{"title":"From Optical Fiber Communications to Bioimaging: Wavelength Division Multiplexing Technology for Simplified in vivo Large-depth NIR-IIb Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy.","authors":"Xuanjie Mou, Tianxiang Wu, Yunlong Zhao, Mubin He, Yalun Wang, Mingxi Zhang, Jun Qian","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202401426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Near-infrared II (NIR-II, 900-1880 nm) fluorescence confocal microscopy offers high spatial resolution and extensive in vivo imaging capabilities. However, conventional confocal microscopy requires precise pinhole positioning, posing challenges due to the small size of the pinhole and invisible NIR-II fluorescence. To simplify this, a fiber optical wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) replaces dichroic mirrors and traditional pinholes for excitation and fluorescence beams, allowing NIR-IIb (1500-1700 nm) fluorescence and excitation light to be coupled into the same optical fiber. This streamlined system seamlessly integrates key components-excitation light, detector, and scanning microscopy-via optical fibers. Compared to traditional NIR-II confocal systems, the fiber optical WDM configuration offers simplicity and ease of adjustment. Notably, this simplified system successfully achieves optical sectioning imaging of mouse cerebral blood vessels up to 1000 µm in depth. It can discern tiny blood vessels (diameter: 4.57 µm) at 800 µm depth with a signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of 5.34. Additionally, it clearly visualizes liver vessels, which are typically challenging to image, down to a depth of 300 µm.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2401426"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sn Penetrated Zincophilic Interface Design in Porous Zn Substrate for High Performance Zn-Ion Battery.","authors":"Wangyang Han, Yihong Tan, Liping Ni, Ximei Sun, Kunzhen Li, Leilei Lu, Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202401499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries are considered an ideal energy storage system due to their low cost and nonflammable aqueous electrolyte. However, dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution reaction, and self-corrosion of zinc anode brought about serious safety risks including short circuits and electrode expansion. Therefore, a modified host-design strategy with a 3D porous structure and bulk-phase penetrated zincophilic interface is proposed to boost the stability and lifetime of the Zn anode. The porous Zn substrate is constructed by universal HCl etching and the uniform and tight Sn-penetrated zincophilic interface is formed by effective electron beam evaporation (EBE). The porous substrate can uniform zinc ion flux and the Sn coating could effectively improve zinc ion deposition behavior, thus inhibiting the risk of dendrites growth and side reaction. As a result, the 3D Zn substrate with Sn interface (3D Zn@Sn) exhibits prolonged galvanostatic cycling performance up to 4500 h with a low polarization of ≈25 mV (1 mA cm<sup>-2</sup>, 1 mAh cm<sup>-2</sup>) in the symmetric cell. The full cell assembled with KVOH@Ti could maintain a high specific capacity of 148.6 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> after 500 galvanostatic cycles (10 A g<sup>-1</sup>). This work proposed an improved electrode design to realize the high performance of zinc ion batteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2401499"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Caesium-Iodide-Assisted Synthesis of High-Quality, Stable, and Robust Lead-Free Perovskite Quantum Dots.","authors":"Shiang Li, Yuhao Li, Minchao Qin, Luhang Xu, Yuang Fu, Pok Fung Chan, Xinhui Lu","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202400996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202400996","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The poor morphology, and susceptibility to oxidation of tin-based perovskite quantum dots (TQDs) have posed significant challenges, limiting their application potential. This study presents a straightforward method for synthesizing high-quality CsSnI<sub>3</sub>-based perovskite quantum dots (TQDs) by incorporating a mixed Cs source of Cs<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and CsI. The addition of CsI increased the I:Sn ratio while maintaining Sn:Cs, resulting in TQDs with smaller size and improved uniformity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses confirmed enhanced crystallinity, photoluminescence intensity, and antioxidation ability of CsI-TQDs. Remarkably, these TQDs exhibit exceptional stability, enduring over 1 h in air and more than 24 h before complete oxidation, surpassing the previously reported longest lifetime in air for TQDs with conventional oleic acid (OA) and oleylamine (OAm) ligands. Furthermore, these TQD films retain robustness after ligand exchange with methyl acetate (MeOAc) and formamidinium iodide (FAI), representing the first successful short-ligand exchange of TQDs and enabling further electronic device applications. These findings suggest that CsI in the Cs source plays a crucial role in facilitating the formation of surface complexes, regulating TQD growth and suppressing iodine vacancies.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2400996"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401572
Stefen Stangherlin, Yuzhe Ding, Juewen Liu
{"title":"Dissociation Constant (K<sub>d</sub>) Measurement for Small-Molecule Binding Aptamers: Homogeneous Assay Methods and Critical Evaluations.","authors":"Stefen Stangherlin, Yuzhe Ding, Juewen Liu","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202401572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 1990, numerous aptamers have been isolated and discovered for use in various analytical, biomedical, and environmental applications. This trend continues to date. A critical step in the characterization of aptamer binding is to measure its binding affinity toward both target and non-target molecules. Dissociation constant (K<sub>d</sub>) is the most commonly used value in characterizing aptamer binding. In this article, homogenous assays are reviewed for aptamers that can bind small-molecule targets. The reviewed methods include label-free methods, such as isothermal titration calorimetry, intrinsic fluorescence of target molecules, DNA staining dyes, and nuclease digestion assays, and labeled methods, such as the strand displacement reaction. Some methods are not recommended, such as those based on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles and the desorption of fluorophore-labeled DNA from nanomaterials. The difference between the measured apparent K<sub>d</sub> and the true K<sub>d</sub> of aptamer binding is stressed. In addition, avoiding the titration regime and paying attention to the time required to reach equilibrium are discussed. Finally, it is important to include mutated non-binding sequences as controls.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2401572"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microfluidic Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Yunru Yu, Changqing Zhang, Xin Yang, Lingyu Sun, Feika Bian","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202401220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic nanoparticles have attracted great attention and become promising candidates in the biomedicine field due to their special physicochemical properties. They are generally divided into metallic and non-metallic magnetic nanoparticles, according to their compositions. Both of the two types have shown practical values in biomedicine applications, such as drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and so on. Research efforts are devoted to the improvement of synthesis strategies to achieve magnetic nanoparticles with controllable morphology, diverse composition, active surface, or multiple functions. Taking high repeatability, programmable operation, precise fluid control, and simple device into account, the microfluidics system can expand the production scale and develop magnetic nanoparticles with desired features. This review will first describe different classifications of promising magnetic nanoparticles, followed by the advancements in microfluidic synthesis and the latest biomedical applications of these magnetic nanoparticles. In addition, the challenges and prospects of magnetic nanoparticles in the biomedical field are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2401220"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142581714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401381
Namwook Hur, Yechan Kim, Beomsung Park, Sohui Yoon, Seunghwan Kim, Dong-Hyeok Lim, Hongsik Jeong, Yoongwoo Kwon, Joonki Suh
{"title":"Ultralow-Power Programmable 3D Vertical Phase-Change Memory with Heater-All-Around Configuration.","authors":"Namwook Hur, Yechan Kim, Beomsung Park, Sohui Yoon, Seunghwan Kim, Dong-Hyeok Lim, Hongsik Jeong, Yoongwoo Kwon, Joonki Suh","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202401381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advancements in phase-change memory (PCM) technology have predominantly stemmed from material-level designs, which have led to fast and durable device performances. However, there remains a pressing need to address the enormous energy consumption through device-level electrothermal solutions. Thus, the concept of a 3D heater-all-around (HAA) PCM fabricated along the vertical nanoscale hole of dielectric/metal/dielectric stacks is proposed. The embedded thin metallic heater completely encircles the phase-change material, so it promotes highly localized Joule heating with minimal loss. Hence, a low RESET current density of 6-8 MA cm<sup>-2</sup> and operation energy of 150-200 pJ are achieved even for a sizable hole diameter of 300 nm. Beyond the conventional 2D scaling of the bottom electrode contact, it accordingly enhances ≈80% of operational energy efficiency compared to planar PCM with an identical contact area. In addition, reliable memory operations of ≈10<sup>5</sup> cycles and the 3-bits-per-cell multilevel storage despite ultrathin (<10 nm) sidewall deposition of Ge<sub>2</sub>Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>5</sub> are optimized. The proposed 3D-scaled HAA-PCM architecture holds promise as a universally applicable backbone for emerging phase-change chalcogenides toward high-density, ultralow-power computing units.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2401381"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142581715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400718
Elisa Ortiz-Rivero, Katarzyna Prorok, Riccardo Marin, Artur Bednarkiewicz, Daniel Jaque, Patricia Haro-González
{"title":"Unlocking Single-Particle Multiparametric Sensing: Decoupling Temperature and Viscosity Readouts through Upconverting Polarized Spectroscopy.","authors":"Elisa Ortiz-Rivero, Katarzyna Prorok, Riccardo Marin, Artur Bednarkiewicz, Daniel Jaque, Patricia Haro-González","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202400718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202400718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Upconverting particles (UCPs), renowned for their capability to convert infrared to visible light, serve as invaluable imaging probes. Furthermore, their responsiveness to diverse external stimuli holds promise for leveraging UCPs as remote multiparametric sensors, capable of characterizing medium properties in a single assessment. However, the utility of UCPs in multiparametric sensing is impeded by crosstalk, wherein distinct external stimuli induce identical alterations in UCP luminescence, hindering accurate interpretation, and yielding erroneous outputs. Overcoming crosstalk requires alternative strategies in upconverting luminescence analysis. In this study, it is shown how a single spinning NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Er<sup>3+</sup>, Yb<sup>3+</sup> upconverting particle enables simultaneous and independent readings of temperature and viscosity. This is achieved by decoupling thermal and rehological measurements-employing the luminescence of thermally-coupled energy levels of Er<sup>3+</sup> ions for thermal sensing, while leveraging the polarization of luminescence from non-thermally coupled levels of Er<sup>3+</sup> ions to determine viscosity. Through simple proof-of-concept experiments, the study validates the capability of a single spinning UCP to perform unbiased, simultaneous temperature, and viscosity sensing, thereby opening new avenues for advanced sensing in microenvironments.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2400718"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142566286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401233
Jie Liu, Ziyu Song, Fengjiao Yu, Michel Armand, Zhibin Zhou, Heng Zhang, Yuhui Chen
{"title":"In Situ Optical Observation of Lithium Dendrite Pattern in Solid Polymer Electrolytes.","authors":"Jie Liu, Ziyu Song, Fengjiao Yu, Michel Armand, Zhibin Zhou, Heng Zhang, Yuhui Chen","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202401233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been treated as a viable solution to build high-performance solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) at the industrial level, bypassing the safety and energy density dilemmas experienced by today's lithium-ion battery technology. To promote a wider application of SPEs-based SSLMBs, the chemical and electrochemical characteristics of lithium metal (Li°) electrode in SPEs have to be clearly elucidated. In this work, the morphological evolution of Li° electrode in the SPEs-based SSLMBs is comprehensively investigated, via a customized electrochemical cell allowing optical microscopic analyses. The results demonstrate that differing from inorganic solid electrolytes, the elastic feature of SPEs eliminates the \"memory effect\" of the dendrite formation, in which the previously formed dendrites can be dissolved and the resulting space can be simultaneously occupied by electrolyte components, instead of leaving for a second-round growth of Li° dendrites. Furthermore, the largely increased electronic conductivities of the as-formed interphases between Li° electrode and SPEs are found to be responsible for the notoriously soft short-circuit behavior observed during cycling. These findings bring a fresh understanding of the formation and evolution of lithium dendrites in SPE-based cells, which are vital for improving the long-term stability of SSLMBs and other related high-energy battery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2401233"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142566268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400824
Lukang Ji, Jinqi Li, Tianzi Meng, Zujian Li, Huajie Zhu, Guanghui Ouyang, Minghua Liu
{"title":"Photo-Induced Radical Generation of Supramolecular Gel with Sign-Inverted and White-Light Circularly Polarized Luminescence.","authors":"Lukang Ji, Jinqi Li, Tianzi Meng, Zujian Li, Huajie Zhu, Guanghui Ouyang, Minghua Liu","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202400824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202400824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The realization of persistent luminescence and in particular circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) of organic radicals remains a challenge due to their sensitivity to oxygen at ambient conditions and elusive excited state chirality control. Here, it is reported that UV-irradiation on a supramolecular gel from a chiral triarylamine derivative, TPA-Ala, led to the formation of luminescent radicals with bright CPL. TPA-Ala can form an organogel in chloroform with blue emission and supramolecular chirality as demonstrated by both CD and CPL signals. Upon UV 365 nm irradiation, an emission color change from blue to cyan is observed due to the formation of photo-induced radicals. Interestingly, it is found that the supramolecular gel radicals showed stable luminescence with a lifetime ≈ 10 days in dark environments and inverted CPL, which represents a scarce example with persistent CPL from doublet-state due to oxygen isolation ability of the gel network. Furthermore, doping a guest dye, Rhodamine B (RhB), into the supramolecular gel (RhB/TPA-Ala = 30% in molar ratio) successfully obtained a transient white-light CPL through the superposition of photo-induced radical and guest dye emissions. This work provides a useful methodology for the fabrication of radical-based CPL materials via a supramolecular assembly approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2400824"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142566271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2024-11-02DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401254
Qing Xiong, Chuanyin Xiong, Qiusheng Zhou, Mengxia Shen, Jiangnan Song, Mengjie Zhao, Yongkang Zhang, Meng An, Yonghao Ni
{"title":"A Dual Effect Additive Modified Electrolyte Strategy to Improve the Electrochemical Performance of Zinc-Based Prussian Blue Analogs Energy Storage Device.","authors":"Qing Xiong, Chuanyin Xiong, Qiusheng Zhou, Mengxia Shen, Jiangnan Song, Mengjie Zhao, Yongkang Zhang, Meng An, Yonghao Ni","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202401254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prussian blue analogs (PBA) exhibit excellent potential for energy storage due to their unique three-dimensional open framework and abundant redox active sites. However, the dissolution of transition metal ions in water can compromise the structural integrity of PBAs, leading to significant issues such as low cycle life and capacity decay. To address these challenges, we proposed a dual-effect additive-modified electrolyte method to alleviate such issues, introducing sodium ferrocyanide (Na<sub>4</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>) into aqueous alkaline electrolytes. It could not only capture Zn<sup>2+</sup> dissolved on the surface of Na<sub>1.86</sub>Zn<sub>1.46</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>0.87</sub> (ZnHCF) electrode material during the cycling process but also conduct redox reactions on the electrode surface to provide additional capacitance. Through experiments and molecular simulation calculations, it showed that Na<sub>4</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub> can restrict the movement of Zn dissolution into the electrolyte on the electrode surface. Based on this, an asymmetric supercapacitor based on ZnHCF//activated carbon was assembled with a modified electrolyte. The assembled supercapacitor displayed a specific capacitance of 1,329.65 mF cm<sup>-2</sup>, a power density of 2,900 mW cm<sup>-2</sup>, and an energy density of 388.28 mW h cm<sup>-2</sup>. This study provides a new idea for the design and construction of stable and efficient PBA energy storage materials by inhibiting the leaching of transition metals in PBA.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2401254"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142563423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}