Small Methods最新文献

{"title":"Electrochemical Engineering of Emerging 2D Materials beyond Graphene: Progress and Prospects.","authors":"Dongdong Zhu, Lei Zhang, Li Wang, Huai Qin Fu, Zhenzhen Wu, Mengyang Dong, Yu Zou, Yaojie Lei, Xuan Zhang, Yu Lin Zhong, Liang Wang","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following the remarkable success of graphene, graphene-like 2D materials have garnered significant attention over the past decade due to their extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Despite the high demand for these materials in industry, developing facile, and cost-effective methods for large-scale production and functionalization under ambient conditions remains a challenge. As innovative green growth and modification strategies, electrochemical engineering techniques provide economic advantages in scalable manufacturing and surface manipulation. In this review, the established electrochemical techniques including intercalation-exfoliation, deposition, etching, and topotactic transformation are summarized for producing a diverse range of emerging 2D materials and precisely tailoring their surface functional groups. Furthermore, numerous applications of these engineered 2D nanomaterials in energy and electronic fields, such as batteries, electrocatalysis, electronics, and optoelectronics are highlighted. Finally, it is concluded by outlining the remaining challenges and offering these perspectives on future research directions in this burgeoning field of advanced manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500197"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atomistic Simulations of Thermal and Chemical Expansions of PrNi_xCo_1-xO_3-δ Accelerated by Machine Learning Potentials.","authors":"Hao Deng, Quanwen Sun, Meng Li, Zeyu Zhao, Wenjuan Bian, Bin Liu, Dong Ding","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The electrodes and solid-state electrolytes in protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) experience significant lattice expansions when exposed to high steam concentrations at elevated temperatures. In this paper, phonon calculations based on a new machine learning potential (MLP) are employed to elucidate the volume expansions of the proton-conducting PrNi_xCo_1-xO_3-δ (PNC) lattices, manifested under a combined influence of oxygen vacancies ( <math> <semantics><msubsup><mi>V</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mrow><mo>·</mo> <mo>·</mo></mrow> </msubsup> <annotation>${mathrm{V}}_{mathrm{O}}^{{mathrm{cdotcdot}}}$</annotation></semantics> </math> ) and proton uptake ( <math> <semantics><msubsup><mi>OH</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo>·</mo></msubsup> <annotation>${mathrm{OH}}_{mathrm{O}}^{mathrm{cdot}}$</annotation></semantics> </math> ) in the bulk at varying Ni/Co occupancies. It is revealed that the Ni/Co occupancy contributes to thermal and chemical expansions differently, where thermal expansions are related to Co occupancy. In contrast, chemical expansions are more closely associated with the Ni occupancy. Both <math> <semantics><msubsup><mi>V</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mrow><mo>·</mo> <mo>·</mo></mrow> </msubsup> <annotation>${mathrm{V}}_{mathrm{O}}^{{mathrm{cdotcdot}}}$</annotation></semantics> </math> and <math> <semantics><msubsup><mi>OH</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo>·</mo></msubsup> <annotation>${mathrm{OH}}_{mathrm{O}}^{mathrm{cdot}}$</annotation></semantics> </math> lead to higher thermal expansions when compared to the pristine PNC. The temperature increase will negatively impact the hydration-induced chemical expansions. For combined thermal and chemical expansions, it is predicted that the strategies that boost the PCEC's electrochemical performance may harm the electrode-electrolyte interfacial stability, when the Ni occupancy is high, due to severe chemical expansions. Mitigating chemical expansions of the Ni-abundant PNC will benefit the interfacial stability. The presented computational methods for phonon calculations, based on emerging machine learning interatomic potential techniques are anticipated to have a lasting impact on future PCEC development.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500816"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Throughput Ellipsometric Contrast Microscopy of Lateral 2D Heterostructures for Optoelectronics.","authors":"Teja Potočnik, Oliver Burton, Suman K Chakraborty, Purbasha Ray, Ralf Mouthaan, Peter J Christopher, Zeinab Tirandaz, Xiaofan Lin, Hannah J Joyce, Stephan Hofmann, Prasana K Sahoo, Jack A Alexander-Webber","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Covalently-bonded lateral 2D heterostructures offer unique (opto)electronic functionalities and can be deposited during a single growth process. However, the position of lateral junctions is typically uncontrolled due to random nucleation processes, which necessitates post-growth identification of suitable heterojunction regions for device integration. Here, ellipsometric contrast microscopy (ECM) is demonstrated to evaluate 2D lateral monolayer MoSe₂-WSe₂ and MoS₂-WS₂ heterostructures, which enables rapid imaging with high material-contrast down to sub-nanometer thickness for high-throughput characterisation of heterostructure domains. In addition, a computer vision algorithm provides precise identification of individual monolayer heterostructure junctions and their integration into rectifying devices and photodetectors. These results establish the advantages of ECM for reliable, fast characterization and large-scale integration of atomically thin 2D heterostructures into advanced optoelectronic devices, with potential extension to other nanomaterials.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500437"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Microneedle-Assisted Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Attention.","authors":"Negar Javanmardi, Lili Qian, Fei Jin, Zhidong Wei, Juan Ma, Ying Xu, Esteban Peña-Pitarch, Ting Wang, Zhang-Qi Feng","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is an established non-invasive technique to modulate neural activity and enhance cognitive functions. Traditional adhesive electrodes used in taVNS, however, often lack precision, resulting in inconsistent stimulation and undesirable side effects. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel microneedle-based approach, which holds potential applications extending to traditional Chinese acupuncture. This experimental study, conducted with 180 healthy adult participants, investigates the effects of microneedle-assisted taVNS on motivation and effort through pupillometry. Participants underwent taVNS using both microneedles and adhesive electrodes. Key physiological metrics-pupil size, heart rate, and blood oxygen levels-alongside cognitive metrics such as reaction time and error rates in a computer game, are assessed. Results reveal that microneedle-assisted taVNS significantly enhanced all measured parameters, attributed to its precise and consistent stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. This study highlights the superiority of microneedle-based taVNS over traditional adhesive electrodes in terms of stimulation accuracy, cognitive performance, and physiological regulation. Additionally, it explores the potential application of microneedles in acupuncture, offering a safer, more precise, and controlled alternative to conventional needles.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500124"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Scale Simulation of Dielectric Breakdown in Polymer Nanocomposites: The Role of Interface.","authors":"Nannan Sun, Le Zhou, Shuo Zhao, Yang Zhao, Yang Shen","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breakdown simulation has become a crucial tool in designing polymer nanocomposites with high breakdown strength. However, simulating the breakdown behavior of nanocomposites is difficult due to the complex interplay of various factors across different scales, such as mesoscopic structures and microscopic interfaces. Integrating multi-scale factors into a breakdown simulation framework to accurately predict the breakdown behavior presents a significant challenge. In this work, a multi-scale breakdown simulation model is established to investigate the mechanism of dielectric breakdown in nanocomposites, especially the role of interfaces in the breakdown process. The finite element method and molecular dynamics method are used to study the impact of mesoscopic structures and microscopic interfaces on breakdown, and the breakdown strength and path can be obtained by Monte Carlo-based simulation. It is found that considering only the mesostructure effect is insufficient to effectively predict the breakdown behavior. By introducing the interface effect, the simulated breakdown strengths agree well with experimental results. This work provides a new theoretical and methodological approach for a comprehensive understanding of the breakdown mechanism in nanocomposites, and is expected to be used for guiding the design of high-performance nanocomposites.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500726"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Efficiency Flexible Zn-Air Batteries Enabled by Agarose Based Oxygen Electrocatalyst and Gel Electrolyte Through Bidirectionally Synergistic Optimization Strategy.","authors":"Zongyan Li, Chenglong Qiu, Huasheng Zhang, Weike Zhang, Chunliu Zhu, Wenhao Lan, Zhaowei Ji, Yafei Zhang, Weiqian Tian, Jingwei Chen, Minghua Huang, Huanlei Wang","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flexible Zn-air batteries (F-ZABs) typically suffer from limited cycle life due to sluggish oxygen electrocatalytic kinetics and unstable electrochemical interfaces. A bidirectionally synergistic strategy for profit is proposed from the unique elemental characteristics and molecular architecture of agarose to simultaneously construct a triple-doped N, P, O oxygen electrocatalyst with multiple active sites and gel electrolyte with exceptional mechanical robustness and weather resistance. The electrocatalyst demonstrates superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity (E_1/2 = 0.85 V) and stability (<5 mV decay after 10,000 cycles), outperforming commercial Pt/C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that N, O, and P species enhance O-intermediate adsorption through optimized p-band center proximity to the Fermi level. This synergy enables aqueous Zn-air (ZABs) to achieve superior cyclability of 950 h. The dual helical structure of agarose synergizes with ethylene glycol (EG) to reconstruct hydrogen─bond networks of the polyacrylamide (PAM). This design yields F-ZABs with outstanding power density (144 mW cm^-2), operational stability (205 h), tolerance to mechanical stress and extreme temperatures (-20 °C for 420 h; 60 °C for 40 h). The work provides new insights into multidimensional marine biomass utilization, highlighting the critical role of intrinsic oxygen functionalities in ORR enhancement and the pivotal impact of electrolyte mechanics on flexible battery longevity.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500877"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Derived Mesoporous Carbon Encapsulated Ultrafine Scandium Oxide Electrocatalyst for Highly Efficient Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid.","authors":"Changlong Wang, Yujie Peng, Ziyi Xu, Jiamei Yu, Yufeng Wu","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Green electrochemical synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from biomass is an essential alternative for the substitution of petroleum-based terephthalic acid. The rational design and application of high-performance electrocatalysts are the key to advance this technique. In this work, mesoporous carbon encapsulated ultrafine Sc₂O₃ nanoparticles are reported as a new, highly efficient and selective electrocatalyst that realizes the concurrent electrochemical oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to FDCA coupled with hydrogen evolution. The performance of the optimum electrocatalyst, Sc₂O₃@C-900, is suppressed its counterparts, including the mesoporous Sc₂O₃ and the state-of the art electrocatalyst, Ni(OH)₂, NiOOH, and some other noble metal electrocatalysts. The high performance is attributed to the ultrafine Sc₂O₃ nanoparticles with abundant oxygen vacancies, and the mesoporous carbon layer synergistically promotes electrochemical oxidation by accelerating the adsorption and confinement of key intermediates for electro-oxidation, and facilitating the transportations of reactants/products within/out of the electrocatalyst. Moreover, experiments including the electrochemical and in situ measurements, as well as theoretical studies, provide insights into the origin of high efficiency and the preference of the diformylfuran (DFF) pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500187"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controllable Assembly of Planar Defect-Rich Bimetallic Oxide Interfaces for Efficient Ammonia Production.","authors":"Xiaoyu Luan, Lu Qi, Shuya Zhao, Zhaoyang Chen, Yurui Xue","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NitRR) is a promising dual-functional strategy for carbon-free ammonia synthesis and sustainable wastewater treatment. The complexity of the eight-electron/nine-proton transfer process in the NitRR highlights the need for improved catalysts to optimize reaction pathways and suppress competitive side reactions. Herein, the successful growth of CuCo₂O_x nanowires with tailored defect structures is reported with the assistance of graphdiyne (GDY) through an atomic-level heterointerface engineering strategy. The synergistic interactions between GDY electron-rich sp-C atoms and electron-deficient bimetallic atoms induce self-optimized planar defects along nanowires and accelerate interfacial charge transfer via metal‒carbon covalent hybridization. These properties significantly facilitate dynamic NO₃ ^- adsorption-activation and completely suppress byproduct formation via intermediate stabilization. As a result, CuCo₂O_x/GDY exhibites a remarkable NitRR performance of 100% Faradaic efficiency (FE), a record-high NH₃ yield rate (Y_NH3, 3332 µg cm^-2 h^-1) at an ultralow operational potential (-0.132 V vs RHE), no side reactions, and long-term durability. This work pioneers atomic-level interface engineering in GDY-based systems, establishing a general method for synthesizing high-performance electrocatalysts in sustainable nitrogen cycles.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500957"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic Control of Nanoparticle Fabrication via Confined Dewetting.","authors":"Ayesha Rahman, Vijit Ganguly, Sudipta Majumder, Sagnik Chatterjee, Avinash Mahapatra, Ashna Bajpai, Anirban Sain, Atikur Rahman","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dewetting, a phenomenon studied for over a century, has broad applications across diverse areas. When thin metal films deposited on flat substrates are heated, they undergo dewetting and typically form nanoparticles whose size and spacing are influenced by parameters such as film thickness, substrate surface energy, annealing temperature, and surface diffusion kinetics. In conventional dewetting, these factors often result in broad particle size distributions and irregular interparticle spacings due to uncontrolled thermal fluctuations and instabilities. Controlling dewetting to produce high-density nanoparticles with narrow size distributions and single-digit nanometre interparticle separations is a very difficult task and requires complex and expensive fabrication techniques. Here, a scalable, cost-effective method for producing high-density and low-dispersity metal nanoparticles on various substrates with flat, curved, and microtextured surfaces is presented. By creating a confined environment with a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer atop the film during dewetting, pure metal and alloy nanoparticles with high density, low size variation, and high purity are obtained. Theoretical analysis suggests that the elasticity and reduced surface tension of PDMS lower the energy associated with surface fluctuations, which in turn reduces particle size. This approach provides a straightforward route for fabricating low-dispersity, high-density nanoparticles through a simple confined-dewetting method, with widespread applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500245"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave Annealing-Enabled Defect Healing for High-Performance and Stable Organic Transistors and Circuits.","authors":"Yao Fu, Yanpeng Wang, Shougang Sun, Yajing Sun, Jiannan Qi, Yongxu Hu, Shuaishuai Ding, Zhongwu Wang, Yinan Huang, Wenping Hu, Xiaosong Chen, Hui Yang, Liqiang Li","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are promising candidates for use in next-generation electronic devices. However, organic semiconductors (OSCs) exhibit low crystallinity and weak van der Waals (vdW) forces, which makes them prone to defect formation, resulting in localized states in the bandgap that can trap charge carriers. This seriously limits the performance and stability of OFETs, which typically exhibit high contact resistance (R_c) and poor operational stability. It is highly desirable, but challenging, to eliminate defects in OSCs. Herein, a microwave annealing strategy is presented that heals defects in OSCs near the electrode/OSC interface through co-associated high-frequency vibration. By using this technique, the trap density of states (DOS) is significantly reduced and coplanar OFETs achieve an ultralow R_c·W of 20 Ω cm and a high mobility of 10.57 cm² V^-1 s^-1. Moreover, the on-state current of the OFET retained 99% of its initial value after 10 000 s of constant bias stress, and the switching voltage of the biased-load inverters hardly shifted after cycle tests, demonstrating excellent operational stability. The high-efficiency, uniform heating, and low-temperature processing strategy has great application prospects in organic devices and circuits.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500515"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}