Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Early Enhancement in Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Is an Index of <i>DUSP9</i>, <i>SLPI</i>, <i>ALDH1L2</i>, and <i>SLC1A1</i> Expression in Canine Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Preliminary Study.","authors":"Toshiyuki Tanaka, Tomoki Motegi, Nanami Sumikawa, Misaki Mori, Shohei Kurokawa, Hideo Akiyoshi","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020137","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by distinct computed tomography (CT) findings. HCC exhibits tumor heterogeneity, with different genomic information and histopathological features within the same tumor. In human HCC, genetic alterations affect the prognosis and treatment, and research has begun to assess genetic alterations using minimally invasive and reproducible CT. However, the relationship between CT findings and the genomic information of canine HCC is unknown. Early contrast of HCC indicates increased intratumoral neovascular growth. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between enhancement patterns in the arterial phase of CT imaging and gene expression in canine HCC using RNA sequencing. Based on the CT findings, three of the eight dogs studied were classified as having enhancement HCC and five as having non-enhancement HCC. RNA sequencing was performed using the mRNA extracted from the specimens. Eight differentially expressed genes met the cutoff criteria. Among these, <i>DUSP9</i>, <i>SLPI</i>, and <i>ALDH1L2</i> were the most upregulated genes in enhancement HCC, whereas <i>SLC1A1</i> was the most downregulated in non-enhancement HCC. Canine HCC may involve different angiogenesis mechanisms. CT findings can be used to assess the gene expression status in canine HCC and may add new value to CT imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feline Calicivirus Infection Manipulates Central Carbon Metabolism.","authors":"Guangrong Zhao, Hongwei Zhu, Xiu Xue, Chenpei Zhao, Xin Yu, Linlin Jiang, Jingxian Cong, Yang Liu, Yuanlong He, Jianlong Zhang, Xingxiao Zhang","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020138","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Viruses can manipulate the host metabolism to achieve optimal replication conditions, and central carbon metabolism (CCM) pathways are often crucial in determining viral infections. Feline calicivirus (FCV), a diminutive RNA viral agent, induces upper respiratory tract infections in feline hosts, with highly pathogenic strains capable of precipitating systemic infections and subsequent host cell necrosis, thereby presenting a formidable challenge to feline survival and protection. However, the relationship between FCV and host cell central carbon metabolism (CCM) remains unclear, and the precise pathogenic mechanisms of FCV are yet to be elucidated. Upon FCV infection of Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells, an enhanced cellular uptake of glucose and glutamine was observed. Metabolomics analyses disclosed pronounced alterations in the central carbon metabolism of the infected cells. FCV infection was found to augment glycolytic activity while sustaining the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux, with cellular ATP levels remaining invariant. Concurrently, both glutamine metabolism and the flux of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were noted to be intensified. The application of various inhibitory agents targeting glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, and the PPP resulted in a significant suppression of FCV proliferation. Experiments involving glucose and glutamine deprivation demonstrated that the absence of either nutrient markedly curtailed FCV replication. Collectively, these findings suggest a critical interplay between central carbon metabolism and FCV proliferation. FCV infection stimulates CRFK cells to augment glucose and glutamine uptake, thereby supplying the necessary metabolic substrates and energy for viral replication. During the infection, glutamine emerges as the primary energy substrate, ensuring ATP production and energy homeostasis, while glucose is predominantly channeled into the pentose phosphate pathway to facilitate nucleotide synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 PUFA Enriched Fish Oil During Late-Pregnancy and Lactation on Reproductive Performance, Immune Activity and Fecal Microbiota Composition in Postpartum Sows.","authors":"Zihao Ge, Yalong An, Wei Lan, Xiao Li","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020139","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Delayed or failed postpartum estrus can impede the reproductive performance of rebreeding dams. Our study aimed to test whether dietary fish oil can promote estrus return and improve fecal microbiota in multiparous sows. Forty-five sows were randomly allocated into three treatments: a basal diet, or a basal diet plus 30 or 60 g/day of fish oil from gestation day 90 to lactation day 21. Results showed that dietary fish oil significantly elevated circulating DHA in sows, without significant changes in litter size, litter weight, or backfat loss. Supplementation of fish oil (30 or 60 g/day) shortened the interval from weaning to estrus by 1.8 days and 1.67 days, respectively, associated with a significant boost of estradiol. Increases in prolactin and IgA were only significant in the high-dosage group. In addition, plasma MDA and antioxidant activities were up-regulated by fish oil, combined with elevated serum IL-1β and IL-6. Moreover, dietary fish oil significantly reduced serum zonulin, improved the Simpson index of fecal microbiota, and increased the abundance of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014</i> genera. In conclusion, dietary omega-3 PUFA-enriched fish oil provides a promising approach to aiding estrus return and reshaping fecal microbiota in post-weaning sows.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of a Pool of Recombinant <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> Expressing Eight Antigens of African Swine Fever Virus in a Mouse Model.","authors":"Jingshan Huang, Tianqi Gao, Zhanhao Lu, Dailang Zhong, Mingzhi Li, Hua-Ji Qiu, Yongfeng Li, Hongxia Wu, Yuan Sun","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020140","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a great threat to the global pig industry. There is an urgent demand for effective and safe vaccines to address this threat. This study reports the generation and evaluation of a recombinant <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> pool, each strain expressing one of eight ASFV antigens (F317L, H171R, D117L, E120R, B602L, CD2v, p54, and p72). We evaluated the immune responses in mice through oral gavage and intramuscular immunization to the recombinant <i>L. lactis</i> pool. The results show that the mice immunized via intramuscular injection induced high-level serum IgG antibodies within 7 d post-primary immunization, which was maintained over an extended period. Additionally, there was a marked increase in the interferon gamma (IFN-<i>γ</i>) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels in the sera. In contrast, the mice immunized via oral gavage did not induce obvious serum IgG antibodies. However, they experienced a transient peak of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies in fecal samples within 7 d post-primary immunization, which subsequently decreased to levels that were statistically similar to those in the control group. In addition, this study also found that the multi-antigen cocktail vaccination was safe for mice. This study provides a reference for the development and immunization of ASF vaccines with <i>L. lactis</i> as live carriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Difference Analysis on Virulence Genes, Biofilms and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Escherichia coli</i> from Clinical and Subclinical Bovine Mastitis.","authors":"Jiakun Zuo, Zhaoyang Lv, Liyan Lian, Zihao Wu, Shaodong Fu, Haiyang Zhang, Jing Wu, Zihao Pan, Yong Yu, Wei Chen, Wei Jiang, Huifang Yin, Zhaoguo Chen, Yunpeng Yi, Xiangan Han, Jinfeng Miao","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020132","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) has the ability to induce clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows, causing a huge loss for the dairy industry. In this study, 51 subclinical mastitis isolates and 36 clinical mastitis isolates from eight provinces of China between 2019 and 2021 were used to investigate the differences in their biological characteristics. The results showed that B1 (52.9%) and A (39.1%) were the predominant phylogroups; R1 (50.6%) was the predominant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core type; and 44 STs (ST10 and ST58 were the most sequence-prevalent STs) and 2 new STs (ST14828 and ST14829) were identified; however, no significant difference was observed between the clinical and subclinical group strains. To compare the virulence gene differences between the clinical and subclinical mastitis-related isolates, 18 common virulence genes (including <i>afaE</i>, <i>eaeA</i>, <i>papC</i>, <i>saa</i>, <i>sfa</i>, <i>ompA</i>, <i>aer</i>, <i>irp2</i>, <i>iucD</i>, <i>escV</i>, <i>sepD</i>, <i>east1</i>, <i>estB</i>, <i>stx2e</i>, <i>CNF1</i>, <i>cba</i>, <i>hlyA</i> and <i>traT</i>) were determined using the PCR method. The results showed that the detection rates of <i>traT</i>, <i>irp2</i> and <i>iucD</i> in clinical mastitis isolates were significantly higher than those in subclinical mastitis isolates (<i>p</i> ˂ 0.05). Meanwhile, subclinical-group <i>E. coli</i> had stronger biofilm formation abilities than the clinical group (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in 78 (89.7%) mastitis-related <i>E. coli</i> that could form biofilms. Furthermore, 87 mastitis-related <i>E. coli</i> showed severe resistance against tetracycline (37.9%), ampicillin (36.8%), streptomycin (34.5%) and cotrimoxazole (28.7%); their most prevalent resistance genes were <i>blaCTX-M</i> (33.3%), <i>tetA</i> (27.6%), <i>sul2</i> (18.4%) and <i>strB</i> (28.7%). It was noteworthy that the clinical-group strains had a higher resistance against ampicillin and possessed higher amounts of the resistance gene <i>blaCTX-M</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to the subclinical group. This study aims to provide references for preventing the <i>E. coli</i> isolates from inducing different types of mastitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological Hazards in the Food Chain of Fish and Products, a Focus on <i>Klebsiella</i> spp.","authors":"Alejandro De Jesús Cortés-Sánchez, Mayra Diaz-Ramírez, Adolfo Armando Rayas-Amor, Luis Daniel Espinosa-Chaurand, Erika Torres-Ochoa, Ma De la Paz Salgado-Cruz","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020133","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Feeding is an elementary human need from which we obtain the energy and nutrients necessary for development and survival. Health heavily depends on food, which can be a means of different microbial hazards when contaminated at any stage of the food chain, compromising food safety and consumer health. Fish are considered widely produced foods (fishing or aquaculture) and are marketed worldwide; they are also a basic element of the human diet because they are a source of proteins and lipids. On the other hand, owing to their chemical properties (neutral pH and water activity), fish are highly susceptible to contamination by saprophytic and pathogenic microorganisms related to spoilage and risk to human health. Among the contaminating microorganisms in fish are bacteria of the genus <i>Klebsiella</i>, which are considered important in human and animal health worldwide due to their opportunistic pathogenicity, resistance to various antimicrobials, and association with numerous infections at the community and hospital levels, where foods such as fish and other products can serve as important sources of transmission. Therefore, this document presents a bibliographic review focused on describing, in a general way, the genus <i>Klebsiella</i> and its relationship with human health, aquatic animal health, and the safety of fish and products, as well as laboratory analysis procedures and identification of control and prevention measures of this biological hazard in fish and products to safeguard public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parathyroid Hormone Concentration in Dogs Affected by Acute Kidney Injury Compared with Healthy and Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Jari Zambarbieri, Erika Monari, Francesco Dondi, Pierangelo Moretti, Alessia Giordano, Paola Scarpa","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020131","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Information about parathyroid hormone (PTH) status in the course of AKI is lacking. In contrast, renal secondary hyperparathyroidism (RSHPT) is a well-known consequence of canine chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate PTH status in dogs affected by AKI, comparing PTH concentrations between healthy dogs, dogs affected by AKI and dogs affected by CKD. Three groups of dogs (35 affected by AKI, 35 affected by CKD and 41 healthy) were retrospectively included. PTH concentrations were significantly higher in both the AKI and CKD groups (<i>p</i> < 0.0001) compared to healthy ones but without significant differences between the AKI and CKD groups. In the AKI group, increased PTH was detected in 88.6% of dogs. Moreover, in AKI dogs, PTH increases with AKI grading and is correlated with serum creatinine (<i>p</i> < 0.0001; r = 0.67) and phosphate concentrations (<i>p</i> < 0.0001; r = 0.74). PTH in AKI dogs was not correlated with total calcium (tCa), while it was negatively correlated with ionized calcium (iCa) (<i>p</i> < 0.0037; r = -0.53). Higher PTH concentrations also occurred in canine AKI, as reported in canine CKD and human AKI, presumably as a rapid response to ionized hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, frequently reported in our patients. PTH seems not to be a useful tool in distinguishing AKI and CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Thai Slaughterhouse Personnel Regarding Bovine Tuberculosis Surveillance: A Multi-Regional One Health Assessment.","authors":"Pongpon Homkong, Sukolrat Boonyayatra, Napat Harnpornchai, Terdsak Yano, Warangkhana Chaisowwong","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020135","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This cross-sectional study investigated knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding bovine tuberculosis surveillance and analyzed factors influencing KAP among Thai slaughterhouse personnel, utilizing a One Health approach. A validated questionnaire was administered to 208 participants across five geographical regions of Thailand. Statistical analysis revealed moderate mean scores for knowledge (5.28/10), attitudes (38.55/65), and practices (34.62/50). Significant differences were observed in knowledge scores across education levels (F = 3.427, <i>p</i> = 0.005) and job positions (F = 4.562, <i>p</i> = 0.011), with higher education and managerial positions being associated with better performance. Path analysis demonstrated positive correlations among KAP components (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with the strongest correlation between attitudes and practices (r = 0.543). The most significant risk factors for poor practices were identified as lack of training (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.45-5.24, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and inadequate tuberculosis screening (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.18-4.52, <i>p</i> = 0.015). The Knowledge-Practice gap index of -31.14 indicated substantial discrepancy between knowledge and implementation. Developing targeted training programs is needed by focusing on knowledge enhancement and awareness-building, as well as fostering inter-agency collaboration in line with the One Health approach enhance the efficiency of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Thailand.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860678/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Microencapsulated Medium-Chain Fatty Acids, Lignocellulose, and Heat-Killed <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> L-137 Supplementation on Lactating Sow Performance, and Nutritional and Immunological Parameters in Colostrum.","authors":"Nithat Wichasit, Wandee Tartrakoon, Rangsun Charoensook, Riantong Singanusong, Juan J Loor, Gaku Shoji, Satoru Onoda, Tossaporn Incharoen","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020134","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing miMCFA, lignocellulose, and HKL137 on lactating sow performance and nutritional composition and immunity in colostrum. Fifty 3-4 parity sows (Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: (1) control (CON) without supplementation, (2) miMCFA (S1), (3) miMCFA + lignocellulose (S2), (4) miMCFA + HKL137 (S3), and (5) miMCFA + lignocellulose + HKL137 (S4). Supplements were daily added to the morning meal for 21 days (day 100 of gestation to day 7 post-farrowing). Compared with CON, the S1 and S4 groups had improvements (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in live-born piglet numbers, and colostrum yield. Fat content in colostrum was significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.01) in the S3 and S4 groups than those of CON group. Additionally, IgG levels were significantly greatest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the S3 and S4 groups. Likewise, IgM levels were notably highest (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the S2 and S4 groups. These results indicated that the synergistic administration of miMCFA, lignocellulose, and HKL137 resulted in significant enhancements in both sow performance indices and colostrum metrics, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"My Bitch Is Empty!\" An Overview of the Reasons for Pregnancy Loss in Dogs.","authors":"George Mantziaras, Maja Zakosek Pipan","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020127","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this review is to present reasons for pregnancy loss in dogs. Termination of pregnancy can occur at any stage of gestation, sometimes even before pregnancy is diagnosed. If embryonic death occurs before day 35 of gestation, the embryo is absorbed. Fetal death in the second half of gestation leads to abortion or fetal emphysema, maceration, or mummification. Abnormal embryonic development, competition between placental sites, or genetic abnormalities of the embryo(s) can lead to termination of pregnancy. Maternal factors that alter ovarian function or the environment in the oviducts and uterus, such as cystic endometrial hyperplasia or inflammation, can lead to pregnancy loss. Abnormalities of the placenta, uterine torsion, metrocoele, environmental stress, and malnutrition can have detrimental effects on fetal development. Several drugs or medications can also have embryotoxic/teratogenic effect. Endocrinological disorders such as hypoluteodism, gestational diabetes, and hypothyroidism can be reasons for pregnancy failure. Several bacteria, protozoa, and viruses can cause pregnancy loss in dogs. Etiological diagnoses of pregnancy loss in dogs are challenging as the exact causes are not always obvious; so, a multi-faceted approach is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}