 347 and aspartic acid (D) at position 349. However, the impact of these amino acid substitutions remains unclear. In this study, we generated a recombinant virus, NT-10-G347E/E349D, by introducing the G347E and E349D dual mutations into a PPMV-1 strain NT-10 using reverse genetics. The biological characteristics of NT-10 and NT-10-G347E/E349D were compared both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the G347E and E349D dual mutations reduce NT-10's replication and neuraminidase activity in pigeon embryo fibroblast (PEF) cells while enhancing both in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. Additionally, these mutations decrease NT-10's binding affinity to the α-2,6 sialic acid receptor while significantly increasing its affinity for the α-2,3 receptor. In vivo, NT-10-G347E/E349D exhibited reduced pathogenicity in pigeons but increased pathogenicity in chickens compared to the parental NT-10 strain. The mutations also reduced the pigeon-to-pigeon transmission of NT-10 but enhanced its transmission from pigeons to chickens. Notably, significant antigenic differences were observed between NT-10 and NT-10-G347E/E349D, as an inactivated vaccine based on NT-10 provided full protection against NT-10 challenge in immunized pigeons but only 67% mortality protection against NT-10-G347E/E349D. Overall, these findings underscore the critical role of amino acids at positions 347 and 349 in PPMV-1 infection, pathogenicity, and transmission, providing a theoretical foundation for the scientific prevention and control of PPMV-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Echocardiographic Changes in Dogs with Stage B2 Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease Treated with Pimobendan Monotherapy.","authors":"Andrew Crosland, Pablo Manuel Cortes-Sanchez, Siddharth Sudunagunta, Jonathan Bouvard, Elizabeth Bode, Geoff Culshaw, Joanna Dukes-McEwan","doi":"10.3390/vetsci11120594","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci11120594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic pimobendan monotherapy on cardiac size in dogs with stage B2 myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Data from 31 dogs diagnosed with MMVD and cardiomegaly (LA/Ao ≥ 1.6 and LVIDdn ≥ 1.7) were included. The intervention group were dogs treated with pimobendan (n = 24). Dogs not receiving any cardiac medication were controls (n = 7). Echocardiographic changes in left atrial and left ventricular dimensions were compared over time. There was significant group × time interaction for LVIDdN (<i>p</i> = 0.011) between diagnosis and initial follow-up (median 3-6 months). There was a significant reduction in LVIDdN over time in the pimobendan group (<i>p</i> = 0.038) but not in the control group (<i>p</i> = 0.216). There was no significant group × time interaction for LA/Ao, and there was no effect of group (<i>p</i> = 0.561), but LA/Ao in both groups decreased over time (<i>p</i> = 0.01). Restraint is advised when prescribing pimobendan based on the detection of a heart murmur where echocardiographic staging is an option. Some stage B2 dogs that received pimobendan no longer met the echocardiographic classification criteria for stage B2 MMVD and could have been misclassified as stage B1 and had their medication inappropriately withdrawn. We suggest these dogs are referred to as reverse remodelled stage B2.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142898597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}