Virology最新文献

{"title":"Genomic diversity and reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) in Brazil: Evidence of multiple introductions and intra-epidemic reassortment in 2025","authors":"Anselmo Vasconcelos Rivetti Jr. ,&nbsp;Dilmara Reischak ,&nbsp;Lorcan Carnegie ,&nbsp;Juliana Nabuco Pereira Otaka ,&nbsp;Christian Steffe Domingues ,&nbsp;Fernanda Gomes Cardoso ,&nbsp;Ana Luiza Savioli da Silva ,&nbsp;Soraya Cecília Albieri Camillo ,&nbsp;Aristóteles Goés-Neto ,&nbsp;Marcelo Fernandes Camargos","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, has spread globally, with the first outbreak in a commercial poultry farm in Brazil reported in 2025. This study aimed to genetically characterize A/H5N1 samples from multiple Brazilian regions using whole-genome next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate viral diversity and reassortment events. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Brazilian isolates segregated into two distinct clades: one showing high similarity to viruses detected in Argentina in 2025 suggesting adaptation of new reassortants along a regional dissemination route in South America; and another clustering with North American isolates, indicating an independent introduction. Genotyping confirmed the emergence of previously unreported genomic rearrangements in South America, underscoring the complexity of viral evolution in the region. These findings highlight intra-epidemic genomic diversity and reinforce the need for continuous, in-depth molecular surveillance to monitor the dynamics and potential impacts of A/H5N1 on animal and public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110751"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress in NSP2 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","authors":"Fang Liang ,&nbsp;Jiaman Li ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Lan ,&nbsp;Yaqiong Ye ,&nbsp;Gan Li ,&nbsp;Feng Li ,&nbsp;Chen Lv ,&nbsp;Kexin Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiyu Yang ,&nbsp;Ruyu Sun ,&nbsp;Yajie Zheng ,&nbsp;Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Huawei Li ,&nbsp;Ruining Wang ,&nbsp;Keshan Zhang ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) Nonstructural Protein 2 (NSP2), a multifunctional protein encoded by a highly variable gene, plays pivotal roles in viral pathogenesis. This review synthesizes current progress on NSP2 genetic variations, including mutations, deletions, and interstrain recombination—with emphasis on its hypervariable regions. NSP2 interactions with viral proteins and its truncated isoform (NSP2TF) are analyzed in the context of viral assembly and budding. Concurrently, NSP2 binds host proteins to manipulate host pathways, thereby facilitating viral replication, autophagy, tropism, and immune evasion through interferon suppression and cytokine modulation. The potential of NSP2 as a marker vaccine candidate and diagnostic target is evaluated, demonstrating its applicability in developing novel PRRSV NSP2 control strategies. This comprehensive analysis advances the understanding of PRRSV pathogenesis and provides a foundation for future vaccine development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145526710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the metabolic crosstalk between glycolysis and RNA viral pathogenesis","authors":"Vijay Singh Bohara,&nbsp;Sachin Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>RNA viruses induce metabolic reprogramming in the host cells by shifting metabolism towards enhanced glycolysis, rapidly converting glucose to lactate, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. This metabolic shift supports viral replication by providing essential macromolecular precursors and energy. They regulate key components of glycolysis, including glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, to facilitate increased glucose uptake and its flux. Glycolysis is also crucial for the activation of immune cells and the regulation of cytokine production. This review summarises the molecular mechanisms driving these metabolic alterations to better understand the virus-host interactions. The factors regulating these mechanisms can be potential therapeutic targets for controlling viral infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110766"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Japanese encephalitis virus promotes its replication in neuronal cells by enhancing glycolysis via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α","authors":"Vijay Singh Bohara,&nbsp;Sachin Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a causative agent of viral encephalitis, manipulates host metabolic pathways to support its replication in the host cells. Glycolysis is one of the crucial metabolic pathways regulated by most of the RNA viruses. In the current study, we investigated the regulation of glycolysis by JEV in Neuro-2a cells. JEV replication induces a time-dependent increase in glycolysis, demonstrated by decreased glucose and elevated lactic acid levels in the supernatant of infected cells. Furthermore, treatment with glycolytic inhibitors, such as 2-Deoxy-D-glucose and sodium oxamate, reduced virus replication. Moreover, supplementation with sodium pyruvate, an alternate energy source, and treatment with insulin promoted JEV replication, highlighting their positive role during metabolic stress in JEV-infected cells. JEV replication also enhanced the expression of several glycolytic enzymes. We identified hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) as a critical regulator of glycolysis during JEV infection. JEV infection resulted in HIF-1α upregulation, indicating its role in replication kinetics. Cobalt chloride-induced stabilization of HIF-1α enhanced JEV replication, while its knockdown abrogated this effect in treated cells. Altogether, our results reveal that JEV modulates host glucose metabolism via HIF-1α to facilitate its replication and also highlight glycolytic inhibitors as potential antiviral against JEV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145524831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic characterization of an Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate from the cotton leafworm, Alabama argillacea with cross-species infectivity potential for pest management","authors":"Alini de Almeida ,&nbsp;Hugo de Paula Oliveira ,&nbsp;Ricardo Pires dos Reis ,&nbsp;Miguel de Souza Andrade ,&nbsp;Maria Cristina Neves de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Bergmann Morais Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Daniel R. Sosa-Gómez ,&nbsp;Daniel M.P. Ardisson-Araújo","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cotton leafworm <em>Alabama argillacea</em> is an important pest of cotton in South America, traditionally controlled using chemical insecticides, which reinforces the demand for environmentally safe alternatives. Baculoviruses are widely used in microbial pest control due to their efficacy and biosafety, with Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) being the most successful viral biocontrol agent applied in large-scale agriculture. Here, we report the first genomic and biological characterization of a baculovirus originally isolated from <em>A. argillacea</em> in the 1980s and designated AlarNPV-94. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed typical alphabaculovirus morphology, with polyhedral occlusion bodies and multiple nucleocapsids per virion. The genome consists of 129,743 bp of circular dsDNA encoding 155 predicted ORFs and five homologous regions, sharing &gt;96.9 % nucleotide identity and strict collinearity with AgMNPV isolates. Phylogenetic inference grouped AlarNPV-94 with Uruguayan isolates AgMNPV-30 and AgMNPV-38, supporting its classification within <em>Alphabaculovirus anagmemmatalis</em>. Comparative genomics revealed structural variation in <em>pe38</em> and <em>he65</em>, non-coding RNAs (tRNA, miRNA candidates), and signatures of diversifying selection in auxiliary and core infection genes, including <em>pif-1</em>, suggesting adaptive processes shaping host interactions. Bioassays demonstrated that AlarNPV-94 is significantly more potent against <em>A. gemmatalis</em> than naturally occurring AgMNPV field isolates (AgMNPV-113 and AgMNPV-114), requiring lower doses to achieve comparable mortality. Survival analysis indicated enhanced lethality in viral mixtures at sublethal concentrations, revealing additive-like or interaction-dependent effects. Together, these findings establish AlarNPV-94 as a genetically distinct but conspecific AgMNPV isolate with superior virulence and promising potential for integrated pest management in soybean and cotton agroecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110740"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145544030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virus circulation in native, introduced, and farmed mustelids in Poland","authors":"Sanna Tervo ,&nbsp;Andrzej Zalewski ,&nbsp;Hanna Vauhkonen ,&nbsp;Marek Nieoczym ,&nbsp;Marta Kołodziej-Sobocińska ,&nbsp;Saana Lehikoinen ,&nbsp;Kirsi Aaltonen ,&nbsp;Teemu Smura ,&nbsp;Tarja Sironen ,&nbsp;Jenni Pettersson","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>American mink <em>(Neogale vison</em>) are known carriers of various viruses, including many zoonoses. Their susceptibility to a wide range of pathogens and anatomical similarities to human lungs raise concerns about their potential role in facilitating interspecies transmission. Here we analysed viruses detected in tissue samples of native mustelids, and feral and farmed mink in Poland (2019–2022). The species included American mink, pine and stone marten (<em>Martes martes, Martes foina</em>), weasel (<em>Mustela nivalis</em>), European badger (<em>Meles meles</em>), European polecat (<em>Mustela putorius</em>), and Eurasian otter <em>(Lutra lutra</em>). Blood samples were tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (n = 270), and lung samples were subjected to genetic studies by PCR (n = 129) or metagenomics (n = 37). No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 was found in feral or wild populations, although two farmed mink tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) and mink Torque teno neovison virus (mTTV) were identified by metagenomics, and PCR analyses revealed frequent co-infection. AMDV was most prevalent in mink, while other mustelids showed serological evidence but were PCR-negative suggesting viral clearance. AMDV-DNA was found in 26.4 % and mTTV-DNA in 87.8 % of tissue samples. Two animals were co-infected with AMDV, mTTV, and SARS-CoV-2. Phylogenetic analysis revealed both local persistence and inter-farm transmission of AMDV, including transmission between feral and farmed mink. mTTV showed mixing of strains between Poland and China. The findings stress the need for improved surveillance and biosafety to monitor zoonotic threats and cross-species transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110771"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145728050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity and efficacy of commercial poultry avian influenza vaccines against HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in Mexico","authors":"David C. Brice ,&nbsp;Konstantin Andreev ,&nbsp;Lance Miller ,&nbsp;Christopher Patton ,&nbsp;Patrick Seiler ,&nbsp;Tehui Garcia ,&nbsp;Morgan L. LeBlanc ,&nbsp;Taylor Hibler ,&nbsp;Eda Ozdemir ,&nbsp;Alexandra H. Mandarano ,&nbsp;Faten Okda ,&nbsp;Alejandro García ,&nbsp;Richard J. Webby ,&nbsp;Ahmed Kandeil","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-pathogenicity avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 b have been detected in domestic poultry and wild birds in Mexico. Vaccination with H5 vaccines has been implemented as a complementary influenza control strategy in poultry in many countries, including Mexico. Continuous reevaluation of the efficacy of licensed vaccines against emerging viruses is required to ensure adequate control of virus transmission and infection. Some commercial poultry H5 vaccines used in Mexico are produced from vaccine seed viruses that are genetically distinct from clade 2.3.4.4 b viruses. Here, we studied the efficacy of four commercial H5 poultry vaccines widely used in the Mexican market and an experimental inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine against a recent North American high-pathogenicity avian influenza A (H5N1) 2.3.4.4 b virus. Chickens in all vaccinated groups developed antibodies to the viral nucleoprotein as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although some of the commercial vaccines did not elicit detectable hemagglutination inhibition or microneutralization titers, all vaccines provided 80 %–100 % protection from mortality. Immunophenotyping of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of vaccinated chickens showed that these vaccines did not elicit peripheral T-cell or other non-B cell responses that could explain the observed protection. Accordingly, we recommend continued evaluation of vaccine efficacy against evolving viruses and further efforts to identify non-neutralizing antibody correlates of protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip based on mAbs anti-S protein to detect porcine deltacoronavirus","authors":"Ya Liu ,&nbsp;Yingjie Bai ,&nbsp;Liping Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruiming Yu ,&nbsp;Zhongwang Zhang ,&nbsp;Huichen Guo ,&nbsp;Li Pan ,&nbsp;Xinsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an important porcine enteric coronavirus, poses a serious threat to the swine industry. Effective prevention and control require early diagnosis and detection. Previously developed colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strips targeted nucleocapsid protein. However, several studies have reported cross-reactivity between PDCoV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, mainly due to similarities in the nucleocapsid protein. To achieve rapid and specific detection, we developed a double-antibody sandwich colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip using monoclonal antibodies against the PDCoV spike protein. The assay detected PDCoV within 15 min, with a detection limit of 10⁵ TCID₅₀/mL. No cross-reactivity was observed with Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Transmissible Gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), or Porcine rotavirus (PoRV), confirming strong specificity. Intra- and inter-batch analyses showed no significant differences, indicating good reproducibility. Variation with 77 clinical samples (fecal samples, fecal swabs, and intestinal tissues) demonstrated 92.2 % coincidence rate with RT-qPCR. PDCoV was detected in 67.53 % of samples using the test strip and in 72.72 % of samples using RT-qPCR. These results indicate that the test strip provides rapid, convenient, and reliable detection of PDCoV, with high specificity, sensitivity, and stability. It represents a valuable tool for the clinical diagnosis of PDCoV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110739"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145515387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated approach for sustainable management and control of Kyasanur forest disease in alignment with sustainable development goals","authors":"Sourav Chattaraj ,&nbsp;Mousumi Ganguly ,&nbsp;Manasi Chattaraj ,&nbsp;Debasis Mitra ,&nbsp;Riyan Kaibarta ,&nbsp;Arindam Ganguly","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) is a highly pathogenic tick-borne flavivirus that is endemic to India, primarily affecting rural communities in forested regions. The virus is transmitted through the bite of infected <em>Haemaphysalis spinigera</em> ticks, leading to a severe febrile illness characterized by symptoms that can range from mild to life-threatening. In approximately 20 % of cases, patients exhibit biphasic symptoms, which can progress to serious complications, including encephalitis and hemorrhagic manifestations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the clinical presentation of Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), examining its geographical distribution and the risk factors associated with transmission. It highlights the complex interplay between environmental factors, tick ecology, and human behavior that contributes to the spread of the disease. Additionally, the review underscores the urgent need for further research focused on understanding the biphasic nature of KFD, which remains poorly characterized. It also calls for the development of cost-effective diagnostic tools as well as the creation of new vaccines to protect at-risk populations. Developing a rapid diagnostic kit for KFD, coupled with a mobile app for data collection and analysis, can streamline surveillance efforts, enabling real-time monitoring of outbreaks and facilitating timely public health responses in affected regions. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of KFD is crucial for enhancing disease management strategies and implementing effective prevention measures to reduce the incidence and impact of this significant public health threat. This is the first comprehensive study to establish the alignment of KFDV research with SDGs. The study aligns with multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 15 (Life on Land), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals), by addressing KFDV through improved diagnostics, vaccination, ecological understanding, technological innovation, and collaborative public health strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel circoviruses identified in short-finned pilot whale and orca from the North Atlantic Ocean","authors":"Matthew D. De Koch ,&nbsp;Simona Kraberger ,&nbsp;Russell Fielding ,&nbsp;Kendal Smith ,&nbsp;Kelsie Schiavone ,&nbsp;Katharine R. Hall ,&nbsp;Vincent S. Reid ,&nbsp;Diallo Boyea ,&nbsp;Emma L. Smith ,&nbsp;Kara Schmidlin ,&nbsp;Rafaela S. Fontenele ,&nbsp;Darren P. Martin ,&nbsp;Mart Krupovic ,&nbsp;Arvind Varsani","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The family <em>Circoviridae</em> comprises viruses with small single-stranded DNA genomes that are known to infect various animals, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality in some hosts. Circoviruses have been recently identified through metagenomic sequencing in diverse terrestrial vertebrate species, but their distribution and diversity in marine vertebrates remains underexplored. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to identify circoviruses from archived tissue samples of delphinids (order Artiodactyla, infraorder Cetacea, family Delphinidae). Based on the HTS data, we designed specific abutting primer pairs to recover seven complete circovirus genomes from individual delphinid hosts, namely, the short-finned pilot whale (<em>Globicephala macrorhynchus</em>, n = 5) and the orca (<em>Orcinus orca</em>, n = 2). The circoviruses from the two delphinid species share &lt;65.4 % genome-wide pairwise nucleotide identity with all classified circovirus representative sequences and 66 % amongst themselves. Accordingly, these viruses, which we have named shofin circovirus and orcin circovirus, respectively, represent two novel species. This report also marks the first detection of cetacean circoviruses in the North Atlantic Ocean (near St. Vincent, Caribbean). Notably, analysis of the capsid protein sequences and structures of the delphinid circoviruses revealed notable elaborations within the surface exposed loops that have been previously shown to be a major antigenic epitope in porcine circovirus 2. Collectively, the delphinid circovirus genomes expand the known diversity of circoviruses of marine vertebrates and suggest similar evolutionary pressures exerted by the immune systems of cetacean and suina hosts, both members of the order Artiodactyla.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110768"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}