Veterinary Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Influence of Untreated and Microbially Degraded Mangrove Sediment Microplastics on <i>Zebrafish</i> (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Intestinal Histology and Immune and Antioxidant Biomarkers.","authors":"Xin-Yu Zheng, Wan Wei, Asim Muhammad, Min Zhang, Yan-Jun Chen, Jia-Hong Xie, Dan-Ju Kang, Jin-Jun Chen","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090854","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>MPs are pervasive pollutants in marine ecosystems, posing risks to aquatic organisms due to their small size and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated the intestinal toxicity of MP particles extracted from mangrove sediments in <i>zebrafish</i>, comparing the effects before and after microbial degradation. <i>Zebrafish</i> were exposed to either undegraded MPs or microbially degraded MP extracts at concentrations of 0 (control), 2, 10, and 50 mg/L for 21 days in 10 L tanks (stocking density: 10 fish/L), with three replicate tanks per concentration. MPs were dispersed ultrasonically before addition to the water. Intestinal samples were collected on 7, 14, and 21 days for the analysis of immune response (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α; interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β; interleukin-6, IL-6; interleukin-8, IL-8) and antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT). Histopathological analysis revealed intestinal wall thinning, villus damage, and epithelial cell detachment in <i>zebrafish</i> exposed to both undegraded and degraded MP extracts; however, undegraded MPs induced more severe intestinal damage. Results indicated dynamic changes in cytokine expression: TNF-α decreased initially before increasing, while IL-1β and IL-8 first rose then declined. IL-6 peaked on day 7, dropped by day 14, and increased again on day 21. CAT expression decreased, whereas SOD increased only in the pre-degradation group. Microbial degradation reduced intestinal damage severity, with effects intensifying at higher MP exposure levels. These findings demonstrate that MPs can impair <i>zebrafish</i> digestive systems, but microbial degradation mitigates their toxicity. This study underscores the importance of biodegradation as a potential environmental remediation strategy and provides experimental evidence on MPs' impact on aquatic organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Farm to Fork: Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens in Livestock Production and the Food Chain.","authors":"Ayman Elbehiry, Eman Marzouk","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090862","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock production systems has emerged as a major global health concern, threatening not only animal welfare and agricultural productivity but also food safety and public health. The widespread, and often poorly regulated, use of antimicrobials for growth promotion, prophylaxis, and metaphylaxis has accelerated the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes. These elements circulate across interconnected animal, environmental, and human ecosystems, driven by mobile genetic elements and amplified through the food production chain. It is estimated that more than two-thirds of medically important antimicrobials are used in animals, and AMR could cause millions of human deaths annually by mid-century if unchecked. In some livestock systems, multidrug-resistant <i>E. coli</i> prevalence already exceeds half of isolates, particularly in poultry and swine in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology, ecological drivers, and One Health implications of AMR in food-producing animals. We highlight key zoonotic and foodborne bacterial pathogens-including <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>-as well as underappreciated reservoirs in commensal microbiota and livestock environments. Diagnostic platforms spanning phenotypic assays, PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, whole-genome sequencing, and CRISPR-based tools are examined for their roles in AMR detection, surveillance, and resistance gene characterization. We also evaluate current antimicrobial stewardship practices, global and regional surveillance initiatives, and policy frameworks, identifying critical implementation gaps, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Emerging sectors such as aquaculture and insect farming are considered for their potential role as future AMR hotspots. Finally, we outline future directions including real-time genomic surveillance, AI-assisted resistance prediction, and integrated One Health data platforms as essential innovations to combat AMR. Mitigating the threat of AMR in animal agriculture will require coordinated scientific, regulatory, and cross-sectoral responses to ensure the long-term efficacy of antimicrobial agents for both human and veterinary medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474250/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Aqueous Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract as a Natural Alternative to Antibiotics in Broiler Chickens: Impacts on Growth, Digestibility, and Blood Lipid Profile.","authors":"Rifat Ullah Jan, Muhammad Ayaz, Shah Zeb Ahmad, Muhammad Tahir, Muhammad Irfan Khan, Muhammad Iftikhar, Huanyong Han, Hosameldeen Mohamed Husien, Zang Yu, Mengzhi Wang","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090860","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Excessive use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broiler rearing has led to severe issues due to antimicrobial resistance and drug residues in meat. This study was conducted to evaluate aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) as a natural alternative to antibiotics in broiler chickens. 150 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five groups: one control, three MOLE-treated groups (60, 90, and 120 mL/L), and one Enrofloxacin-treated group (an antibiotic). The birds were monitored for a 35-day trial period, split further into a starter phase (0-21 days) and a finisher phase (22-35 days). The results were that at the starter phase of their lives, birds treated with MOLE120 experienced better body weight gain and optimal feed conversion ratio (FCR), which showed improved early growth performance. In the finisher phase, the MOLE90 group demonstrated the best FCR and a favorable weight gain, showing better efficiency at later stages. Crude protein digestibility was highest in the MOLE90 group (69.97%), and apparent metabolizable energy also increased in all MOLE-treated groups, especially MOLE120 (2938.9 kcal/kg). Regarding the blood lipid profile, the MOLE90 group had the lowest low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (82.3 mg/dL) and cholesterol (181.7 mg/dL), while MOLE120 achieved the highest high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (92.6 mg/dL) with significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) effects across all parameters. Triglycerides were slightly higher in MOLE groups but remained within physiological limits. In conclusion, MOLE supplementation, particularly at 90-120 mL/L, improved performance and blood lipid metabolism in a phase-specific manner. MOLE120 was more effective in early growth, while MOLE90 proved optimal in the finishing stage. This study supports the potential of MOLE as a phytogenic substitute for antibiotics in poultry production.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Newcastle Disease Virus and Its Implications for Vaccine Development.","authors":"Olga A Kondakova, Alexey A Agranovsky, Ekaterina M Ryabchevskaya, Elizaveta P Umarova, Dmitriy L Granovskiy, Stepan E Toropov, Ekaterina A Evtushenko, Nikolai A Nikitin, Olga V Karpova","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090858","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, induces the highly contagious Newcastle disease in poultry. Newcastle disease outbreaks, common in many developing countries, have been recorded worldwide for a century. Poultry, even vaccinated stocks, together with wild and synanthropic birds, serve as reservoirs of NDV. Despite the extensive use of commercial NDV vaccines, Newcastle disease outbreaks frequently occur in vaccinated chickens, resulting in great economic losses. The primary limitation of commercial Newcastle disease vaccines is their restricted compatibility with emerging novel NDV strains. The advancement of vaccines and vaccination techniques is anticipated to reduce the propagation of pathogenic NDV strains and consequently alleviate losses in poultry production. This review examines the NDV genotypes and strains implicated in both current and historical Newcastle disease outbreaks, and evaluates existing and candidate NDV vaccines, emphasizing recent innovations and novel techniques. Our aim was to delineate critical subjects for future inquiry and to furnish extensive data that could aid researchers in understanding the current advancements and existing problems in Newcastle disease vaccination prophylactics. The emergence of a new generation of vaccines employing advanced technologies may substantially improve the efficacy of Newcastle disease prevention and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simvastatin Combined with CpG Enhances the Immunogenicity of the H9N2 Inactivated Vaccine.","authors":"Yan Ma, Jiaxi Zhu, Zuchen Song, Lina Jiao, Ruihong Yu, Zheng Wang, Zhimin Zhang, Jiaguo Liu, Zhenguang Liu","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090855","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The H9N2 virus has severely harmed the livestock and bird farming industry. Currently, it is mainly prevented through vaccination immunization. However, conventional vaccines often fail to induce durable immune responses and long-lasting immunoprotection. In this research, we used Simvastatin (Sim) and CpG as adjuvants for the H9N2 inactivated vaccine to evaluate the vaccine's immunogenicity in chickens. We evaluate vaccine immunogenicity through antibody testing, T lymphocyte phenotyping, and RNA-sequencing analysis. The results indicated that the Sim + CpG/H9N2 formulation significantly enhanced specific IgY and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers. It also increased the proportions of CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells, promoted immune organ development, and stimulated the formation of germinal centers. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that Sim + CpG/H9N2 vaccination significantly upregulated immune-related genes, which were enriched in pathways associated with stress response activation, immune cell recruitment, and inflammatory signaling. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Sim + CpG/H9N2 markedly enhances the immunogenicity of the inactivated H9N2 vaccine and provides new insights into the application of vaccine adjuvants for improved immune protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Supplementation with Chlorogenic Acid-Rich Extract from <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliver During Peri-Implantation on the Reproductive Performance and Gut Microbiota of Sows.","authors":"Yan Zhang, Hexuan Qu, Hongda Pan, Dao Xiang, Seongho Choi, Shuang Liang","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090857","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090857","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chlorogenic acid (CGA)-rich extracts from <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliver (CAE) are known for their gut health and antioxidant benefits in livestock. This study examines the effects of CAE supplementation during the peri-implantation period on sow reproductive performance and the gut microbiota. Sixty Dongliao black sows were randomized to receive either no supplementation (control) or CAE at 600 or 2000 mg/kg daily from gestation day -5 through day 15. High-dose CAE intake significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in sow serum but decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) also increase significantly. These changes correlate with improved reproductive performance, including a larger litter size, higher numbers of live-born piglets, a greater individual birth weight of live-born piglets, a higher total litter birth weight of live-born piglets, and a lower mortality rate. 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal microbiota revealed that CAE markedly altered microbial diversity and composition, reducing the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria but increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, supplementation with CAE during the peri-implantation phase can reduce oxidative stress, alter the gut microbiota composition, and improve sow reproductive performance, thus potentially increasing breeding farm profitability.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474264/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey of the Reproductive Lesions in Captive Female Non-Human Primates in Italy.","authors":"Valentina Galietta, Cristiano Cocumelli, Raffaella Parmigiani, Emanuela Bovi, Tiziana Palmerini, Chiara Acri, Pilar Di Cerbo, Marco Aloisi, Antonella Cersini, Claudia Eleni","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090856","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-human primates (NHPs) are considered important models for the study of reproductive diseases, due to their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. However, studies on spontaneous lesions of the reproductive system in NHPs housed in zoos remain limited compared to those in laboratory animals. In this study, we report a retrospective analysis of female reproductive pathologies in 103 necropsied non-human primates from Italian zoos between 2007 and 2024. Only adult, intact, non-pregnant females with macroscopically visible reproductive lesions were included. Histopathological examination revealed reproductive tract lesions in 15 individuals (14.6%), including both non-neoplastic (cystic endometrial hyperplasia, adenomyosis, endometriosis) and neoplastic (leiomyomas, cervical and ovarian adenocarcinomas, and metastatic tumors) conditions. Leiomyoma was the most common tumor, particularly in the genus <i>Macaca</i>, while rare malignant neoplasms and metastatic lesions were identified in the great apes and in the New World species. The results suggest an age-related degenerative component and highlight interspecific differences in the distribution of lesions, probably related to the reproductive physiology of the various species. These results underline the importance of systematic post-mortem surveillance to improve the management of reproductive health of these captive populations and provide comparative insights with humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474333/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145178873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Consequences of Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS) in French Herds.","authors":"Sandy Micout, Hervé Fortune, Gerald Reiner","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090853","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new, primarily endogenous syndrome affecting pigs from birth to fattening is associated with inflammation and necrosis of the tail, ears, teats, coronary band, heels, and claws. This disease negatively impacts the health, performance, and welfare of the animals. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the syndrome in typical herds in France and to investigate the associations between SINS, age and sex of the piglets and parameters of reproductive performance of the herds. Data from 2377 suckling piglets aged 1 to 4 days from 16 French farms were evaluated. SINS signs were found in 85.5% of the piglets. There were striking differences between farms, ranging from 68.5% to 95.6% affected piglets. The heels and coronary bands were the most commonly affected areas, at 61.4% and 58.6%, respectively. Alterations at the tail, ears, face, or teats were observed in 46% of the piglets. At least 3 body parts were affected per litter, and all examined body parts were affected on farms. The number of piglets born was significantly reduced in SINS. Screening was easy to implement and required only reasonable time management. It was also integrated into the zootechnical measures on the farms. The SINS lesion scoring system for piglets at birth appears to be a relevant indicator of animal health and welfare, as well as farm economic efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SOX Family Members Expression in Canine Oral Melanoma: Role of the SOX3 in Tumor Aggressiveness.","authors":"Renato Felipe Costa, Bárbara Andrade de Carvalho, Bruna Mendes Lima, Emerson Soares Veloso, Karen Yumi Ribeiro Nakagaki, Ivy Nayra Nascimento Gonçalves, Helen Lima Del Puerto, Enio Ferreira","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090851","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aggressiveness of oral melanoma can be related to several mutations that occur during development. Based on the knowledge of the role of transcription factors of the SOX family in other neoplastic types, it is necessary to understand their behavior in oral melanomas. In this work, the expression of SOX2, SOX3, and SOX10 and its relationship with the proliferative index and histological aspects indicative of aggressiveness in canine oral melanomas were evaluated. Thirty tumors were histologically reviewed and the expression of Melan-A, SOX2, SOX3, SOX10, and Ki67 in these tumors were determined. All tumors presented histomorphological characteristics compatible with malignant tumors and immunopositivity for Melan-A. The expression of SOX2, SOX3, and SOX10 was observed in 7/30 (23.3%), 6/30 (20%), and 23/30 (76.6%) of the cases, respectively. Among the analyzed markers, the relationship between the loss of SOX3 expression in tumors with higher proliferative rates was highlighted. An inverse correlation was also observed between the expression cytoplasmic SOX10 and nuclear SOX10, suggesting a change in the location of this protein in oral melanomas. Among the SOX family proteins studied, the SOX3 protein plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation in oral melanomas, and it is suggested that the SOX2 and SOX10 proteins are constitutively expressed in these neoplasms, without a determining role for aggressiveness. New studies of this gene transcription pathway may assist in possible prognostic and predictive determinations of the SOX3 protein in oral canine melanoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Carprofen Administered Intravenously at Different Doses in Goats.","authors":"Orhan Corum, Halis Oguz, Mustafa Hitit, Duygu Durna Corum, Devran Coskun, Teslime Erdogan, Emre Bahcivan, Kamil Uney","doi":"10.3390/vetsci12090852","DOIUrl":"10.3390/vetsci12090852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This investigation focuses on understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior of intravenously administered carprofen at doses of 0.7, 1.4, and 4 mg/kg in goats. Eighteen animals were randomly assigned into three groups, with six goats per group, and blood samples were collected at 22 time points post-administration. Plasma concentrations were analyzed using a validated HPLC-UV method, and key pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using non-compartmental analysis. Results show that, at 0.7 mg/kg, carprofen exhibited the total clearance (Cl_T) of 2.19 mL/h/kg, volume of distribution at steady state (V_dss) of 126.56 mL/kg, area under the curve (AUC_0-last) of 321.00 h*µg/mL, and elimination half-life (t_1/2ʎz) of 44.32 h. When comparing doses, an increase in Cl_T was observed at 4 mg/kg, and the volume of distribution increased at both 1.4 and 4 mg/kg dosages. Additionally, a reduction in dose-normalized AUC_0-last was evident at the highest dose. Data showed that the effect of the drug may be prolonged as the dose increases. These differences between dose groups may be clinically insignificant after the single administration of all doses. Carprofen can be used at all three dose levels in goats; however, vigilance regarding the potential side effects and drug residues is essential, especially during repeated treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":23694,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Sciences","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145179009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}