Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Aflatoxin B1-Induced Apoptosis in Donkey Kidney via EndoG-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.","authors":"Yanfei Ji, Yu Zhang, Wenxuan Si, Jing Guo, Guiqin Liu, Changfa Wang, Muhammad Zahoor Khan, Xia Zhao, Wenqiang Liu","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020130","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a prevalent environmental and forage contaminant that poses significant health risks to both humans and livestock due to its toxic effects on various organs and systems. Among its toxicological effects, nephrotoxicity is a hallmark of AFB1 exposure. However, the precise mechanisms underlying AFB1-induced kidney damage in donkeys remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we established a donkey model exposed to AFB1 by administering a diet supplemented with 1 mg AFB1/kg for 30 days. Kidney apoptosis was assessed using TUNEL staining, while gene expression and protein levels of Endonuclease G (EndoG), as well as genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis, were quantified by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Our findings indicate that AFB1 exposure resulted in significant kidney injury, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Notably, AFB1 exposure upregulated the expression of EndoG and promoted its translocation to the ER, which subsequently induced ER stress and activated the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These results suggest that AFB1-induced kidney damage in donkeys is mediated through the oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways, primarily involving the EndoG-IRE1/ATF6-CHOP signaling axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves.","authors":"Mellory M Martins, Thiago H da Silva, Andre S V Palma, Bruna L de Noronha, Emanuel R Lemos, Iuli C S B Guimarães, Nara R B Cônsolo, Arlindo S Netto","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020128","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ultra-diluted complex on the health status, growth performance, and blood parameters of dairy calves during the preweaning phase in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. During a 75-period trial, thirty-four Holstein newborn calves at the second day of life were completely randomized individually into two treatments: (1) control (CON), oral saline supplementation (5 mL/d); and (2) oral supplementation with 5 mL/d of a ultra-diluted complex (UD): Sulfur: 1060 + Viola tricolor: 1014 + Caladium seguinum: 1030 + Zincum oxydatum: 1030 + Phosphorus: 1060 + Cardus marianus: 1060 + Colibacillinum: 1030 + Podophyllum: 1030 + Vehicle: alcohol. Free access to water and a starter was ensured during the trial period. Feed intake and fecal and health scores were monitored daily. Calves were weighed and measured weekly. Blood samples were collected at enrollment on the first day and every 21 days until the 75th day, 2 h after morning milk feeding, and tested for hematology, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total protein albumin, globulin, and creatinine. At 70 days of age, calves were disbudded following the standard management practices of the farm. The inflammatory profile, including Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, and haptoglobin, was quantified in serum samples. The ultra-diluted complex was ineffective in reducing the incidence of diseases, starter feed intake, daily weight gain, and body measurements and inflammatory profile. Blood parameters were also not affected. Thus, the ultra-diluted complex was inefficient in reducing the incidence of diseases and did not affect the performance and metabolites of pre-weaned Holstein calves.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ascites Syndrome on Diversity of Cecal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens.","authors":"Aikebaier Reheman, Zhichao Wang, Ruihuan Gao, Jiang He, Juncheng Huang, Changqing Shi, Meng Qi, Xinwei Feng","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020126","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ascites syndrome (AS) is a metabolic disease that seriously affects the growth and development of broiler chickens. Intestinal microbiota play a significant role in the growth of broiler chickens. Therefore, further research on the relationship between AS and intestinal microbiota will help to better understand the impact of AS on broiler growth. In this study, 0.2% sodium chloride was added to the drinking water, which induced AS in broiler chickens, and we detected the influence of AS on the growth performance and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. The results showed that AS significantly reduced the cecal microbial diversity of broiler chickens and affected the cecal microbial composition at the phylum and genus levels (<i>p</i> = 0.05). Further, LEfSe analysis revealed that AS significantly increased the abundance of <i>Bacteroidetes</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.035) while simultaneously reducing the abundance of <i>Actinobacteria</i> (<i>p</i> = 0.031) in the cecum. Additionally, the differential metabolites associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation were significantly diminished. The findings suggest that AS may further impact the growth rate of broiler chickens by altering cecal microorganisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking: Exploring the Mechanism of Peppermint in Mastitis Prevention and Treatment in Dairy Cows.","authors":"Xinyu Wang, Jiaxin Lai, Fei Xu, Mingchun Liu","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020129","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to elucidate the active ingredients, potential targets, and mechanisms of action of peppermint in treating bovine mastitis, this study utilized network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking to conduct an exploratory, prospective investigation. Using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, all compounds and targets of peppermint were retrieved. After removing duplicates, a total of 133 compounds and 272 targets were obtained. Targets were then standardized to gene names using the UniProt database to construct a drug-component-target network. A total of 183 disease targets related to bovine mastitis were retrieved from the GeneCards database. We obtained 28 cross targets of peppermint targets and bovine mastitis targets, and constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using the STRING database. A visual network was built using Cytoscape 3.10.0 software, and seven core targets were analyzed and obtained. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the Metascape database. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDockTools-1.5.6 software on some small-molecule compounds and the seven targets to evaluate the stability of binding between peppermint and core targets. Apigenin, luteolin, and ursolic acid are the three main components in peppermint. Core targets (TNF, IL-6, STAT-3, IL-1β, FGF-2, IFNG, and ESR-1) were selected based on the PPI network. The enrichment analysis suggested that the major signaling pathways in network pharmacology may include AGEs-RAGE, IL-17, NF-κB, TLRs, HIF-1, TGF-β, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK. The molecular docking results showed that one of the main components of mint, ursolic acid, exhibited good binding activity with all core targets of bovine mastitis. Other constituents also produced favorable binding with some core targets. This study elucidates the mechanisms of mint in treating bovine mastitis, providing data to support the potential development of new therapies for bovine mastitis using mint and its constituents.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Welfare on Dairy Cows in Different Housing Systems: Emphasis on Digestive Parasitological Infections.","authors":"Dragisa Paukovic, Tamara Ilic, Milan Maletic, Nemanja M Jovanovic, Sreten Nedic, Milorad Mirilovic, Katarina Nenadovic","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020125","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this research was to assess welfare indicators in different dairy cow management systems, determine the prevalence of parasitic infections, and examine the impact of these infections on welfare indicators. This study was conducted in 2024 on 45 Holstein-Friesian cows aged 2 to 6 years (first to third lactation) in Northern Serbia. Monitoring was carried out in tie stall, loose, and pasture-based systems, covering three production phases: late dry period, clinical puerperium, and peak lactation. Cow welfare was evaluated using the Welfare Quality^® protocol, and parasitological diagnostics from fecal samples. Identified welfare issues included a low body condition score (BCS), dirtiness of udders, flanks, and legs, integument alterations, nasal and ocular discharge, lameness, and diarrhea. Cows in the pasture-based system had significantly higher scores for dirtiness (<i>p</i> < 0.001), while those in tie stalls showed more integument alterations (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Loose-housed cows had higher nasal discharge scores (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Parasites identified included <i>Eimeria</i> spp., <i>Buxtonella sulcata</i>, gastrointestinal strongylids, <i>Moniezia</i> spp., <i>Dicrocoelium dendriticum</i>, <i>Fasciola hepatica</i>, and <i>Paramphistomum</i> spp. Significant correlations (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were found between certain welfare indicators and parasite infections, such as a low BCS with <i>Eimeria</i> oocysts and nasal discharge and hairless patches with <i>Buxtonella sulcata</i> and <i>Dicrocoelium dendriticum</i>. These data indicate needs for improving dairy cows' welfare and the implementation of effective parasite control measures in all housing systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stonebrood Disease-Histomorphological Changes in Honey Bee Larvae (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) Experimentally Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>.","authors":"Tammo von Knoblauch, Annette B Jensen, Christoph K W Mülling, Anton Heusinger, Heike Aupperle-Lellbach, Elke Genersch","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020124","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stonebrood (<i>Aspergillus</i> sp.) is a rare, poorly described disease of the Western honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) that can affect adult bees and brood. This study describes the pathogenesis using artificially reared pathogen-free <i>Apis mellifera</i> larvae, experimentally infected (5 × 10² spores/larva) with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. Between days 1 and 5 p.i. (larval age 4 until 8 days), five uninfected control larvae, up to five infected living larvae, and up to five infected dead larvae were examined macroscopically. Subsequently, the larvae were photographed, fixed (4% formaldehyde), and processed for histological examination (hematoxylin-eosin stain, Grocott silvering). Sections were digitized, measured (area, thickness), and statistically analyzed. In total, 19 of the 43 collected infected larvae showed signs of infection (germinating spores/fungal mycelium): dead larvae (from day 2 p.i.) showed clear histological and macroscopic signs of infection, while larvae collected alive (from day 1 p.i.) were only locally affected. Infected larvae were significantly smaller (day 2 p.i.: <i>p</i> < 0.001, 4 p.i.: <i>p</i> < 0.01, 5 p.i.: <i>p</i> < 0.01) than uninfected larvae (control group). Our study shows that the pathogenesis of stonebrood is characterized by a short period between <i>Aspergillus</i> germination and the onset of disease (about one day), and a rapid larval death.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Tick Diversity in Cattle in Cameroon: Emergence of <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i>, Replacing the Original <i>Rhipicephalus</i> spp.","authors":"Muhammad Umair Aziz, Jehan Zeb, Michel Lontsi-Demano, Angel Almendros, José de la Fuente, Olivier Andre Sparagano, Patrick Butaye","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020123","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ticks are well-known vectors of pathogens, posing considerable risks to livestock health and productivity. In Cameroon, where livestock production is vital, established tick species such as <i>Amblyomma variegatum</i> and <i>Hyalomma truncatum</i> are prevalent in key cattle-rearing areas. The recent introduction of the invasive, acaricide-resistant <i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> further complicates control efforts. In this study, we deliver baseline data on the composition of tick species and their shifts within agroecological zone I (AEZ I) and agroecological zone III (AEZ III) of Cameroon, providing a foundation for targeted vector control strategies to ultimately reduce the risk of pathogen transmission. From 1100 ticks collected across two Cameroonian agroecological zones, <i>H. truncatum</i> (39.9%), <i>A. variegatum</i> (31%), and <i>R. microplus</i> (10.64%) were the most prevalent species, along with <i>Rhipicephalus lunulatus</i> (4.45%), <i>Hyalomma rufipes</i> (1.45%), <i>Hyalomma marginatum</i> (1.09%), <i>Hyalomma dromedarii</i> (0.45%), and <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> (0.9%). Molecular identification using cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (<i>cox1)</i> and <i>16s</i> led to the identification of five additional species, <i>Hyalomma nitidum</i> (0.73%), <i>Rhipicephalus simus</i> (3.54%), <i>Rhipicephalus sulcatus</i> (2.64%), <i>Rhipicephalus praetextatus</i> (2.1%), and <i>Rhipicephalus pusillus</i> (1.1%). <i>R. microplus</i> emerged as the most dominant <i>Rhipicephalus</i> spp. in AEZ I, comprising 67.5% of the total <i>Rhipicephalus</i> ticks. In conclusion, we demonstrate the further spread of <i>R. microplus</i>, which represents a major source of vector-borne diseases, affecting both humans and animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860473/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual Genomic Loci, Transcript Level and Serum Profile of Immune, Antioxidant and Hormonal Markers Associated with Sheep Arthritis.","authors":"Asmaa Darwish, Ahmed Ateya, Mansour A Alghamdi, Ahmed El-Sayed","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020122","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arthritis is a leading cause of economic loss in livestock farming including sheep. This study examined the changes in gene expression, antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute-phase proteins (APPs), hormonal assays and iron profiles linked to sheep arthritis, as well as the diagnostic utility of these markers. Blood samples were obtained from 30 apparently healthy rams and 30 rams with arthritis for gene expression and biochemical analyses. Gene expression intensities were much higher in the arthritis-affected rams than in the healthy ones for the genes <i>IL-1α</i>, <i>IL-1β</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, <i>IL-10</i>, <i>TNFα</i>, <i>NCF4</i>, <i>NFKB</i>, <i>TMED</i>, <i>FCAMR</i>, <i>iNOS</i> and <i>COX18</i>. The <i>SOD3</i>, <i>CAT</i>, <i>GPX</i> and <i>ATOX1</i> genes were expressed at substantially lower levels in arthritis-affected rams. Disparities in the nucleotide sequence variants for the amplified DNA bases linked to arthritis for the studied genes were found in the PCR-DNA sequence verdicts of the affected and healthy rams. Immunological, acute-phase protein (APP), antioxidant, hormonal and iron profiles were estimated in both groups and statistically analyzed. The arthritic group in relation to the healthy one showed a significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, APPs, free radicals, immunoglobulins, cortisol, GH, TSH, ferritin, TIBC and UIBC and a significant (<i>p</i> ˂ 0.05) decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, complements, insulin, T3, T4, SI, and Tf and Tf sat.% serum levels. The estimated pro-inflammatory cytokines and APPs achieved high values of sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive values (PPVs), negative predictive values (NPVs), a high accuracy rate and a moderate likelihood ratio (LR). The study concluded that ovine arthritis stimulates innate and humeral immunity, resulting in prominent alterations in gene expression, pro-inflammatory cytokines, APP assays and antioxidant profiles, which could be valuable indicators of sheep arthritis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating a Response to a Canine Leptospirosis Outbreak in Dogs Using an Owner Survey.","authors":"Sierra Villanueva, Cord Brundage","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020119","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that spreads through contaminated soil and water or directly from infected animals through urine. Although animal-to-human transmission is low, humans are most susceptible to contracting leptospirosis from these contaminated sources. This makes leptospirosis a public health concern, and therefore it is important to control these bacteria from spreading into the environment. A survey targeting Los Angeles County communities, in which a 2021 leptospirosis outbreak occurred, was sent out via groups on the online platforms Instagram and Facebook to gather dog and owner demographics. With 92 (90.2%) respondents having a primary veterinarian, it could not be determined what caused certain owners to have a greater vaccination rate than those who did not (n = 10; 9.8%). Overall, 69 respondents (68%), regardless of whether they had a primary veterinarian or not, reported not knowing of canine leptospirosis and 79 (77%) not knowing the signs to look for or that it is zoonotic. These data help provide a basis in terms of the status of dog owners' knowledge of leptospirosis and how to begin to inform dog owners better about preventatives for this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860354/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics-Based Study of Immune Genes Associated with Subclinical Mastitis in Bactrian Camels.","authors":"Wanpeng Ma, Huaibin Yao, Lin Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yan Wang, Wei Wang, Yifan Liu, Xueting Zhao, Panpan Tong, Zhanqiang Su","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12020121","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12020121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The significant increase in demand for camel milk has led to a rapid increase in the number of Bactrian camels. However, the widespread occurrence of mastitis significantly impacts the development of the Bactrian camel milk industry and poses a public health risk. Despite this, there is a lack of research on the transcriptional response, immune response pathways, and changes in core genes of Bactrian camels with subclinical mastitis. This study aimed to reveal the changes in immune-related response pathways and gene transcription levels in Bactrian camels with subclinical mastitis by analyzing the blood transcriptional response after the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in natural conditions. This study focused on 7-year-old Bactrian camels and collected 2 mL of blood from the camels that tested positive with a 4-peak California Mastitis Test (CMT) and those that tested negative with a 3-peak CMT. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology was used to analyze gene expression in the blood samples. Gene expression was verified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Overall, 1722 differentially expressed genes were sequenced in the blood samples of CMT-positive and CMT-negative Bactrian camels, including 1061 upregulated and 661 downregulated genes. After conducting gene ontology functional enrichment, 453 differentially expressed genes were identified. We also discovered pathways such as immune response, the G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, and internal signal transmission. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment detected 668 differentially expressed genes annotated onto 309 metabolic pathways, with significantly enriched immune pathways including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, complex and coalescence cascades, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and T helper type 17 cell differentiation, among others. Through a STRING protein interaction database and cytoscape analysis, it was found that core differentially expressed genes related to immunity included <i>IL10, CCL5, IL1B, OSM, TNFRSF1B, IL7,</i> and <i>CCR3,</i> among others. The RT-qPCR results for six randomly selected core differentially expressed genes showed that the RT-qPCR expression pattern was consistent with the RNA Seq results. The immune-related genes in Bactrian camels affected by subclinical mastitis are primarily concentrated in the immune response and the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. Given the importance of these pathways and the connections among related genes, the immune genes within these pathways may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of subclinical mastitis in Bactrian camels. This study provides a valuable reference for investigating the immune regulatory mechanisms of subclinical mastitis in Bactrian camels.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861070/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143504630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}