Veterinary Research最新文献

{"title":"Insights from the 2023 International Veterinary Immunology Symposium: global perspectives at Kruger National Park.","authors":"Alejandra V Capozzo, Yolanda Corripio-Miyar, Yolandy Lemmer","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01409-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01409-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 13th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) was initially due to take place in August 2022, but as many things in our lives, the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world two years prior, forced the organising committee to postpone the meeting until November 2023. As it is tradition, the veterinary immunology symposium was organised as a satellite meeting of the IUIS International Congress of Immunology, which in 2023 took place in Cape Town, and it is where veterinary immunologists from all over the world get together to discuss advances and challenges in the field of animal health. The 2023 International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) was held from November 17th to 21st at Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa. This was the first time the symposium was hosted on the African continent. This event gathered 210 veterinary professionals and scientists from 38 countries to discuss the latest advancements and challenges in veterinary immunology. A highlight of the event was that over 70% of the delegates were first-time attendees, contributing to the symposium's global reach. The symposium featured a series of 83 oral presentations and 104 poster presentations, including topics relating to protective immunity, vaccine strategies, important disease targets, and methodological advancements in veterinary immunology. Workshops provided hands-on experiences and discussions on new technologies such as next-generation sequencing and vaccine development strategies against bacterial infections. The symposium also provided opportunities for networking and engagements with leaders in the field, set against the backdrop of one of Africa's most iconic game reserves, enhancing the experience with a unique blend of professional exchange and natural beauty.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"155"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11590537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian influenza virus circulation and immunity in a wild urban duck population prior to and during a highly pathogenic H5N1 outbreak.","authors":"Jordan Wight, Ishraq Rahman, Hannah L Wallace, Joshua T Cunningham, Sheena Roul, Gregory J Robertson, Rodney S Russell, Wanhong Xu, Dmytro Zhmendak, Tamiru N Alkie, Yohannes Berhane, Kathryn E Hargan, Andrew S Lang","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01397-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01397-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were first detected in St. John's, Canada in late 2021. To investigate the patterns of avian influenza virus (AIV) infection and immune responses subsequent to the arrival of H5N1, we sampled the wild urban duck population in this area for a period of 16 months after the start of the outbreak and compared these findings to those from archived samples. Antibody seroprevalence was relatively stable before the outbreak (2011-2014) at 27.6% and 3.9% for anti-AIV (i.e., NP) and H5-specific antibodies, respectively. During the winter of 2022, AIV-NP and H5-specific antibody seroprevalence both reached 100%, signifying a population-wide infection event, which was observed again in late February 2023 following a second H5N1 incursion from Eurasia. As expected, population-level immunity waned over time, with ducks seropositive for anti-AIV-NP antibodies for approximately twice as long as for H5-specific antibodies, with the population seronegative to the latter after approximately six months. We observed a clear relationship of increasing antibody levels with decreasing viral RNA loads that allowed for interpretation of the course of infection and immune response in infected individuals and applied these findings to two cases of resampled ducks to infer infection history. Our study highlights the value of applying both AIV surveillance and seroprevalence monitoring to provide a better understanding of AIV dynamics in wild populations, which may be crucial following the global dissemination of clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx subtypes to assess the threats they pose to both wild and domestic animals, and to humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"154"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11585116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142692938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pH-triggered self-releasing humic acid hydrogel loaded with porcine interferon α/γ achieves anti-pseudorabies virus effects by oral administration.","authors":"Maoyuan Sun, Yongli Shi, Baishi Lei, Wuchao Zhang, Jingjing Feng, Shenghu Ge, Wanzhe Yuan, Kuan Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01411-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01411-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interferon α (IFNα) and interferon γ (IFNγ) play pivotal roles in mediating crucial biological functions, including antiviral activity and immune regulation. However, the efficacy of monomeric IFN is limited, and its administration relies solely on injection. To address this issue, we successfully expressed and purified a recombinant porcine IFNα and IFNγ fusion protein (rPoIFNα/γ). Furthermore, we developed a pH-triggered humic acid hydrogel delivery system that effectively protects rPoIFNα/γ from gastric acid degradation, enhancing its oral bioavailability. Neither the humic acid hydrogel nor rPoIFNα/γ exhibited cytotoxic effects on porcine kidney-15 (PK-15) cells in vitro. The replication of vesicular stomatitis virus and pseudorabies virus (PRV) was effectively inhibited by rPoIFNα/γ, resulting in an antiviral activity of approximately 10⁴ U/mL. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the humic acid hydrogel had a loose and porous honeycomb structure. The IFNα/γ@PAM^gel hydrogel effectively adsorbed rPoIFNα/γ, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, demonstrating a favourable IFN-loading capacity. In vitro experiments revealed that IFNα/γ@PAM^gel swelled and released IFNα/γ rapidly at pH 7.4 but not at pH 1.2. The oral administration of IFNα/γ@PAM^gel in mice enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells. Additionally, mice infected with PRV and treated with IFNα/γ@PAM^gel presented increased transcription levels of interferon-stimulated genes in the serum, reduced mortality rates, lower viral loads in various tissues, and decreased levels of organ damage. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that orally administered IFNα/γ@PAM^gel has antiviral and immunomodulatory effects, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent against PRV infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"153"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11580204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Blastocystis occurrence and subtype diversity in European wild boar (Sus scrofa) from the Iberian Peninsula.","authors":"Pamela C Köster, Ana M Figueiredo, Jenny G Maloney, Alejandro Dashti, Begoña Bailo, Rita T Torres, Carlos Fonseca, Atle Mysterud, Miguel Á Habela, Antonio Rivero-Juarez, Joaquín Vicente, Emmanuel Serrano, Maria C Arnal, Daniel Fernández de Luco, José A Armenteros, Ana Balseiro, Guillermo A Cardona, João Carvalho, Dário Hipólito, Joana Fernandes, Josman D Palmeira, Rafael Calero-Bernal, David González-Barrio, Monica Santin, David Carmena","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01408-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01408-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"152"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11566639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus degrades TANK-binding kinase 1 via chaperon-mediated autophagy to suppress type I interferon production and facilitate viral proliferation.","authors":"Shuang-Shuang Zhao, Qisheng Qian, Yao Wang, Songlin Qiao, Rui Li","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01392-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01392-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has led to significant economic losses in the global swine industry. Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays a crucial role in the host's resistance to PRRSV infection. Despite extensive research showing that PRRSV employs multiple strategies to antagonise IFN-I induction, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we have discovered that PRRSV inhibits the production of IFN-I by degrading TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) through chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA). From a mechanistic standpoint, PRRSV nonstructural protein 2 (Nsp2) increases the interaction between the heat shock protein member 8 (HSPA8) and TBK1. This interaction leads to the translocation of TBK1 into lysosomes for degradation, mediated by lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP2A). As a result, the downstream activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and the production of IFN-I are hindered. Together, these results reveal a new mechanism by which PRRSV suppresses host innate immunity and contribute to the development of new antiviral strategies against the virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"151"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11566183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bactericidal activities and biochemical features of 16 antimicrobial peptides against bovine-mastitis causative pathogens.","authors":"Hye-Sun Cho, Dohun Kim, Hyoim Jeon, Prathap Somasundaram, Nagasundarapandian Soundrarajan, Chankyu Park","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01402-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01402-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mastitis, often caused by bacterial infection, is an inflammatory condition affecting the mammary glands. The condition is particularly prevalent in dairy cattle. Current treatment of bovine mastitis heavily relies on the use of antibiotics. To identify alternative solutions to antibiotic use, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 14 cathelicidins reported from 10 animal species. In conjunction, we assessed two bacteriocins against the bovine-mastitis causative bacterial panel, consisting of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus equi. Among the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), cc-CATH3, ML-CATH, and PD-CATH proved to be highly active (minimum inhibitory concentration of 2-41 μg/mL, 0.2-10.3 μM) against all bacterial strains in the panel and field isolates from milk, with elevated somatic cell counts (≥ 500,000 cells/mL). Of the AMPs tested in this study, ML-CATH presented the highest level of effectiveness in controlling mastitis-associated bacterial strains while also possessing minimal cytotoxicity and functional stability against pH change and a high salt condition. The results of in silico analyses on the biochemical features of 12 helical cathelicidins revealed that the charge of AMPs appears to be a major determinant in killing Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, we observed a unique motif, \"N_(n≥3)-P_(n≥1)-N_(n≥3)\", from the sequences of PMAP-36, cc-CATH3, ML-CATH, and PD-CATH that exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria compared to others. Our findings support the proposition that AMPs could serve as effective antimicrobial alternatives to conventional antibiotics in treating complex animal diseases caused by microbial infection, such as bovine mastitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"150"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11566078/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRIM28 regulates the coagulation cascade inhibited by p72 of African swine fever virus.","authors":"Xuejiao Zhu, Fang Li, Baochao Fan, Yongxiang Zhao, Junming Zhou, Dandan Wang, Renqiang Liu, Dongming Zhao, Huiying Fan, Bin Li","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01407-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01407-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2018, African swine fever virus (ASFV) emerged in China, causing extremely serious economic losses to the domestic pig industry. Infection with ASFV can cause disseminated coagulation, leading to the consumption of platelets and coagulation factors and severe bleeding. However, the mechanism of virus-induced coagulation has yet to be established. In our study, ASFV downregulated the coagulation process, as detected by D-dimer (D2D) and Factor X (F10) expression in pigs challenged with ASFV HLJ/18. In vitro, ASFV infection increased Factor IX (F9) and Factor XII (F12) expression while downregulating F10 expression in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). African swine fever virus induced both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades. In addition, several encoded proteins affect the expression of the crucial coagulation protein F10, and among the encoded proteins, p72 inhibits the activity and expression of F10. Proteomic analysis also revealed that p72 is involved in the coagulation cascade. p72 can interact with F10, and its inhibitory functional domains include amino acids 423-432 and amino acids 443-452. Finally, we found that F10 and p72 interact with tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28). TRIM28 knockdown resulted in a decrease in F10 expression. Importantly, TRIM28 contributes to the reduction in F10 protein expression regulated by p72. Our findings revealed an inhibitory effect of the viral protein p72 on the ASFV infection-induced coagulation cascade and revealed a role of TRIM28 in reducing F10 expression, revealing a molecular mechanism of ASFV-associated coagulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"149"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"capD deletion in the Elizabethkingia miricola capsular locus leads to capsule production deficiency and reduced virulence.","authors":"Ruixue Hu, Fangyuan Liu, Fang Yu, Jiahao Hou, Dan Chen, Zemao Gu","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01394-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01394-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elizabethkingia miricola is a multidrug-resistant pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised humans and outbreaks in amphibians. However, the specific virulence factors of this microorganism have not been described. In this study, we identified the polysaccharide biosynthesis protein-encoding gene capD, which is located in the conserved region of the Wzy-dependent capsule synthesis gene cluster in the E. miricola strain FL160902, and investigated its role in the pathogenesis of E. miricola. Our results revealed that the capD deletion strain (ΔcapD) lost its typical encapsulated structure, with a 45% reduction in cell wall thickness. CapD affects wza expression in the capsule polysaccharide synthesis pathway. Furthermore, the survival rates were significantly reduced in ΔcapD in response to complement-mediated killing, desiccation stress, and macrophage phagocytosis, whereas biofilm formation, surface hydrophobicity, and adherence to both endothelial and epithelial cells were increased. Additionally, the deletion of capD sharply attenuated the virulence of E. miricola in a frog infection model. Complementation of the capD gene restored the biological properties and virulence to wild-type levels. Overall, these findings suggest that CapD contributes to polysaccharide synthesis and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of E. miricola.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11552330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The introduction of a highly virulent PRRSV strain in pig farms is associated with a change in the pattern of influenza A virus infection in nurseries.","authors":"Ivan Domingo-Carreño, Maria Soledad Serena, Gerard Eduard Martín-Valls, Hepzibar Clilverd, Laia Aguirre, Martí Cortey, Enric Mateu","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01406-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01406-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study aimed to determine the dynamics of influenza A virus (IAV) infection in two endemically infected farms (F1 and F2), where a longitudinal follow-up of piglets was performed from birth to 8-12 weeks of age. During the study, a highly virulent isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was introduced on both farms. This allowed us to examine the impact of such introduction on the patterns of infection, disease, and the antibody response of pigs to IAV infection. The introduction of the new PRRSV strain coincided with a change in the dynamics of IAV infection on both farms. In F1, the cumulative incidence of IAV increased from 20% before the outbreak to 67.5%, together with the existence of animals that tested positive for IAV (RT‒qPCR) in nasal swabs for two or more consecutive samples. In F2, the cumulative incidence of IAV increased from 50% before the PRRSV outbreak to 70%, and the proportion of prolonged IAV shedders increased sharply. Additionally, some animals were infected with the same IAV twice during the observation period. In contrast to previous reports, our study revealed that prolonged shedding was not related to the titres of maternally derived antibodies at the time of infection but was significantly (p < 0.05) related to PRRSV infection status. Notably, both before and after the PRRSV outbreak, a high proportion of IAV-infected piglets did not seroconvert, which was significantly (p < 0.05) related to the hemagglutination inhibition titres against IAV when infected.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11549838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective investigation of porcine circoviruses in cases of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome.","authors":"Àlex Cobos, Mariano Domingo, Mónica Pérez, Eva Huerta, Anna Llorens, Joaquim Segalés, Marina Sibila","doi":"10.1186/s13567-024-01405-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13567-024-01405-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) is a severe condition that affects mainly growing pigs and is considered to be caused by a type III hypersensitivity reaction. Although porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is the antigen linked to this condition, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has also been proposed to be causally associated with PDNS. Moreover, the initial description of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV-4) also related this novel agent to this clinicopathological entity. Therefore, this retrospective study included a large number of PDNS cases (n = 102) fulfilling specific histologic criteria in search of known porcine circoviruses (PCV-1 to PCV-4) by conventional and/or quantitative PCR (qPCR). All the samples were subjected to PCV-2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) or conventional in situ hybridization (C-ISH), and RNAscope^® (R-ISH) was used to study PCV-2 and PCV-3 localization in a subset of the samples. All PDNS cases were PCV-2 positive by qPCR, while 30 of them (29.4%) yielded PCV-3 qPCR positivity; PCV-2 viral loads were significantly greater than PCV-3 viral loads. All animals were negative for PCV-1 and PCV-4. By C-ISH/IHC, 63 cases (61.8%) were positive for PCV-2, with low to moderate amounts of antigen. R-ISH demonstrated higher sensitivity, as all studied cases were positive; however, neither PCV-2 nor PCV-3 were consistently found within characteristic PDNS lesions. These results indicate that all PDNS-affected pigs were infected with PCV-2, emphasizing the likelihood that this viral antigen is causally linked to this condition. In contrast, no evidence of the association of PCV-1, PCV-3 or PCV-4 with PDNS was found.</p>","PeriodicalId":23658,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"146"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11549871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}