Virology最新文献

{"title":"The emerging role of m5C modification in viral infection","authors":"Jincheng Li ,&nbsp;Leiliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>5-Methylcytosine (m⁵C) modification is a dynamic and reversible post-transcriptional process that has garnered significant attention due to its regulatory role in viral infections and host innate immune responses. Advances in m⁵C detection technologies have spurred research into its influence on viral infection pathways. Recent studies indicate that m⁵C modification can affect viral infections by modulating innate immune signaling pathways. Furthermore, viruses have developed strategies to exploit m⁵C modification for evading host immunity. Despite these findings, the exact regulatory mechanisms of m⁵C during viral infections and its impact on host immunity remain incompletely understood. Investigating m⁵C modifications and the enzymes associated with these changes may provide deeper insights into the epigenetic underpinnings of viral infections. This review aims to review the dual roles of m⁵C in various viral infections, emphasizing its potential as a target for antiviral interventions, given its pivotal role across numerous viruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drosophila-Zika virus interactions: Dissecting host immunity and pathology against flavivirus infection","authors":"Ioannis Eleftherianos,&nbsp;Sreeradha Mallick","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flavivirus outbreaks have been recently expanded in many parts of the world where infections are associated with severe disorders. The emergence of severe diseases caused by flaviviruses has raised significant public health concerns. While many important questions regarding the spectrum of these diseases remain unanswered, there is current urgency to elucidate the induced pathological defects that occur in the host and the molecular signaling pathways that lead to these abnormalities. Understanding the genetic basis of host-flavivirus interactions requires the use of model organisms that facilitate the identification and characterization of flavivirus pathogenesis and its effects on host fundamental biological processes, such as immunity, metabolism, and development. Here, we review the recent progress on exploiting the power of the common fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> as a model host to address experimentally the complex mechanisms of pathogenesis in ZIKV-infected animals and to provide an integrative view, at the organismal level, of the complex interactions involved. Findings from the <em>Drosophila</em>-ZIKV infection model have contributed toward a better appreciation of the specific viral molecular components which are responsible for undermining host homeostasis. This knowledge is essential for deciphering host-ZIKV gene-for-gene relationship which will provide an unprecedented insight into flavivirus pathogenesis and host pathophysiology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic characteristics and pathogenicity of three newly isolated NADC34-like PRRSV strains in China and evaluation of one strain for inactivated vaccine candidate","authors":"Hao Yang ,&nbsp;Wenbo Song ,&nbsp;Zechuan Li ,&nbsp;Zhanwei Zhu ,&nbsp;Wenqing Wu ,&nbsp;Changjiang Peng ,&nbsp;Rui Xie ,&nbsp;Lin Hua ,&nbsp;Huanchun Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Wu ,&nbsp;Zhong Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has caused substantial economic losses to the pig industry. Recently, the emergence of NADC34-like PRRS virus (PRRSV) has made the worldwide circulation of PRRSV more complex. In 2017, the first detection of NADC34-like PRRSV in China was reported, but the pathogenicity and biological characteristics of this novel PRRSV variant remain to be further elucidated. In this study, we conducted analyses of the whole genome sequence and pathogenicity of three NADC34-like PRRSV strains isolated in China. The three strains, designated HeB-05, SD-02, and JL-1152, were isolated using porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). However, only HeB-05 demonstrated robust replication in Marc-145 cells, achieving a high viral titer of up to 10^7.57 TCID₅₀/mL. The genomes of SD-02 and JL-1152 have undergone recombination, while no recombination events were detected in the genome of HeB-05. Artificial infection tests revealed that SD-02 and JL-1152 exhibited relatively high virulence to piglets, causing significant fever and mortality, whereas HeB-05 did not cause death in piglets. Following assessments of the immunogenic efficacy of an inactivated vaccine developed using HeB-05 in pig models showed the vaccine provided partial protection against challenge with the parental strain. This study introduces a novel candidate vaccine strain for NADC34-like PRRSV, which holds significant implications for the prevention and control of PRRS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A targeted genetic screen identifies Caenorhabditis elegans genes involved in RNAi-independent antiviral defense","authors":"Mingli Xia,&nbsp;Teng Yan ,&nbsp;Rui Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellular organisms are constantly challenged by potentially lethal viral infections and rely on diverse antiviral mechanisms for survival. In several systems, including plants and insects, parallel antiviral pathways provide redundancy, ensuring host protection even if one pathway is compromised by a virus. However, whether such alternative antiviral mechanisms exist in nematodes beyond RNA interference (RNAi) remains largely unexplored. To address this question and as proof of principle, we conducted a small-scale genetic screen to identify <em>C. elegans</em> genes involved in RNAi-independent antiviral defense (RiAD). The reporter system for this screen was a combination of a GFP-tagged flock house virus replicon, as the readout of efficient viral replication, and an RNAi-deficient triple mutant. The reporter <em>C. elegans</em> strain also carried a recessive <em>E3</em> allele, which suppresses the replication of both flock house virus and Orsay virus. Because this reporter strain lacks a functional RNAi response, any restoration of viral replication in the screen is unlikely due to RNAi disruption, thereby enriching for mutants with defects in RiAD. Upon completing this biased genetic screen we identified ten recessive alleles which were assigned to eight candidate genes. Notably, five of these genes also contributed to RiAD against Orsay virus, indicating a role in broad-spectrum natural antiviral defense. Strikingly, removal of the <em>E3</em> allele in one of the mutant backgrounds resulted in lethal Orsay virus infection, suggesting that RiAD plays a critical role in protecting <em>C. elegans</em> from fatal viral infection in the absence of RNAi under natural conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110597"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus outbreaks in South America in 2022–2024: a comprehensive review of an ongoing panzootic","authors":"Alfredo Bruno ,&nbsp;Doménica de Mora ,&nbsp;Maritza Olmedo ,&nbsp;Jimmy Garcés ,&nbsp;Alfonso Marzal ,&nbsp;Miguel Angel Garcia-Bereguiain","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b in South America, which began in 2022, have had significant repercussions across the continent and have led to significant challenges in animal and public health. This review explores the virus's transmission across South America, highlighting the spread of this panzootic through migratory birds and its severe impact on the poultry industry and various wild species, including mammals. The underreporting of influenza cases in poultry underscores the need for enhanced national regulations and strategies to promote reporting within the productive sector. Additionally, the review emphasizes the necessity for active case finding and genomic surveillance in the animal sector to manage better and control the virus. The economic and public health impacts of a potential future pandemic are also considered, emphasizing the need for strengthened surveillance strategies with the One Health approach to mitigate these risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of peptide mimics against enveloped viruses","authors":"Umme Laila Urmi ,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar Vijay ,&nbsp;Rajesh Kuppusamy ,&nbsp;Samuel Attard ,&nbsp;Lissy M. Hartmann ,&nbsp;Samara Bridge ,&nbsp;Suganeya Soundararajan ,&nbsp;Stephen A. Holt ,&nbsp;Sidra Sarwat ,&nbsp;Salequl Islam ,&nbsp;Charles G. Cranfield ,&nbsp;Naresh Kumar ,&nbsp;Mark D.P. Willcox","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global health impact of viruses highlights the urgent need for innovative antiviral strategies. This study investigated the synergistic potential of two anthranilamide-based peptide mimics (RK610 and RK758) in combination, and one peptide mimic (RK610) in combination with the cationic peptides Mel4 and melimine, against murine hepatitis virus (a coronavirus; MHV-1), influenza virus (H1N1), and Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). Checkerboard assays demonstrated RK610+RK758 had synergy against MHV-1 and H1N1 (∑FICI values of 0.14 and 0.5, respectively), while RK610+Mel4 showed potent synergy against HSV-1 (∑FICI = 0.18). Co-treatment outperformed sequential application. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed structural damage to virions, while cytotoxicity assays indicated that all tested combinations were non-toxic in MDCK, A9, and Vero cells, except for melimine and RK610+melimine with A9 cells. Biophysical analyses using DOPC (100 %) and DOPC: POPS (70:30) lipids provided mechanistic ideas into peptide-mimic interactions with lipid envelopes. Tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) in conjunction with electrical impedance spectroscopy revealed that both peptide mimics and their combinations reduced membrane conductance, regardless of lipid composition. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) revealed that RK610 and RK758 induced mass addition at the outer layer, significantly increasing with POPS. In DOPC, RK610 increased the surface pressure in a Langmuir-Blodgett trough while RK758 reduced it. The 610 + 758 and 610+Mel4 combinations raised maximum pressures. In DOPC + POPS, RK758 destabilized the monolayer (35 mN/m, no plateau), whereas combinations restored stability. These findings highlight peptide mimics as broad-spectrum antiviral agents that show synergy to target viral envelopes, paving the way for safer and low-resistance therapeutics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144240504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel endogenous retrovirus in slow lorises (Nycticebus) and its role in species identification","authors":"Charles Alen Gordon Michie ,&nbsp;Hayley Beth Free ,&nbsp;Vincent Nijman ,&nbsp;Ravinder K. Kanda","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are the result of an exogenous infectious retrovirus becoming integrated within the host genome through infection of germline cells. The majority of ERV research has been conducted on humans and other great apes, and research of them within other primates can provide unique insights. Screening the reference genomes of two endangered slow lorises, <em>Nycticebus bengalensis</em> and <em>N. coucang</em>, a novel ERV family (LERV1) was identified within their genomes with multiple loci represented by full length proviruses with varying levels of completeness and numerous solo LTRs (long-terminal repeats). Phylogenetic analysis of the genes of LERV1 indicates that it is a betaretrovirus most closely related to HERV-K, the most recently active retroviral family in the human genome. LERV1 is only found in Asian lorises and absent in all other primates. The remarkable similarity of the LERV1 loci between the two species of slow loris indicate that the current <em>N. coucang</em> reference genome may actually be a hybrid of the two species, or a <em>N. bengalensis</em> from a different population as the <em>N. bengalensis</em> reference genome. The similarity of LERV1 loci between the two reference genomes indicate that the two genomes belong to the same species rather than two distinct species, as currently labelled (further supported by mtDNA phylogenetic analysis). This study highlights that studying ERVs in cryptic species can be informative in species identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiviral effects of flavonoids on animal viruses","authors":"Renata Nobre da Fonseca ,&nbsp;Mayara Fernanda Maggioli ,&nbsp;Silvia de Oliveira Hübner ,&nbsp;Fernando Vicosa Bauermann","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flavonoids, plant-derived compounds widely recognized for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, also exhibit significant antiviral effects against various animal viruses. This review highlights the promising antiviral mechanisms of flavonoids, which include disrupting viral replication, blocking cell entry, and modulating immune responses. Notably, flavonoids like quercetin, kaempferol, and genistein have been shown to effectively inhibit viruses of veterinary importance, such as African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV), among others. Although most studies demonstrate efficacy <em>in vitro</em>, the limited <em>in vivo</em> research underscores the need to further explore flavonoids’ antiviral potential in real-world applications. The immunomodulatory effects observed in some cases, where flavonoids regulate cytokine expression and reduce inflammation, suggest a dual action that could benefit both antiviral and anti-inflammatory responses. This body of research suggests that flavonoids could provide an option for managing animal viral infections. Yet, standardized methodologies and more <em>in vivo</em> studies are needed to validate these findings for veterinary use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of commercial vaccines for efficacy and transmission control against the emergent H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4b) avian influenza virus in Kazakhstan","authors":"Kairat Tabynov ,&nbsp;Aidana Kuanyshbek ,&nbsp;Kuantay Zharmambet ,&nbsp;Leila Yelchibayeva ,&nbsp;Talgat Karibayev ,&nbsp;Maxat Berdikulov ,&nbsp;Zauresh Zhumadilova ,&nbsp;Kaissar Tabynov","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4b) has caused devastating poultry outbreaks globally, including in Kazakhstan, underscoring the need for vaccines that protect birds and curb virus transmission. We evaluated the efficacy of three commercial H5 vaccines and an experimental homologous H5N8 vaccine in chickens.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Chickens received a single dose of each of the four vaccines (three commercial and one experimental), and antibody titers were measured over 4 weeks. At 30 days post-vaccination, birds were challenged intranasally with a virulent H5N8 strain and monitored for 10 days for survival and clinical signs. Virus titers in tracheal and cloacal swabs (days 1, 3, 5 post-challenge) measured shedding, and unvaccinated sentinel chickens were co-housed to assess transmission.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The homologous H5N8 vaccine and a closely related commercial vaccine elicited rapid, high antibody responses and conferred 100 % survival. In contrast, two vaccines with lower antigenic similarity to the challenge strain induced slower, lower immunity, resulting in 40–60 % mortality and higher virus shedding. Only the homologous vaccine markedly reduced viral shedding and limited transmission to contact birds (protecting 2 of 3 sentinel birds), whereas the other vaccines failed to prevent transmission.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>An antigenically matched H5N8 vaccine with a potent adjuvant provided near-sterilizing immunity, preventing disease and significantly limiting viral shedding and transmission. These findings highlight the importance of using strain-matched vaccines in HPAI control strategies to avoid silent viral spread in vaccinated flocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-acquisition of two sugar beet poleroviruses by M. persicae increased the transmission efficiency of both viruses","authors":"Hélène Schlaefli,&nbsp;Aurélie Marmonier,&nbsp;Souheyla Khechmar,&nbsp;Catherine Reinbold,&nbsp;Claire Villeroy,&nbsp;Quentin Chesnais,&nbsp;Martin Drucker,&nbsp;Véronique Brault","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virol.2025.110594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and beet chlorosis virus (BChV) are two closely related poleroviruses infecting sugar beet plants, which induce leaf yellowing and cause high yield losses. Poleroviruses are phloem-limited and strictly transmitted by aphids in a circulative and persistent manner. In nature, sugar beet plants can be coinfected by these two viruses, but the outcome of BMYV and BChV coexistence in a plant on virus accumulation and aphid transmission has never been addressed before. In this study, we showed that the accumulation of each virus was not affected by the presence of the other, despite coinfecting about 40 % of infected phloem cells. Both viruses crossed the gut epithelium at the same site in <em>Myzus persicae</em> without any evidence of competition for receptor binding. On the contrary, when aphids simultaneously acquired both viruses from an artificial medium containing equal amounts of each virus, the transmission efficiency increased for both viruses. In contrast, only BMYV exhibited enhanced transmission when acquired from a coinfected plant. This suggests a cooperative effect at the inoculation step facilitating virus delivery in sugar beet cells by aphids. Our results shed light on fine-tuned virus-virus and virus-vector interactions, with potential implications for epidemiology and disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23666,"journal":{"name":"Virology","volume":"610 ","pages":"Article 110594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}