Virology最新文献

{"title":"Infection of point-of-lay hens to assess the sequential events during H7N7 high-pathogenicity avian influenza emergence at a layer premises","authors":"Amanda H. Seekings ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Billington ,&nbsp;Sahar Mahmood ,&nbsp;Saumya S. Thomas ,&nbsp;Anita Puranik ,&nbsp;Simon Johnson ,&nbsp;Alejandro Nunez ,&nbsp;Samantha Watson ,&nbsp;Jill Banks ,&nbsp;Sharon M. Brookes ,&nbsp;Ian H. Brown ,&nbsp;Marek J. Slomka","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>H7N7 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (H7N7-LPAIV) incursions preceded emergence of H7N7 high-pathogenicity (HP)AIV at several European layer hen outbreaks. Evidence from a UK layer H7N7-HPAIV (2008) outbreak informed <em>in vivo</em> modelling of sequential events, beginning with H7N7-LPAIV precursor incursion. Three groups of 17-week-old (point-of-lay) hens were inoculated with H7N7-LPAIVs, which possessed different haemagglutinin cleavage sites (CS). Groups 1 and 2 were inoculated with H7N7-LPAIVs which possessed single and di-basic cleavage sites (SBCS and DBCS, the latter having occurred at the 2008 outbreak), along with the H7N7-HPAIV's internal genes. Group 3 was inoculated with a contemporary H7N7-LPAIV which possessed the DBCS, but different internal genes. In Groups 1–3, initial H7N7-LPAIV exposure caused limited viral shedding, restricted H7-antibody responses and no deaths by 14-days post-inoculation (dpi). H7N7-HPAIV challenge of all groups (n = 8 per challenge group, including AIV-naïve hens in Group 4) followed at 14 dpi, with 3/8 (37.5 %) survival in Group 4, by 14-days post-challenge (dpc). Prior H7N7-LPAIV inoculation protected against H7N7-HPAIV challenge mortality to varying degrees (6/8-8/8 [75 %–100 %] survival range) by 14 dpc, when all 21 Group1-3 survivors had strongly seroconverted. Among these survivors, 20/21 (95 %) shed H7N7-HP, indicating that immunity acquired during initial H7N7-LPAIV exposure did not arrest H7N7-HPAIV replication. Prior H7N7-LPAIV exposure elicited clinical protection against H7N7-HPAIV challenge, but did not prevent H7N7-HPAIV shedding, which in the field would represent a potential source for spread and further HPAIV outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110733"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145508601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network-based integration of hsa-miR-150-5p reveals key regulatory roles in HIV-HCV coinfection and HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Madhuri Chandane-Tak ,&nbsp;N.S. Suneesh ,&nbsp;Soumik Mukherjee ,&nbsp;Abdul Arif Khan ,&nbsp;Anupam Mukherjee","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>HIV-HCV coinfection markedly accelerates liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet the molecular regulators driving this progression remain elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) orchestrate host-virus interactions, but their roles in coinfection are poorly defined. Here, we applied an integrative multi-omics strategy to profile plasma miRNAs from cohorts of HIV, HCV, HIV-HCV coinfection, and healthy controls, followed by TaqMan qRT-PCR validation. Cross-referencing with HCV-HCC transcriptomes (GSE6764, GSE14323, GSE62232) and experimentally confirmed targets from miRTarBase enabled high-confidence network mapping. Among dysregulated miRNAs, hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-141-3p emerged with striking HCV-specific expression patterns, absent in HIV monoinfection. hsa-miR-150-5p was strongly upregulated, with targets significantly repressed in HCV-HCC. Enrichment analysis revealed its regulatory footprint across chromosome dynamics, mitotic control, and oncogenic signalling (Notch, HIF-1, JAK-STAT, p53). Protein-protein interaction expansion identified 202 first-degree interactors, with KRAS, BAP1, and HMGB1 as high-centrality hubs linking miR-150-5p to core oncogenic and immune pathways. KEGG analysis of the extended network revealed dominant impacts on organismal systems, environmental signalling, and genetic information processing, all of which are pivotal to liver tumorigenesis. In contrast, hsa-miR-141-3p showed limited integration and minimal pathway association. These findings suggest that hsa-miR-150-5p is a key regulator in HCV-associated liver disease, with upregulation observed in both HCV and HIV-HCV coinfection groups, potentially influencing transcriptional and network-level regulation. This systems-level framework highlights miR-150-5p as a potential biomarker for HCV and HIV-HCV associated liver pathology, providing a basis for future studies toward precision interventions in viral coinfection-mediated oncogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145679868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Impact of baseline humoral immunity on treatment outcomes with molnupiravir in the MOVe-OUT randomized, controlled trial” [Virology 613 (2026) 110710]","authors":"Matthew G. Johnson,&nbsp;Julie M. Strizki,&nbsp;David W. Hilbert,&nbsp;Ying Zhang,&nbsp;Patricia Carmelitano,&nbsp;Michelle L. Brown,&nbsp;Dominik J. Wolf,&nbsp;Amanda Paschke,&nbsp;Carisa S. De Anda","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110737","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110737","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110737"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145644417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attenuation of a contemporary Chinese PRRSV-1 strain via serial cell passage and evaluation of its protective efficacy as a modified live virus vaccine candidate","authors":"Jianming Long ,&nbsp;Keyi Liu ,&nbsp;Yiting Chen ,&nbsp;Xindong Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiying Su ,&nbsp;Guoyang Li ,&nbsp;Kang Zhang ,&nbsp;Tongwei Ren ,&nbsp;Yifeng Qin ,&nbsp;Kang Ouyang ,&nbsp;Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Weijian Huang ,&nbsp;Yeshi Yin ,&nbsp;Yingyi Wei ,&nbsp;Zuzhang Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus type 1 (PRRSV-1) imposes substantial economic burdens on global swine production. In China, where only subtype 1 strains circulate across 23 provinces, evolving subpopulations challenge existing control measures. The absence of licensed PRRSV-1 vaccines in China underscores the urgency of developing tailored vaccine candidates against circulating strains. This study attenuated a contemporary Chinese PRRSV-1 isolate (GXFS20220129) through 100 serial passages (P100) on MARC-145 cells and evaluated its efficacy as a modified live virus (MLV) candidate. In vitro characterization revealed enhanced growth kinetics and increased plaque morphology in P100. Whole-genome sequencing identified 37 nucleotide mutations and 19 amino acid substitutions in P100, concentrated in the nsp1-3 and GP2 regions, potentially associated with attenuation. Immunogenicity and protection were assessed in piglets. The P100-immunized group exhibited no clinical signs post-challenge, maintained weight gain equivalent to blank controls, and demonstrated robust seroconversion by 14 dpi. The area under the curve (AUC) analyses (28–42 dpi) showed significantly lower nasal-shedding and higher antibody responses in vaccinated pigs, whereas cumulative viremia and rectal-shedding AUCs were not significantly different between challenged groups. Vaccination attenuated viremia, accelerated viral clearance, significantly reduced viral loads in systemic tissues (heart, liver, lung, kidney) and intestinal segments (duodenum, ileum, rectum), and altered shedding kinetics. Gross and histopathological lesions in lungs and intestines were substantially mitigated in immunized animals. Collectively, serial passage generated an attenuated PRRSV-1 strain conferring comprehensive protection against homologous challenge, supporting its potential as an MLV candidate for PRRSV-1 control in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110746"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral protein mutations enabling mammalian adaptation in Avian Influenza A viruses: Strategies for zoonotic risk mitigation and future perspectives","authors":"Matteo Mellace ,&nbsp;Carlotta Ceniti ,&nbsp;Luca Borrelli ,&nbsp;Bruno Tilocca","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110731","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Avian influenza viruses have long been a significant problem for the poultry livestock sector, due to the pathogenicity of some strains and the economic and environmental damage they cause. The close relationship between poultry species of livestock interest and the detection of these viruses in other livestock and pets has prompted the scientific community to investigate the transmission dynamics and the risk of contagion for humans. Research shows how the possible spillover can be driven by some amino acid mutations that regulate the molecular interactions between viruses and different hosts. In this work, the mutations are analyzed, their possible role in expanding the host spectrum is discussed, and the importance of deepening their characterisation is discussed to better understand these dynamics. This paper also intends to underline the need to use this information in the implementation of monitoring plans and strategic interventions, as well as the urgency of expanding scientific knowledge through the search for new mutations potentially involved in the species jump, using innovative tools<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110731"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145420120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Spike displays multiple adaptive changes in addition to the furin cleavage site","authors":"Robert F. Garry","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat sarbecoviruses involved multiple changes in Spike in addition to insertion of the furin cleavage site (FCS). Analysis of the closely related Spike of BANAL-20-52 reveals key adaptations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike beyond the FCS that occurred prior to the spillover of SARS-CoV-2's immediate progenitor to humans. Bat sarbecoviruses have enteric tropism and spread mostly by the gastrointestinal route. Their Spike proteins predominantly assume the locked form, which is able to resist the low pH of the bat gastrointestinal tract. Initial changes during the SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary pathway included substitutions that expanded the host range of the sarbecovirus progenitor and allowed circulation in nonbat mammals. Adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2 progenitors also involved remodeling of the amino-terminal domain. Respiratory adaptation occurred during circulation in nonbat animals and resulted in greater propensity for Spike to assume open forms that are less compact and more metastable than the locked or closed forms. Substitutions at monomer interfaces in the Spike trimer facilitate the open shift. Like FCS insertion, these substitutions make Spike more susceptible to low pH degradation and could not have occurred in bats. After SARS-CoV-2 spilled over to humans Spikes of the dominant lineage acquired an aspartic acid to glycine substitution at position 614 that further decreases interaction between monomers and promotes opening of the Spike trimer. A multi-stage evolutionary trajectory is also evident during cross-species transmissions of bat sarbecoviruses to pangolins and the first known spillovers of SARS-CoV via the wildlife trade.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110720"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145374257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PRRSV interaction with the adaptive immune system of host: an update review","authors":"Yifei Li ,&nbsp;Wenhuan Chen ,&nbsp;Qifan Wu ,&nbsp;Jiayi Tang ,&nbsp;Min Chen ,&nbsp;Hongcui Liang ,&nbsp;Xue Liang ,&nbsp;Yize Zhang ,&nbsp;Kunpeng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a highly variable RNA virus, causes a significant threat to the global swine industry. PRRSV suppresses both innate and adaptive immune responses in the host. While only the regulation of innate immunity by PRRSV has been summarized. This article systematically reviews the regulatory roles of PRRSV on the host's adaptive immune system, and summarizes its impact on the behavior of T cells, B cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells (NK cells). PRRSV evades antiviral immunity through multiple mechanisms, including down-regulating antigen-presenting molecules such as major histocompatibility complex class (MHC) -I/II, inducing immunosuppressive microenvironments such as up-regulating interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), and interfering with the generation of neutralizing antibodies, thereby weakening the host's antiviral immune response and leading to persistent viral infection. Furthermore, this article explores novel immunology-based control strategies, such as the screening of broadly neutralizing antibodies, multi-epitope vaccine design, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells therapy, and vaccines aimed at enhancing T-cell immunity. By targeting conserved antigenic epitopes or engineering immune cells, these approaches seek to overcome the limitations of conventional vaccines, offering new directions for PRRSV prevention and control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic analysis of plant interactors with the RNA silencing suppressor V2 encoded by croton yellow vein mosaic virus","authors":"Ying Zhai ,&nbsp;Hao Peng ,&nbsp;Prabu Gnanasekaran ,&nbsp;Anirban Roy ,&nbsp;Hanu R. Pappu","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CYVMV) is a <em>Begomovirus</em> infecting a wide range of vegetables, ornamentals, and weeds. The monopartite CYVMV genome comprises a single-stranded circular DNA (DNA-A). It is also associated with a DNA-betasatellite (DNA-β) called croton yellow vein mosaic betasatellite (CroYVMB). While DNA-A encodes three RNA silencing suppressors <em>viz.</em> V2/C2/C4, DNA-β encodes βC1, which also acts as silencing suppressor. The V2 protein physically interacts with both itself and V1, which is critical for cell-to-cell movement of CYVMV. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of how V2 suppresses plant RNA silencing machinery and the defense system. Here, we identified twenty-three putative V2-interacting proteins in <em>Nicotiana benthamiana</em> via affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) and performed gene ontology (GO) analysis on these V2-interacting candidates. Particularly, two <em>N. benthamiana</em> (Nb) proteins, Ankyrin repeat domain containing protein (NbANK) and Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (NbRACK1), were verified to physically interact with V2 in both yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Compared to NbRACK1, NbANK exhibited much stronger binding capacity with V2 in Y2H assays, which was consistent with structural predictions of V2-NbANK and V2-NbRACK1 complexes using AlphaFold 3. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assays using the pTRV vectors demonstrated that the silencing of <em>NbANK</em> significantly increased CYVMV abundance in <em>N. benthamiana</em>, but did not lead to enhanced pathogenicity. In conclusion, our proteomic analysis identifies specific CYVMV V2 interactors in plants, and NbANK is used as an example to show their critical roles in CYVMV propagation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110773"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of novel gammaherpesviruses in North American carnivores","authors":"Rose Adibi ,&nbsp;Grace M. McLinton ,&nbsp;Ryan V. Chieu ,&nbsp;Samuel Kamal ,&nbsp;Rachel-Ann E. Dixon ,&nbsp;Unnati Shah ,&nbsp;Leah Y.N. Cheung ,&nbsp;Connor G. Richer ,&nbsp;Malcolm A.M. Hill ,&nbsp;Leonard Shirose ,&nbsp;Bruce Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Ann P. Britton ,&nbsp;Camila Dores ,&nbsp;Ulrike Zieger ,&nbsp;Marta Canuti ,&nbsp;Andrew S. Lang ,&nbsp;Brian Stevens ,&nbsp;Ryan M. Troyer","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the diversity of gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) present in North American carnivorans using GHV-targeted consensus PCR to amplify viral glycoprotein B (gB) and DNA polymerase (Dpol) genes. For each unique GHV identified, we sequenced a 3.5 kb region spanning gB to Dpol. Screening of spleen DNA from 263 individual animals comprising 17 carnivoran species from 7 families resulted in the identification of 8 unique GHVs, each associated with a single host species. We identified five viruses from mustelid species (ermine, marten, mink, fisher, and river otter) and the first GHV from a mephitid (skunk) host. These six GHVs clustered phylogenetically within the <em>Percavirus</em> genus, forming a distinct carnivoran percavirus clade. Within this clade, viruses clustered by host family, suggesting host family-specific viral adaptation. Co-phylogenetic analysis of virus and host indicated that while cross-species transmission likely shaped the evolution of carnivoran percaviruses, most virus transfers between species likely occurred within host families. We further identified unique GHVs in black bears and raccoons that clustered together phylogenetically, but did not cluster into established GHV genera. These results support the existence of a unique and divergent group of GHVs in bear and raccoon hosts. In addition, we detected black bear GHV in brain tissue from bears with and without encephalitis, suggesting that a potential relationship between bear GHV and neurologic disease will require additional study. In summary, we identified 8 unique carnivore GHVs, each associated with a distinct host species. Identification of these potential pathogens will aid in future investigation of wildlife diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"614 ","pages":"Article 110735"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145446895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the antibody diversity of glycoprotein E2 domain B/C in pestivirus by using high-throughput single B cell technology","authors":"Huanhuan Liu ,&nbsp;Chao Tong ,&nbsp;Zhi Sun ,&nbsp;Pengju Guo ,&nbsp;Ning Chen ,&nbsp;Jue Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microfluidic technology is an advanced platform for isolating single B cells and constructing paired antibody chain libraries. In the present study, a customized immunization approach coupled with a high-throughput, microfluidic-based single B cell platform was utilized to identify and characterize a pool of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the B/C domain of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 protein. A total of 4241 antigen-specific plasma cells were isolated and subsequently subjected to next-generation sequencing, which yielded 82 distinct naturally paired antibody sequences. Binding assays performed on 81 mAbs revealed that 38 mAbs effectively bound to the B/C domain of the CSFV QZ07 strain E2 protein. Among these, 14 mAbs specifically recognized the B/C domain of genotype 2 QZ07-E2, and 24 mAbs reacted with both genotype 2 QZ07-E2 and genotype 1 C-E2; within the latter group, 8 mAbs exhibited cross-reactivity with the B/C domain of other pestiviruses. Phylogenetic profiling of CDR sequences also classified these antibodies into three distinct clusters, which showed a strong correlation with binding profiles. These findings suggest the presence of novel, broadly reactive pan-pestivirus epitopes in the B/C domain. The integration of microfluidics with high-throughput sequencing in single B cell technology in this study not only accelerates the antibody discovery process but also provides a robust platform to investigate the antigenicity of key pathogen proteins for developing diagnostic assays and next-generation marker vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"615 ","pages":"Article 110762"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145663281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}