Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Supplementation with Chlorogenic Acid-Rich Extract from <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliver During Peri-Implantation on the Reproductive Performance and Gut Microbiota of Sows.","authors":"Yan Zhang, Hexuan Qu, Hongda Pan, Dao Xiang, Seongho Choi, Shuang Liang","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090857","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chlorogenic acid (CGA)-rich extracts from <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliver (CAE) are known for their gut health and antioxidant benefits in livestock. This study examines the effects of CAE supplementation during the peri-implantation period on sow reproductive performance and the gut microbiota. Sixty Dongliao black sows were randomized to receive either no supplementation (control) or CAE at 600 or 2000 mg/kg daily from gestation day -5 through day 15. High-dose CAE intake significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in sow serum but decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) also increase significantly. These changes correlate with improved reproductive performance, including a larger litter size, higher numbers of live-born piglets, a greater individual birth weight of live-born piglets, a higher total litter birth weight of live-born piglets, and a lower mortality rate. 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal microbiota revealed that CAE markedly altered microbial diversity and composition, reducing the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria but increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, supplementation with CAE during the peri-implantation phase can reduce oxidative stress, alter the gut microbiota composition, and improve sow reproductive performance, thus potentially increasing breeding farm profitability.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey of the Reproductive Lesions in Captive Female Non-Human Primates in Italy.","authors":"Valentina Galietta, Cristiano Cocumelli, Raffaella Parmigiani, Emanuela Bovi, Tiziana Palmerini, Chiara Acri, Pilar Di Cerbo, Marco Aloisi, Antonella Cersini, Claudia Eleni","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090856","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-human primates (NHPs) are considered important models for the study of reproductive diseases, due to their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. However, studies on spontaneous lesions of the reproductive system in NHPs housed in zoos remain limited compared to those in laboratory animals. In this study, we report a retrospective analysis of female reproductive pathologies in 103 necropsied non-human primates from Italian zoos between 2007 and 2024. Only adult, intact, non-pregnant females with macroscopically visible reproductive lesions were included. Histopathological examination revealed reproductive tract lesions in 15 individuals (14.6%), including both non-neoplastic (cystic endometrial hyperplasia, adenomyosis, endometriosis) and neoplastic (leiomyomas, cervical and ovarian adenocarcinomas, and metastatic tumors) conditions. Leiomyoma was the most common tumor, particularly in the genus <i>Macaca</i>, while rare malignant neoplasms and metastatic lesions were identified in the great apes and in the New World species. The results suggest an age-related degenerative component and highlight interspecific differences in the distribution of lesions, probably related to the reproductive physiology of the various species. These results underline the importance of systematic post-mortem surveillance to improve the management of reproductive health of these captive populations and provide comparative insights with humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474333/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Consequences of Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS) in French Herds.","authors":"Sandy Micout, Hervé Fortune, Gerald Reiner","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090853","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new, primarily endogenous syndrome affecting pigs from birth to fattening is associated with inflammation and necrosis of the tail, ears, teats, coronary band, heels, and claws. This disease negatively impacts the health, performance, and welfare of the animals. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the syndrome in typical herds in France and to investigate the associations between SINS, age and sex of the piglets and parameters of reproductive performance of the herds. Data from 2377 suckling piglets aged 1 to 4 days from 16 French farms were evaluated. SINS signs were found in 85.5% of the piglets. There were striking differences between farms, ranging from 68.5% to 95.6% affected piglets. The heels and coronary bands were the most commonly affected areas, at 61.4% and 58.6%, respectively. Alterations at the tail, ears, face, or teats were observed in 46% of the piglets. At least 3 body parts were affected per litter, and all examined body parts were affected on farms. The number of piglets born was significantly reduced in SINS. Screening was easy to implement and required only reasonable time management. It was also integrated into the zootechnical measures on the farms. The SINS lesion scoring system for piglets at birth appears to be a relevant indicator of animal health and welfare, as well as farm economic efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SOX Family Members Expression in Canine Oral Melanoma: Role of the SOX3 in Tumor Aggressiveness.","authors":"Renato Felipe Costa, Bárbara Andrade de Carvalho, Bruna Mendes Lima, Emerson Soares Veloso, Karen Yumi Ribeiro Nakagaki, Ivy Nayra Nascimento Gonçalves, Helen Lima Del Puerto, Enio Ferreira","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090851","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aggressiveness of oral melanoma can be related to several mutations that occur during development. Based on the knowledge of the role of transcription factors of the SOX family in other neoplastic types, it is necessary to understand their behavior in oral melanomas. In this work, the expression of SOX2, SOX3, and SOX10 and its relationship with the proliferative index and histological aspects indicative of aggressiveness in canine oral melanomas were evaluated. Thirty tumors were histologically reviewed and the expression of Melan-A, SOX2, SOX3, SOX10, and Ki67 in these tumors were determined. All tumors presented histomorphological characteristics compatible with malignant tumors and immunopositivity for Melan-A. The expression of SOX2, SOX3, and SOX10 was observed in 7/30 (23.3%), 6/30 (20%), and 23/30 (76.6%) of the cases, respectively. Among the analyzed markers, the relationship between the loss of SOX3 expression in tumors with higher proliferative rates was highlighted. An inverse correlation was also observed between the expression cytoplasmic SOX10 and nuclear SOX10, suggesting a change in the location of this protein in oral melanomas. Among the SOX family proteins studied, the SOX3 protein plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation in oral melanomas, and it is suggested that the SOX2 and SOX10 proteins are constitutively expressed in these neoplasms, without a determining role for aggressiveness. New studies of this gene transcription pathway may assist in possible prognostic and predictive determinations of the SOX3 protein in oral canine melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Carprofen Administered Intravenously at Different Doses in Goats.","authors":"Orhan Corum, Halis Oguz, Mustafa Hitit, Duygu Durna Corum, Devran Coskun, Teslime Erdogan, Emre Bahcivan, Kamil Uney","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090852","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This investigation focuses on understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior of intravenously administered carprofen at doses of 0.7, 1.4, and 4 mg/kg in goats. Eighteen animals were randomly assigned into three groups, with six goats per group, and blood samples were collected at 22 time points post-administration. Plasma concentrations were analyzed using a validated HPLC-UV method, and key pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using non-compartmental analysis. Results show that, at 0.7 mg/kg, carprofen exhibited the total clearance (Cl_T) of 2.19 mL/h/kg, volume of distribution at steady state (V_dss) of 126.56 mL/kg, area under the curve (AUC_0-last) of 321.00 h*µg/mL, and elimination half-life (t_1/2ʎz) of 44.32 h. When comparing doses, an increase in Cl_T was observed at 4 mg/kg, and the volume of distribution increased at both 1.4 and 4 mg/kg dosages. Additionally, a reduction in dose-normalized AUC_0-last was evident at the highest dose. Data showed that the effect of the drug may be prolonged as the dose increases. These differences between dose groups may be clinically insignificant after the single administration of all doses. Carprofen can be used at all three dose levels in goats; however, vigilance regarding the potential side effects and drug residues is essential, especially during repeated treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory, Randomized, Dose-Response Study of the Anti-PD-L1 Antibody HFC-L1/c4G12 in Dogs with Pulmonary Metastatic Oral Malignant Melanoma.","authors":"Kenji Hosoya, Sangho Kim, Ryohei Kinoshita, Naoya Maekawa, Satoru Konnai, Satoshi Takagi, Michihito Tagawa, Yumiko Kagawa, Tatsuya Deguchi, Ryo Owaki, Yurika Tachibana, Madoka Yokokawa, Hiroto Takeuchi, Hayato Nakamura, Akinori Yamauchi, Ayano Kudo, Shintaro Kamo, Yukinari Kato, Shigeki Kanazawa, Tomoyuki Abe, Takuya Furuta, Keiichi Yamamoto, Yasuhiko Suzuki, Tomohiro Okagawa, Shiro Murata, Kazuhiko Ohashi","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090850","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is a highly aggressive malignancy in dogs. The development of effective systemic therapies is urgently required to improve the treatment of canine OMM. Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been investigated in canines following their dramatic success in human cancer treatment; however, there is still a need for extensive veterinary clinical studies to clarify and optimize their clinical benefits. Among the ICIs under development for canine cancer immunotherapy, c4G12 (HFC-L1), a canine chimeric anti-PD-L1 antibody, has shown promising efficacy in dogs with pulmonary metastatic OMM in previous clinical studies. However, the optimal dose of HFC-L1/c4G12 has not yet been determined. To explore the dose-response relationship of HFC-L1, a multicenter, randomized clinical study was conducted using three different doses (2, 5, or 10 mg/kg via intravenous infusion every 2 weeks) to treat dogs with pulmonary metastatic OMM (<i>n</i> = 8-9 per group). The safety profiles were similar among the dose groups, and numerically longer median overall survival was achieved in the higher dose groups (5 and 10 mg/kg) than in the 2 mg/kg group. Although the study was exploratory in nature with a small sample size, 5-10 mg/kg should be considered the preferred dose in future clinical studies using HFC-L1.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathological and Molecular Characterization of <i>Avipoxvirus</i> Infection in <i>Burhinus oedicnemus</i> in the Canary Islands.","authors":"Ana Colom-Rivero, Antonio Fernández, Lucía Marrero-Ponce, Derke Padrón-Ramírez, Lucía Caballero-Hernández, Candela Rivero-Herrera, Cristian M Suárez-Santana, Eva Sierra","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090849","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090849","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian poxvirus was diagnosed in eight wild Stone-curlews (<i>Burhinus oedicnemus</i>) from the Canary Islands, based on a combination of pathological and molecular analysis. Affected birds exhibited lesions consistent with poxvirus infection; three of four with mild lesions (≤2 on pelvic limbs, excluding phalanges) were successfully rehabilitated and released, while four with moderate (≤2 on phalanges) to severe lesions (≥3 on phalanges) potentially faced impaired mobility, increased predation risk, and reduced foraging efficiency. Histopathology of six individuals revealed Bollinger bodies, characteristic of <i>Avipoxvirus</i> infection, and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of viral DNA in six cases. Three genetically distinct viral variants were identified, each associated with different phylogenetic clades and subclades, suggesting substantial viral diversity within this host species. Co-infection with <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> was also detected in six of the eight birds, confirmed by molecular analysis in either skin lesions or lung tissue. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of <i>A. fumigatus</i> co-infection in Stone-curlews with <i>Avipoxvirus</i>. Additionally, one individual presented a tumor-like lesion, expanding the known pathological manifestations of the disease. These findings provide new insights into avian pox and highlight the importance of considering fungal co-infections in the differential diagnosis, given their potential to exacerbate disease severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sarcocystosis in Farm Animals in Brazil: A One-Health Approach.","authors":"Michel Dos Santos Pinto, João Alfredo Biagi Camargo Neto, Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes, Fernando Paiva, Luiz Daniel de Barros, Gustavo Felippelli, Fernando de Souza Rodrigues, Giovanni Widmer, Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090842","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sarcocystosis is a parasitic infection caused by obligate intracellular coccidia, which infect humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. More than 200 <i>Sarcocystis</i> species have already been identified, but for many of these, the life cycle, pathogenesis, and clinical signs remain unclear. The infection is cosmopolitan, with high prevalence in cattle herds worldwide. Although the clinical disease in definitive hosts is considered rare, the high number of sporocysts released by them drives the incidence in production animals. Furthermore, sarcocystosis has some One Health relevance due to its zoonotic potential, especially concerning species infecting primates. Few studies have reported on the epidemiology of sarcocystosis in Brazil. However, a high prevalence of the disease was found in areas where investigations of <i>Sarcocystis</i> species were conducted, which highlights the potential for foodborne transmission to humans. Therefore, it is relevant to study this parasitic disease so that control and prophylaxis measures can be adopted. This study aims to review the current state of knowledge on <i>Sarcocystis</i> spp. in farm animals in Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric and Histological Characterization of Chestnuts in Dezhou Donkeys and Associations with Phenotypic Traits.","authors":"Wenting Chen, Xiaotong Liu, Qifei Zhu, Junjie Liu, Abd Ullah, Yihong Liu, Jinjin Wei, Muhammad Zahoor Khan, Changfa Wang","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090846","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chestnuts are keratinized skin structures found on equine limbs, but their characteristics in donkeys remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize chestnut morphology and histology in Dezhou donkeys and examine correlations with phenotypic traits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 347 Dezhou donkeys (0.3-15 years, 79-419 kg). Chestnut dimensions were measured using precision calipers, and correlations were analyzed with age, body weight, limb measurements, and thoracolumbar vertebral counts. Histological analysis compared chestnut tissue with adjacent normal skin using standard H&E staining protocols.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Donkeys exclusively possessed chestnuts on forelimbs, predominantly showing regular geometric configurations. Histologically, chestnut tissue exhibited marked hyperkeratosis (>30 cellular layers vs. 4-6 in normal skin), widespread melanocyte distribution throughout the epidermis, and complete absence of cutaneous appendages. In group A, strong positive correlations were observed between chestnut width and age (r = +0.527, <i>p</i> < 0.01), body weight (r = +0.538, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and limb measurements (r > +0.589 <i>p</i> < 0.01). No significant correlations existed with vertebral numbers. In group B Dezhou donkeys older than 2 years, the length and width of the forelimb chestnuts showed the strongest significant correlation with right forelimb measurements, while no significant correlations were observed with other variables (age, body weight, and hindlimb measurements).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Chestnuts in Dezhou donkeys represent specialized integumentary structures with unique histological features and strong correlations with somatic development. These findings support their potential utility as biometric markers for individual identification and indicate coordinated developmental regulation with overall growth patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Sperm Retrieval Efficiency and Extender Impact in Cryopreserved Canine Epididymal Semen.","authors":"Elisabeth Bernklau, Axel Wehrend, Abbas Farshad","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090840","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa in dogs is challenging due to their lower cryotolerance compared to ejaculated spermatozoa. Given the limited sperm volume obtained per individual, efficient recovery and preservation techniques are essential. (2) Methods: This study assessed sperm collection and cryopreservation methods from the cauda epididymis of ten dogs undergoing routine elective castration. After dissection and mincing, the cauda epididymidis tissue was incubated in 0.9% saline at 38 °C for either 10- or 30-min. Samples were analyzed for concentration and motility using AndroVision^® software (CASA; AndroVision™; Minitüb GmbH) (Tiefenbach, Germany). Additional evaluations included histological examination, hypoosmotic swelling test, live/dead staining, and morphological assessments. Three extenders, custom-made Tris-Fructose-Citrate (Tris), custom-made Uppsala, and commercial Optixcell^®, were used for cryopreservation and compared for post-thaw sperm quality. (3) Results: No significant differences were found between the 10- and 30-min incubation groups regarding sperm motility, viability, or histological integrity. The total sperm counts were 292 × 10⁶ ± 175 × 10⁶ for the 10 min group and 233 × 10⁶ ± 162 × 10⁶ for the 30 min group (<i>p</i> = 0.56). Histological sections revealed no significant difference in residual intraluminal spermatozoa between groups, indicating that 10 min of incubation is sufficient for effective sperm migration. Post-thaw sperm motility was significantly higher with Uppsala (17.2 ± 12.2%) and Optixcell^® (11.7 ± 6.5%) compared to Tris (4.7 ± 4.8%). Morphological abnormalities were lowest in samples preserved with Optixcell^® (37.5 ± 10.1%, <i>p</i> = 0.005). (4) Conclusion: A 10 min incubation period is adequate for efficient recovery of epididymal sperm in dogs. Among the tested extenders, Uppsala and Optixcell^® demonstrated superior cryoprotective effects, resulting in better post-thaw motility and reduced morphological abnormalities compared to Tris.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}