IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110699

Nicolás Bejerman , Ralf Georg Dietzgen , Humberto Debat

{"title":"Expanding the known nucleorhabdovirus world: the final chapter in a trilogy exploring the hidden diversity of plant-associated rhabdoviruses","authors":"Nicolás Bejerman , Ralf Georg Dietzgen , Humberto Debat","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nucleorhabdoviruses, classified into four distinct genera within the family <em>Rhabdoviridae</em> (subfamily <em>Betarhabdovirinae</em>), are plant-infecting viruses, characterized by nucleus-associated, enveloped, bacilliform virions. Nucleorhabdoviruses possess an unsegmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome (ca. 12–15.2 kb) that encodes six to eight proteins. Here, by exploring large publicly available metatranscriptomics datasets, we report the identification and genomic characterization of 47 novel viruses with genetic and evolutionary hallmarks of nucleorhabdoviruses. These viruses are associated with 45 distinct host plant species and were previously hidden in public database. Our findings significantly broaden the known host range of nucleorhabdoviruses, including the first nucleorhabdovirus associated with ferns and the first gammanucleorhabdoviruses linked to dicot hosts. Genetic divergence and evolutionary analyses suggest that all these novel viruses likely represent members of novel species. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that ten novel viruses are related to alphanucleorhabdoviruses, 25 to betanucleorhabdoviruses, eight to deltanucleorhabdoviruses and four to gammanucleorhabdoviruses. This study constitutes the final chapter in a trilogy chronicling a data mining expedition into the cryptic diversity of plant-associated rhabdoviruses, a journey that began with varicosaviruses and continued with cytorhabdoviruses. These new findings yield the most comprehensive phylogeny of nucleorhabdoviruses to date, significantly expanding our genomic understanding and illuminating the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary dynamics of this virus group. Further, this work underscores the value of large-scale sequence data mining in advancing our understanding of the hidden world of plant rhabdoviruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"613 ","pages":"Article 110699"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sequencing of the cDNA variable region of a lumpy skin disease virus ORF123 monoclonal antibody and its cross-neutralizing activity analyses against Capripoxvirus members 块状皮肤病病毒ORF123单克隆抗体cDNA可变区测序及其对卡波病毒成员的交叉中和活性分析

IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110700

Fangping Wang , Shasha Wang , Lina Tong , Huibao Wang , Haotai Chen , Xiangwei Wang , Xiangping Yin , Yuefeng Sun , Xiaolong Gao , Shanhui Ren

{"title":"Sequencing of the cDNA variable region of a lumpy skin disease virus ORF123 monoclonal antibody and its cross-neutralizing activity analyses against Capripoxvirus members","authors":"Fangping Wang , Shasha Wang , Lina Tong , Huibao Wang , Haotai Chen , Xiangwei Wang , Xiangping Yin , Yuefeng Sun , Xiaolong Gao , Shanhui Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monoclonal antibody sequencing is crucial for enhancing our understanding of the relationship between antibody neutralization and broad-spectrum binding. Our previous study systematically described a B-cell monoclonal antibody (mAb) derived from lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) ORF123, which exhibits cross-reactivity with goatpoxvirus (GTPV) and sheeppoxvirus (SPPV). Here, the LSDV ORF123 mAb was sequenced for the first time using the HybSeq HT™ next-generation sequencing technique. Sequencing analyses showed that the variable heavy (V<sub>H</sub>) and light (V<sub>L</sub>) chains of LSDV ORF123 mAb had significant sequence similarity. Subsequently, the top 1 V<sub>H</sub> and V<sub>L</sub> of this LSDV ORF123 mAb were synthesized and expressed. Western blotting analyses further identified that the complementary determinant regions (CDR)1, CDR2, and CDR3 are indispensable for antigen-antibody recognition. Crucially, the co-expression of V<sub>H</sub> + V<sub>L</sub> of this LSDV ORF123 mAb retained its cross-neutralizing activity against LSDV, GTPV, and SPPV. Variable region sequencing of monoclonal antibodies provides a reference for improving the specificity and affinity of potential therapeutic antibody design. The cross-binding and neutralizing activity of the co-expression of V<sub>H</sub> + V<sub>L</sub> of the LSDV ORF123 mAb strengthens our understanding of the antigenic similarity among different members of the genus Capripoxviruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"613 ","pages":"Article 110700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to“Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against dengue virus: a scoping review of preclinical and clinical development” [Virology 612 (2025) 110677] “中和登革热病毒单克隆抗体：临床前和临床开发的范围审查”[病毒学612(2025)110677]的勘误表。

IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110696

Irene Terzi , Dimitrios Dimitriadis , Melina Ntoga , Vasilios Petrakis , Ioulia Dragoumani , Filothei Markatou , Petros Rafailidis

引用次数: 0

A chiropteran factor of innate immunity can be recruited for rapid rescue and amplification of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) 重组修饰安卡拉牛苗（MVA）的快速抢救和扩增可获得一种先天性免疫翼类因子

IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110698

Aurora Elhazaz Fernandez , Sirine Abidi , Karoline Mähl, Dominique Scheffler , Volker Sandig, Ingo Jordan

{"title":"A chiropteran factor of innate immunity can be recruited for rapid rescue and amplification of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)","authors":"Aurora Elhazaz Fernandez , Sirine Abidi , Karoline Mähl, Dominique Scheffler , Volker Sandig, Ingo Jordan","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poxviruses are investigated as vectors for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination. Transgenes are usually inserted via homologous recombination, and the desired vectors are isolated through sequential steps of plaque purification or limiting dilution. However, obtaining recombinants from the vast background of parental viruses is challenging for the ambitious timelines in personalised medicine and pandemic preparedness. We have developed a selection system based on tetherin from bats that eliminates parental viruses within the first passage after recombination. Tetherins are late-acting defensive factors that crosslink budding viruses to cellular membranes. Poxvirus morphogenesis is completed in the cytoplasm and only a subset of mature infectious particles acquires additional membranes from the trans-Golgi network. The outer of these membranes fuses with the plasma membrane for egress and is left behind. Tetherins have therefore not been suspected to interfere with release of poxviruses. We now describe that tetherin from the common vampire bat is as effective as tetherin from the Egyptian fruit bat and compare our results to conventional marker restoration based on a transiently deleted E3L gene. We demonstrate highly efficient simultaneous insertion of two transgenes into different positions of the genome of modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) using the two tetherins. We furthermore show that recombination, rescue and amplification of vectors in suspension cultures in chemically-defined media is possible, a potential benefit for GMP campaigns. Observations with an EGFP fusion protein that is localised in the perinuclear space suggest that the bat tetherins may be active as a crosslinker during early steps of morphogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"612 ","pages":"Article 110698"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The molecular mechanism and therapeutic potential of autophagy subtypes in PRRS virus infection PRRS病毒感染中自噬亚型的分子机制及治疗潜力

IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110697

Guang-Wei Zhao , Xin-Feng Li , Guo-Jia Yao , Qiu-Liang Xu

引用次数: 0

Isolation, propagation, and characterization of a G9P[4] human rotavirus strain 543765 in Iran 伊朗g9p[4]人轮状病毒株543765的分离、繁殖和鉴定

IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110695

Atefeh Kachooei , Reza Aramideh-Khouy , Mehrnaz Hosseini-Tehrani , Mahtab Mir-Hosseinian , Zahra Habib , Maryam Kazemi-Aghdam , Somayeh Jalivand , Tayebeh Latifi , Angila Ataei-Pirkooh , Zabihollah Shoja

{"title":"Isolation, propagation, and characterization of a G9P[4] human rotavirus strain 543765 in Iran","authors":"Atefeh Kachooei , Reza Aramideh-Khouy , Mehrnaz Hosseini-Tehrani , Mahtab Mir-Hosseinian , Zahra Habib , Maryam Kazemi-Aghdam , Somayeh Jalivand , Tayebeh Latifi , Angila Ataei-Pirkooh , Zabihollah Shoja","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Group A rotavirus (RVA) is a leading etiological agent of diarrheal diseases in children less than 5 years of age. While live attenuated RV vaccines have demonstrated high efficacy in high-income countries (HICs), their performance is substantially reduced in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite this disparity, the development and evaluation of live attenuated RVA strains remain a central objective in RV vaccine research. In this study, a human RVA strain, designated 543765, was successfully isolated from a stool sample using MA104 cell culture. The isolate was characterized through observation of cytopathic effects (CPE), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), hemagglutination assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and complete genome sequencing. Genotypic analysis revealed the following constellation: G9-P[4]-I1 (Lineage IV/II recombinant)-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. These findings suggest that strain 543765 exhibits stable structural and replication properties, achieving titers of up to 10<sup>8</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub>/mL in MA104 cells. Given its genetic profile and in vitro growth characteristics, strain 543765 holds promise as a candidate for development into a monovalent vaccine capable of inducing both homotypic and heterotypic immune protection against G9P[4] and other RVA genotypes. However, further investigation is warranted to evaluate whether serial passages in cell culture have resulted in attenuation, a determination that requires validation through clinical studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"612 ","pages":"Article 110695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The VP7 protein of the African horse sickness virus core particle facilitates binding to Culicoides sonorensis cells in an RGD-independent manner 非洲马病病毒核心颗粒的VP7蛋白以不依赖rgd的方式促进与索诺库蠓细胞的结合。

IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110694

Ariel Renée Monique Buyens, Vida van Staden, Jacques Theron

{"title":"The VP7 protein of the African horse sickness virus core particle facilitates binding to Culicoides sonorensis cells in an RGD-independent manner","authors":"Ariel Renée Monique Buyens, Vida van Staden, Jacques Theron","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>African horse sickness, caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV) that is transmitted by midges of the <em>Culicoides</em> genus, leads to rapid mortality among horses. Proteases in the saliva of <em>Culicoides</em> midges cleave the VP2 outer capsid protein, resulting in infectious sub-virus particles that have increased infectivity for the <em>Culicoides</em> vector insect and <em>Culicoides</em>-derived cells (KC cells). The AHSV VP7 protein has an arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motif, but the functional relevance of this protein and motif in facilitating binding to insect cells is unknown. To investigate, core-like particles (CLPs) were produced using the baculovirus expression system through the co-expression of VP3 and sVP7, which is a soluble version of the AHSV-4 VP7 protein. Insect cell binding assays indicated that the CLPs bind to KC cells, suggesting a role for VP7 in this interaction. Subsequently, recombinant baculoviruses expressing mutant sVP7 proteins were synthesized, in which the RGD motif was either deleted or mutated. All RGD-mutated sVP7 proteins, except for the deletion of the RGD motif, formed trimers and, when co-expressed with VP3, assembled into CLPs that retained the ability to bind to insect cells. These findings indicate that VP7 facilitates the binding of CLPs to insect cells through an RGD-independent mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"612 ","pages":"Article 110694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145083043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A synonymous mutation in the preS2 region enhances production of infectious hepatitis B virus preS2区域的同义突变增强了传染性乙型肝炎病毒的产生。

IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110692

Asako Murayama , Norie Yamada , Masaaki Toyama , Hussein Hassan Aly , Hironori Nishitsuji , Kunitada Shimotohno , Masanori Isogawa , Takanobu Kato

{"title":"A synonymous mutation in the preS2 region enhances production of infectious hepatitis B virus","authors":"Asako Murayama , Norie Yamada , Masaaki Toyama , Hussein Hassan Aly , Hironori Nishitsuji , Kunitada Shimotohno , Masanori Isogawa , Takanobu Kato","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified into at least nine genotypes based on sequence heterogeneity. Clinical and virological characteristics vary among these genotypes, and differences have also been reported among strains within the same genotype. In this study, we aimed to clarify the strain-specific characteristics of patient-derived genotype C (GT-C) strains and identify a synonymous mutation responsible for these characteristics, along with the underlying mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>HBV molecular clones were constructed from sequences obtained from two chronic hepatitis patients infected with GT-C. To evaluate HBsAg production and infectivity, these molecular clones were transfected into cell cultures, and the characteristics of the generated viruses were assessed. The HBV reporter virus was used to confirm these characteristics and determine the responsible regions. mRNA quantification and mRNA transfection experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying high HBsAg production and enhanced infectivity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>HBsAg production and infectivity were analyzed in two GT-C strains, GT-C1 and GT-C2. GT-C2 exhibited higher HBsAg production than GT-C1 did, whereas GT-C1 showed greater infectivity. Analysis of chimeric and mutated strains revealed that a synonymous mutation, a3210g, in the preS2 region was responsible for the high HBsAg production of GT-C2. Introducing this mutation into the GT-C1 strain led to increased HBsAg production due to increased HBsAg translation efficiency and further enhanced infectivity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This HBV infection system with both high HBsAg production and high infectivity provides a valuable tool for studying HBV infection and propagation in cell culture and for developing antiviral strategies for HBV infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"612 ","pages":"Article 110692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Human cytomegalovirus interleukin 10 (cmvIL-10) orchestrates crosstalk between the cellular IL-10 receptor and CXCR4 人巨细胞病毒白细胞介素10 （cmvIL-10）协调细胞IL-10受体和CXCR4之间的串扰

IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110693

Kiran H. Satani , Juliet V. Spencer

{"title":"Human cytomegalovirus interleukin 10 (cmvIL-10) orchestrates crosstalk between the cellular IL-10 receptor and CXCR4","authors":"Kiran H. Satani , Juliet V. Spencer","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread beta-herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latent infection in host cells. The HCMV UL111A gene encodes cmvIL-10, a viral homolog of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (hIL-10). Like hIL-10, cmvIL-10 binds to the human cellular IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) and activates the JAK/STAT3 pathway, promoting transcription of immunosuppressive genes. Notably, cmvIL-10 binds to the IL-10R with higher affinity than hIL-10 and retains most of its functions, including enhancing CXCR4 signaling triggered by its primary ligand, CXCL12. The CXL12/CXCR4 axis regulates key cellular processes such as gene expression, cell migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. CXCR4 also interacts with alternative ligands including macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), trefoil factor 2 protein (TFF2), and extracellular ubiquitin (UB). Here, we show that cmvIL-10 enhances CXCR4-mediated cell proliferation and migration induced by MIF and TFF2 but not by UB. We also found that hIL-10 enhances MIF-mediated cell proliferation yet has no effect on TFF2-mediated cell proliferation. The CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 effectively blocks cell migration driven by TFF2, while only partially inhibiting MIF-mediated cell migration. These results suggest that cmvIL-10 promotes crosstalk between IL-10R and CXCR4, underscoring its role in modulating immune responses during HCMV infection. Our findings provide insight into how cmvIL-10 contributes to immune evasion and pathogenesis in HCMV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"612 ","pages":"Article 110693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Regulatory T cell infiltration precedes early events associated with persistent infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in the cecal tonsils of chickens 调节性T细胞浸润先于鸡盲肠扁桃体持续性传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）感染相关的早期事件。

IF 2.4 3区医学

Virology Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2025.110691

Sufna M. Suhail, Ishara M. Isham, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Azhar, Ahmed Ali, Motamed E. Mahmoud, Awais Ghaffar, Heshanthi Herath Mudiyansalage, Susan C. Cork, Ashish Gupta, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem

{"title":"Regulatory T cell infiltration precedes early events associated with persistent infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in the cecal tonsils of chickens","authors":"Sufna M. Suhail, Ishara M. Isham, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Azhar, Ahmed Ali, Motamed E. Mahmoud, Awais Ghaffar, Heshanthi Herath Mudiyansalage, Susan C. Cork, Ashish Gupta, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a contagious respiratory disease in chickens caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). While initially affecting the respiratory tract, IBV has evolved to infect other body systems. Notably, the Delmarva (DMV)/1639 genotype of IBV has been shown to persist in the cecal tonsils (CT), potentially facilitating viral transmission to naïve birds. This study aimed to uncover the early immunological mechanisms leading up to IBV persistence in the CT, compared to the spleen and to evaluate the persistence patterns among different genotypes of IBV.</div><div>An animal experiment was conducted using three IBV genotypes, with samples collected at 3, 8, 10, and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Across all IBV infected groups, viral genome loads were significantly higher in the CT than that in the spleen. Recruitment of B cells and cluster of differentiation (CD)8<sup>+</sup> T cells, crucial for viral clearance, was significantly lower in the CT. Regulatory T (Treg) cells—which suppress immune responses <em>via</em> interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β—were expected to peak early, their abundance in the CT was significantly higher only at the later time points. Among all genotypes, DMV/1639 exhibited increased potential for persistence in the CT associated with higher levels of Treg cells and viral genome load at 14 dpi.</div><div>These findings suggest that delayed Treg cell infiltration, reduced effector cell recruitment, and a suppressive cytokine environment may precede to IBV persistence in the CT. Further studies are needed to explore the potential role of anti-inflammatory cytokines and other immunological factors in IBV persistence in the CT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"612 ","pages":"Article 110691"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145077036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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