Small Methods最新文献_第4页

Understanding Local Crystallography in Solar Cell Absorbers with Scanning Electron Diffraction. 用扫描电子衍射研究太阳能电池吸收体的局部晶体学。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501334

Andrea Griesi, Yurii P Ivanov, Simon M Fairclough, Arivazhagan Valluvar Oli, Gunnar Kusch, Rachel A Oliver, Paola De Padova, Carlo Ottaviani, Udari Wijesinghe, Susanne Siebentritt, Aldo Di Carlo, Oliver S Hutter, Giulia Longo, Giorgio Divitini

{"title":"Understanding Local Crystallography in Solar Cell Absorbers with Scanning Electron Diffraction.","authors":"Andrea Griesi, Yurii P Ivanov, Simon M Fairclough, Arivazhagan Valluvar Oli, Gunnar Kusch, Rachel A Oliver, Paola De Padova, Carlo Ottaviani, Udari Wijesinghe, Susanne Siebentritt, Aldo Di Carlo, Oliver S Hutter, Giulia Longo, Giorgio Divitini","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202501334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202501334","url":null,"abstract":"In thin film photovoltaic devices, the control of grain structure and local crystallography are fundamental for high power conversion efficiency and reliable long-term operation. Structural defects, grain boundaries, and unwanted phases can stem from compositional inhomogeneities or from specific synthesis parameters, and they need to be thoroughly understood and carefully engineered. However, comprehensive studies of the crystallographic properties of complex systems, including different phases and/or a large number of grains, are often prohibitively challenging. Here, the use of 4D Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (4D-STEM) is demonstrated on cross-sections to unravel the nanoscale properties of three different materials for photovoltaics: Cu(In,Ga)S2, halide perovskite, and Sb2Se3. These materials are chosen because of the variety of challenges they present: the presence of multiple phases and complex stoichiometry, electron beam sensitivity, and very high density of grains. 4D-STEM provides comprehensive insights into crystallinity and microstructure, but navigating its large datasets and extracting actionable, statistically sound information requires advanced algorithms. How unsupervised machine learning, including dimensionality reduction and hierarchical clustering, can extract key information from 4D-STEM datasets is demonstrated. The analytical framework follows FAIR principles, employing open-source software and enabling data sharing.","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e01334"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-Channel Neural Interface for Neural Recording and Neuromodulation. 用于神经记录和神经调节的多通道神经接口。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501227

Eunmin Kim, Won Gi Chung, Enji Kim, Myoungjae Oh, Joonho Paek, Taekyeong Lee, Dayeon Kim, Seung Hyun An, Sumin Kim, Jang-Ung Park

{"title":"Multi-Channel Neural Interface for Neural Recording and Neuromodulation.","authors":"Eunmin Kim, Won Gi Chung, Enji Kim, Myoungjae Oh, Joonho Paek, Taekyeong Lee, Dayeon Kim, Seung Hyun An, Sumin Kim, Jang-Ung Park","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202501227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202501227","url":null,"abstract":"Neural interfaces have emerged as pivotal platforms for advancing digital neurotherapies by enabling the real-time acquisition and monitoring of neural signals. Traditional single-channel systems are inherently limited in their capacity to capture the complex and large-scale interactions among diverse neuronal populations. In contrast, multi-channel systems provide the high spatiotemporal resolution necessary to decode the dynamic activity of neural circuits across multiple brain and spinal cord regions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in multi-channel neural interface technologies, encompassing both penetrating and non-penetrating systems for high-resolution electrophysiological recording, as well as multifunctional platforms that integrate additional modalities such as drug delivery, optical stimulation, and chemical sensing. Recent progress in this field has been driven by advances in structural and material design, including the development of soft, flexible architectures and materials for both substrates and electrodes, which improve long-term stability and minimize tissue damage. In parallel, emerging data analysis techniques have enhanced the capacity to decode complex neural activity patterns from high-dimensional, multi-channel recordings. These technological advancements have broadened the potential applications of neural interfaces in brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), facilitating precise neuromodulation, real-time monitoring of neurological states, and integration with immersive systems such as virtual and augmented reality.","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e01227"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring Triboelectric Polymers: Strategies for Performance Optimization and Long-Term Stability. 探索摩擦电聚合物：性能优化和长期稳定性的策略。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501487

Zifei Meng, Ning Li, Xiangyu Chen

{"title":"Exploring Triboelectric Polymers: Strategies for Performance Optimization and Long-Term Stability.","authors":"Zifei Meng, Ning Li, Xiangyu Chen","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202501487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202501487","url":null,"abstract":"Triboelectric polymers have emerged as a critical focus in polymer research due to their exceptional contact electrification capability, which enables efficient energy conversion and enhanced sensing functions in Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs). These materials exhibit the inherent advantages of polymers, such as lightweight properties, flexible deformability, customizable molecular structures, and mobile molecular chains, which collectively contribute to their significant research value. In light of the rapid advancements in triboelectric polymer systems, a comprehensive review of the latest breakthroughs in this field is essential, offering both retrospective insights and forward-looking perspectives. This article summarizes the latest research progress of triboelectric polymers, covering the exploration of new triboelectric materials as well as the modification methods for traditional triboelectric materials. Through systematic analysis of high charge transfer density mechanisms in both novel and conventional materials, this article advances the mechanistic interpretation of contact electrification, providing novel insights for next-generation materials and advanced modification strategies. In the final section, the current challenges are pointed out in triboelectric polymers and offer a forward-looking perspective on the development of high-performance triboelectric polymers.","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e01487"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pre-Formed Organic SEI Protected Sodium Metal Anode Exclusively Confined in Reduced Graphene Oxide Host. 预形成的有机SEI保护金属钠阳极仅限于还原氧化石墨烯主体。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501148

Wei Wu, Changsheng Song, Jiafeng Ruan, Nanyu Chen, Fei Yan, Fang Fang, Dalin Sun, Jie Zhao, Yun Song

{"title":"Pre-Formed Organic SEI Protected Sodium Metal Anode Exclusively Confined in Reduced Graphene Oxide Host.","authors":"Wei Wu, Changsheng Song, Jiafeng Ruan, Nanyu Chen, Fei Yan, Fang Fang, Dalin Sun, Jie Zhao, Yun Song","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202501148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202501148","url":null,"abstract":"The combination of Na metal with a 3D scaffold has effectively solved the long-standing problems of sodium metal batteries, including dendrite formation and volume change. However, uncontrollable interfacial reaction and morphology degradation caused by the high surface area of the scaffold are still unsolved. Here, a solvent pretreatment strategy is reported to generate a pre-formed solid electrolyte interface (SEI) protected Na exclusively confined in the scaffold. This pre-formed SEI prevents the reactive Na from the direct contact with the electrolyte, thereby mitigating side reactions. Meanwhile, by removing the highly reactive Na nanoparticles, as well as their low ionic conductivity derivatives on the surface, this exclusively confined Na structure enhances the uniformity of Na plating/stripping and the corresponding ion transport kinetics. Benefiting from this pre-formed SEI optimization, a thin and NaF-riched SEI can be further evolved during cycling. Compared to the pristine counterpart, Na3V2(PO4)3 coupled with the anode protected by pre-formed SEI exhibits a 14.9% and 18.9% increase in specific capacity at 25 and -30 °C, respectively. The pre-formed SEI strategy solves the prolonged interfacial issues of high surface area Na metal composite anodes, and brings a new perspective to the plating/stripping behaviors.","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e01148"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Method for High-Throughput Screening of Monoclonal Antibody Internalization Using a DNA/Protein Molecular Staple. 一种利用DNA/蛋白质分子钉片高通量筛选单克隆抗体内化的方法。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401399

Lara M Mollé, Cameron H Smyth, Bruna Rossi Herling, Daniel Yuen, Angus P R Johnston

{"title":"A Method for High-Throughput Screening of Monoclonal Antibody Internalization Using a DNA/Protein Molecular Staple.","authors":"Lara M Mollé, Cameron H Smyth, Bruna Rossi Herling, Daniel Yuen, Angus P R Johnston","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202401399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202401399","url":null,"abstract":"The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as therapeutics or for targeted delivery to specific cells is reliant on understanding mAb-receptor interactions. Of particular importance is the relationship between mAb binding and internalization into cells. Internalization can be determined using molecular sensors; however, the challenges associated with functionalizing and purifying mAbs with these sensors often mean internalization is not assessed. To address this, we have developed a simple, one-pot approach that requires no chemical modifications of the mAbs that efficiently quantifies mAb binding and internalization into cells. This is achieved by developing a protein staple that binds a DNA based internalization sensor to mAbs. This sensor is used to screen mAb binding and internalization into T cell and B cell receptors present on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The differences between cell binding and receptor internalization can be rapidly assessed for an array of lymphocyte receptors. These results demonstrate that high binding does not necessarily correlate to high uptake into the cell or high internalization efficiency of a receptor. Receptor internalization efficiency is a product of intrinsic characteristics of both the receptor and mAb, highlighting the need to screen for these functions to improve mAb therapeutics.","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e01399"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Topology-Guided Design of 3D Zinc Anodes: From Electrochemical Modulation to Practical Prospects. 三维锌阳极的拓扑引导设计：从电化学调制到实用前景。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501337

Funian Mo, Ziliang Li, Nana Li, Lichen Jin, Tao Yang, Haibo Hu

{"title":"Topology-Guided Design of 3D Zinc Anodes: From Electrochemical Modulation to Practical Prospects.","authors":"Funian Mo, Ziliang Li, Nana Li, Lichen Jin, Tao Yang, Haibo Hu","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202501337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202501337","url":null,"abstract":"Zinc-based batteries have attracted considerable attention as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage, owing to their intrinsic safety, environmental sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. However, the practical deployment of these systems is hindered by significant challenges associated with zinc anodes, including dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, \"dead zinc\" accumulation, and pronounced volume fluctuations during cycling. Recent advancements in 3D topological engineering have introduced transformative solutions by enabling precise control over local electric fields, ion transport pathways, and deposition behavior through innovative structural design. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current progress in the topology-guided design and fabrication of 3D zinc anodes, encompassing strategies such as nanowire arrays, porous metallic scaffolds, additive manufacturing, and laser processing. How these engineered topologies modulate key electrochemical characteristics is highlighted, such as zinc deposition kinetics, electric field uniformity, and ion concentration gradients, thereby effectively suppressing dendrite growth, mitigating parasitic side reactions, and accommodating volume fluctuations. Critical development bottlenecks, including limited long-term stability, integration complexity, and scalability, are thoroughly discussed. Finally, future research directions is proposed with a focus on intelligent material integration, precision manufacturing, and the structure-performance relationship, aiming to provide a foundational framework for advancing high-performance zinc anodes for safe, efficient, and scalable energy storage applications.","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e01337"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic 2D-2D Interfacial Engineering Activates NiOOH as the Key Site on NiSe₂/Ni₃Se₄ Coupled with NiCoFe-Layered Double Hydroxides Toward Urea Electrocatalysis. 协同2D-2D界面工程激活NiOOH作为nis2 /Ni3Se4偶联镍层双氢氧化物对尿素电催化的关键位点。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202500261

Man-Kei Wong, Nabilah Saafie, Shaoyu Yuan, Jian Yiing Loh, Feng Ming Yap, Xianhai Zeng, Wee-Jun Ong

{"title":"Synergistic 2D-2D Interfacial Engineering Activates NiOOH as the Key Site on NiSe2/Ni3Se4 Coupled with NiCoFe-Layered Double Hydroxides Toward Urea Electrocatalysis.","authors":"Man-Kei Wong, Nabilah Saafie, Shaoyu Yuan, Jian Yiing Loh, Feng Ming Yap, Xianhai Zeng, Wee-Jun Ong","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500261","url":null,"abstract":"Catalytic urea-assisted hydrogen production represents an awe-inspiring breakthrough, advancing sustainable global energy security and environmental remediation. Herein, an innovative self-supported heterostructure electrocatalyst, NiSe2/Ni3Se4@NiCoFe-LDH/NF, is fabricated via a facile hydrothermal-selenization-electrodeposition method for bifunctional HER and UOR. The integration of 2D LDH nanosheets with 2D dual-phased nickel selenides enhances active site density, structural lustiness and charge/mass transport, sustaining performance for over 60 h at high current density (100 mA cm-2) and achieving high Faradaic efficiencies of 98.90% for HER and 90.97% for UOR. The NSLDH-0.7/NF exhibits low overpotential (potential) of 110 mV versus RHE (1.295 V versus RHE) to attain a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline media, with ultralow Tafel slope of 13.23 mV dec-1 (21.98 mV dec-1) in catalyzing HER (UOR), which is comparatively lower compared to the reported values in literature. The in situ Raman investigation highlights NiOOH as the stable active site responsible for catalyzing urea oxidation, effectively linking catalyst reconstruction to its electrochemical performance. This work demonstrates the practical viability of this appealing electrocatalyst in a two-electrode urea electrocatalytic cell, while offering novel insight into the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts for simultaneous wastewater purification and sustainable hydrogen production.","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e00261"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantum Materials at Surfaces and Interfaces-Emergent Phenomena and Insights From the Special Section. 表面和界面上的量子材料——特殊部分的涌现现象和见解。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501705

Yi Du, Weichang Hao, Lan Chen

引用次数: 0

MXene-Mediated Internal Electric Field in WO₃/AgBr Nanocomposites Enhances Visible-Light-Driven Peroxymonosulfate-Activation and Dual-Mode Antibacterial Performance. mxene介导的WO3/AgBr纳米复合材料内部电场增强了可见光驱动过氧单硫酸盐活化和双模抗菌性能。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501360

Mariya Midhu Francis, Ananya Bose, Nilesh Jaiswal, Mohit Garg, Jayati Ray Dutta, Ramakrishnan Ganesan

{"title":"MXene-Mediated Internal Electric Field in WO3/AgBr Nanocomposites Enhances Visible-Light-Driven Peroxymonosulfate-Activation and Dual-Mode Antibacterial Performance.","authors":"Mariya Midhu Francis, Ananya Bose, Nilesh Jaiswal, Mohit Garg, Jayati Ray Dutta, Ramakrishnan Ganesan","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202501360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202501360","url":null,"abstract":"Designing heterojunctions that enable efficient charge separation without compromising redox potential is key to advancing visible-light-active photocatalysts for water treatment via advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this study, a rationally engineered WO3/AgBr/Ti3C2Tx MXene ternary composite is synthesized and comprehensively evaluated for photocatalytic and antibacterial efficacy. Electron paramagnetic resonance and radical scavenging analyses confirmed the light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as •OH and O2 •-. Supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory, an \"indirect S-scheme\" charge transfer mechanism is proposed, where MXene facilitates selective recombination of low-energy carriers while conserving high-energy electrons and holes for efficient ROS production. The optimized composite exhibited a six-fold improvement in photocatalytic activity over pristine WO3, which further doubled with peroxymonosulfate (PMS), achieving a twelve-fold enhancement overall. Antibacterial studies under dark and light conditions reveal potent dual-mode disinfection, with effective inactivation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed substantial DNA degradation in PMS-assisted conditions, minimizing the risk of bacterial resuscitation. This multifunctional material, combining efficient charge dynamics, visible-light responsiveness, and strong biocidal action, holds significant promise for integrated pollutant degradation and microbial disinfection in next-generation AOP frameworks.","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e01360"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From Electrophysiological to Biochemically-Modulated Interfaces: Evolution of Brain-Machine Communication. 从电生理到生化调制接口：脑机通信的进化。

IF 9.1 2区材料科学

Small Methods Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501471

Wenhao Li, Haochen Zou, Bowen Yang, Lanxin Xiao, Songrui Liu, Zan Chen, Lei Xie, Wentao Zhu, Xiao Zhao, Lianhui Wang, Ting Li, Ting Wang

{"title":"From Electrophysiological to Biochemically-Modulated Interfaces: Evolution of Brain-Machine Communication.","authors":"Wenhao Li, Haochen Zou, Bowen Yang, Lanxin Xiao, Songrui Liu, Zan Chen, Lei Xie, Wentao Zhu, Xiao Zhao, Lianhui Wang, Ting Li, Ting Wang","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202501471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202501471","url":null,"abstract":"Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) establish bidirectional communication between biological neural systems and external devices by decoding neural signals and delivering feedback stimulation. Achieving seamless integration with biological systems has driven the paradigmatic evolution of BMI technology through three interconnected dimensions. This review summarizes the shift from electrophysiological to biochemically-modulated BMIs, emphasizing key evolutionary trends that mirror biological neural characteristics. First, signal modalities have expanded from single electrophysiological detection to integrated biochemical sensing, enabling comprehensive neural circuit analysis through dual electrical-chemical communication pathways that capture both rapid electrical transmission and slower biochemical processes. Second, electrode morphology has transformed from rigid silicon structures to flexible, adaptive materials that mechanically match neural tissue properties, reducing mechanical mismatch and improving long-term biocompatibility. Third, system architectures have evolved from passive monitoring to active closed-loop platforms that incorporate neuromorphic intelligence and real-time therapeutic feedback, enabling dynamic neuromodulation based on multimodal signal analysis. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in achieving high electrode longevity, developing scalable multimodal interfaces, as well as understanding fundamental neural communication mechanisms. Future directions point toward biochemically-modulated brain interfaces incorporating living, adaptive, and evolutionarily responsive components that seamlessly integrate with biological neural networks for precision neurological therapeutics.","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e01471"},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0