Small MethodsPub Date : 2025-06-29DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202500379
Tae-Yang Choi, Jun-Hyeok Kang, Jong-Hyun Jang, Han-Ki Kim
{"title":"High-Performance Flexible 2D Tellurium Semiconductor Grown by Isolated Plasma Soft Deposition for Wearable and Flexible Temperature Sensors.","authors":"Tae-Yang Choi, Jun-Hyeok Kang, Jong-Hyun Jang, Han-Ki Kim","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-quality flexible 2D tellurium (Te) semiconductors on a six-inch Si wafer and polyethylene terephthalate substrate using the isolated plasma soft deposition (IPSD) technique are successfully fabricated. Unlike conventional sputtering systems, the IPSD process minimizes direct plasma irradiation and plasma damage, thereby preserving the unique helical chain structure of the 2D Te layer. The integration of oxygen plasma treatment and in situ substrate heating significantly enhanced both the adhesion and crystallinity of the 2D Te layer. The optimized 2D Te layer exhibited exceptional properties, including a high carrier mobility of 103 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, a smooth surface roughness of 0.778 nm, and a critical bending radius of 12 mm. When integrated into temperature sensors, the 2D Te/PET demonstrated high sensitivity, exhibiting a negative temperature coefficient response across the 20-40 °C range. Moreover, the IPSD-grown 2D Te layer demonstrated outstanding mechanical flexibility, with minimal resistance changes (<4%) during both bending and rolling tests. Long-term stability assessments conducted over 100 days revealed resistance variations of less than 1%, highlighting the material's robust reliability. These findings position the IPSD process as a promising physical vapor deposition technique for scalable fabrication of large-area 2D Te layers, enabling their integration into wearable and flexible electronic devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500379"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2025-06-29DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202500617
Hayeon Byun, Taeyeon Hwang, Hyoryong Lee, Yun-Jung Choi, Dong-Jae Kim, Eunji Park, Eunhyung Kim, Sukho Park, Heungsoo Shin
{"title":"Comprehensive Osteosarcoma Treatment with Multifunctional Composite Hydrogels Enabling Combined Photothermal Cancer Ablation and Osteoinductive Tissue Regeneration.","authors":"Hayeon Byun, Taeyeon Hwang, Hyoryong Lee, Yun-Jung Choi, Dong-Jae Kim, Eunji Park, Eunhyung Kim, Sukho Park, Heungsoo Shin","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteosarcoma treatment can lead to considerable loss of bone tissue, creating a challenging microenvironment for recovery. Here, a novel biomaterial is described for tumor treatment via photothermal therapy and bone-tissue regeneration. Multifunctional composite hydrogels can be fabricated by incorporating mineralized magnetic fibers (G-mMFs) into a gelatin-genipin hydrogel. The G-mMFs exhibit notable temperature increases in response to near-infrared irradiation, and superior disruption of tumor tissue follows hyperthermia therapy in a tumor-bearing mouse model. G-mMFs protect stem cells from the oxidative stress anticipated after tumor ablation, following significant increases in catalase and anti-apoptotic gene expression. G-mMFs demonstrate enhanced osteoinductivity, with nearly 90% of human adipose-derived stem cells exhibiting osteogenic markers. Adenosine signaling-mediated osteogenesis and restoration of osteogenesis under oxidative stress can be demonstrated through stem-cell differentiation in the presence of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. In vivo, regeneration of bone tissue can be assessed using a calvarial bone-defect mouse model, with nearly twice the amount of bone formation in the G-mMF group compared with mice without implantation, along with a more mature bone-tissue structure. Collectively, these study results present G-mMFs as a multifunctional biomaterial that simultaneously addresses tumor ablation and bone regeneration, offering a promising strategy for the comprehensive treatment of osteosarcoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500617"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interfacial Engineering of 2D-2D CdIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>/Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> Heterojunctions for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation.","authors":"Sanmilan Jyoti Kalita, Hafijul Islam, Sagar Varangane, B Moses Abraham, Ujjwal Pal, Lakshi Saikia","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Utilization of solar energy through wireless water-splitting technology offers a promising pathway toward a sustainable and environmentally conscious future. The rational design of 2D-2D heterojunctions leverages synergistic effects to optimize charge carrier dynamics, thereby boosting photocatalytic activity. In this study, well-engineered heterojunction Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>/CdIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> (TCIS) nanocomposites are synthesized via an in situ hydrothermal method and employed in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE). The hydrogen evolution rate of 9.799 mmol g<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> surpasses previously reported MXene-based materials, and is 26 times higher than pristine CdIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, with an AQE of 6.4% under 420 nm light irradiation. Optimizing the electronic structure of active metal sites enhances rapid electron transport and synergistic proton reduction. With insights from DFT and KPFM studies, an efficient charge transfer pathway, with electron accumulation on Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> and depletion on CdIn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> are revealed. This study highlights the critical role of interfacial engineering in MXenes for accelerating water dissociation and presents a promising strategy for the development of high-performance materials for future energy applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500715"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2025-06-29DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202500542
Zhiqiang Xie, Jianchang Wu, Junsheng Luo, Mingjie Feng, Jingjing Tian, Chaohui Li, Difei Zhang, Lijun Chen, Maria Antonietta Loi, Bobo Tian, Shenglan Hao, Long Cheng, Andres Osvet, Christoph J Brabec
{"title":"Emulating Synaptic Events and Nociceptor via Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Threshold Switching Memristor.","authors":"Zhiqiang Xie, Jianchang Wu, Junsheng Luo, Mingjie Feng, Jingjing Tian, Chaohui Li, Difei Zhang, Lijun Chen, Maria Antonietta Loi, Bobo Tian, Shenglan Hao, Long Cheng, Andres Osvet, Christoph J Brabec","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As artificial intelligence technology continuously advances, a growing number of bio-mimetic advanced electronic systems are rapidly emerging and being applied in various fields, including humanoid robots and tactile sensors. To effectively address progressively complex tasks and challenging work environments, integrating synaptic and nociceptive functions within a single device is crucial for enhancing the ability to perceive changes and respond accordingly to the external environment. Here, an organic-inorganic perovskite memristor that exhibits excellent volatile performance (ON/OFF ratio ≈10<sup>2</sup>, endurance > 10<sup>4</sup> cycles) is presented. The device effectively replicates typical synaptic functions, encompassing short- and long-term plasticity. Moreover, due to the switching delay characteristics, essential biological nociceptive features such as threshold, no adaptation, and sensitization are also demonstrated. Further, the perovskite artificial nociceptor is successfully integrated into a thermal nociceptive system. Overall, the fusion of synaptic and nociceptive behaviors paves the way for developing more efficient and versatile systems that can mimic intricate biological processes associated with sensory perception and pain sensation.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500542"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144525752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2025-06-27DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202500727
Yingchun Wu, Kangjian Bao, Junxuan Liang, Zongxi Li, Yilin Shi, Renjie Tang, Kai Xu, Maoliang Wei, Zequn Chen, Jialing Jian, Ye Luo, Yiheng Tang, Qingyan Deng, Hao Dai, Chunlei Sun, Wei Zhang, Hongtao Lin, Kewei Zhang, Lan Li
{"title":"Photonic Interfaces: an Innovative Wearable Sensing Solution for Continuous Monitoring of Human Motion and Physiological Signals.","authors":"Yingchun Wu, Kangjian Bao, Junxuan Liang, Zongxi Li, Yilin Shi, Renjie Tang, Kai Xu, Maoliang Wei, Zequn Chen, Jialing Jian, Ye Luo, Yiheng Tang, Qingyan Deng, Hao Dai, Chunlei Sun, Wei Zhang, Hongtao Lin, Kewei Zhang, Lan Li","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500727","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flexible integrated photonic sensors are gaining prominence in intelligent wearable sensing due to their compact size, exceptional sensitivity, rapid response, robust immunity to electromagnetic interference, and the capability to enable parallel sensing through optical multiplexing. However, integrating these sensors for practical applications, such as monitoring human motions and physiological activities together, remains a significant challenge. Herein, it is presented an innovative fully packaged integrated photonic wearable sensor, which features a delicately designed flexible necklace-shaped microring resonator (MRR), along with a pair of grating couplers (GCs) coupled to a fiber array (FA). The necklace-shaped MRR is engineered to minimize waveguide sidewall-induced scattering loss, with a measured intrinsic quality factor (Q<sub>int</sub>) of 1.68 × 10<sup>5</sup>, ensuring highly sensitive and precise signal monitoring. GCs and FA enhance the seamless wearability of devices while maintaining superior sensitivity to monitor various human motions and physiological signs. These are further classified signals using machine learning algorithms, achieving an accuracy rate of 97%. This integrated photonic wearable sensor shows promise for human-machine interfaces, touch-responsive wearable monitors, and artificial skin, especially in environments susceptible to electromagnetic interference, such as intensive care units (ICUs) and spacecraft. This work significantly advances the field of smart wearable technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500727"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Highly Sensitive Triple-Network Hydrogels Enable Advanced Sensing for Next-Generation E-Skins.","authors":"Bochao Xie, Yingying Ma, Nianzu Luo, Yuxin Wang, Yutong Jia, Aleksa Banki","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, a highly sensitive, flexible, and stable hydrogel is developed for electronic skin with a triple-network structure composed of polyacrylamide monomer (PAAM), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), PEDOT:PSS, and Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ coordination bonds. The hydrogel exhibits exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, including high tensile strength (91.2 kPa), extensibility (1210%), conductivity (178.8 S m<sup>-1</sup> at 200% strain), and long-term durability, achieved through the synergistic effects of hydrogen bonding, dynamic Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ coordination, and ionic conductivity. The sensor demonstrates precise and proportional resistance responses to various mechanical stimuli, such as bending, stretching, and tapping motions, enabling accurate detection of joint movements, including the fingers, wrist, and elbow. Furthermore, the hydrogel's fast response and low noise allow for reliable differentiation of motion speeds and the successful transmission of Morse code signals. The long-term stability and cyclic durability of the sensor highlight its robustness for real-time applications. These versatile hydrogels offer a promising platform for wearable electronics, gesture recognition, and human-machine interfaces, paving the way for next-generation interactive sensing technologies. Moreover, the preparation method ensures high reproducibility and scalability, making it suitable for large-scale manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500320"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2025-06-26DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202501076
Yanqiu Li, Jing Yu, Qi Liu, Jingyuan Liu, Rongrong Chen, Jiahui Zhu, Cheng-Yan Xu, Jun Wang
{"title":"Ultrafine PtRu Alloy Nanoparticles with Tunable Electron Structure by Alloy Effect for Efficient Hydrogen Production Through Seawater Electrolysis.","authors":"Yanqiu Li, Jing Yu, Qi Liu, Jingyuan Liu, Rongrong Chen, Jiahui Zhu, Cheng-Yan Xu, Jun Wang","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202501076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202501076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Platinum (Pt)-based materials are considered as the most efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), however, reducing the Pt dosage while maintaining a high catalytic efficiency remains a great challenge. In this study, an advanced HER electrocatalyst is designed based on ultrafine 2.64 nm platinum-ruthenium (PtRu) alloy nanoparticles anchored on porous carbon nanofibers (PCNFs). The experimental and theoretical calculation results show that the synergistic effect between Pt and Ru can not only promote the high dispersion of alloy nanoparticles on PCNFs in the microstructure but also regulate the coordination environment of Pt and Ru in the electronic environment. These combined effects enhance water adsorption, reduce the energy barrier of hydrolysis, and provide a suitable d-band center for the HER. Consequently, the prepared PtRu/PCNF electrocatalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity with low Pt and Ru loadings in alkaline and alkaline seawater. The overpotentials at 10 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> are 23.1 and 19.5 mV, respectively, with Tafel slopes of 23.5 and 20.7 dec<sup>-1</sup>, outperforming commercial Pt/C (20 wt%). This study presents a new type of electrocatalyst for hydrogen production via water and seawater electrolysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2501076"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2025-06-25DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202500827
Jooyoung Jang, Hyebin Jeong, Jeongsoo Hong, Carsten Korte, Sangwon Kim, Changshin Jo
{"title":"Anion Effects on Crystal Water Reactivity and Cathode-Electrolyte Interphase of Prussian Blue in Sodium-Ion Batteries.","authors":"Jooyoung Jang, Hyebin Jeong, Jeongsoo Hong, Carsten Korte, Sangwon Kim, Changshin Jo","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prussian blue (PB) is a promising low-cost cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), but the impact of crystal water on performance degradation remains unclear. This study explores how PB's crystal water interacts with different electrolyte salts-NaClO<sub>4</sub> and NaTFSI-affecting solvation structure and interfacial stability. Based on the Hofmeister series, it is demonstrated that the strong hydration of ClO<sub>4</sub> <sup>-</sup> sustains water reactivity, promoting Fe oxidation and solvent decomposition at high voltages. In contrast, the weakly hydrated TFSI<sup>-</sup> suppresses water-induced side reactions and facilitates the formation of stable interphases on both cathode and anode. Electrochemical analysis at 4.0 V and 4.2 V revealed that NaTFSI consistently improves reversibility, particularly at 4.2 V, achieving 77.1% capacity retention over 500 cycles-56.8% for NaClO<sub>4</sub>. The results highlight the crucial role of electrolyte-dependent water coordination in determining PB electrode stability, offering valuable insights for designing electrolytes and interphases for long-life PB-based SIBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500827"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Small MethodsPub Date : 2025-06-25DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202500275
Zhixuan Li, Gaurav Pandey, Arkamita Bandyopadhyay, Kamlendra Awasthi, John V Kennedy, Prashant Kumar, Ajayan Vinu
{"title":"Borophene Via Intercalation Exfoliation.","authors":"Zhixuan Li, Gaurav Pandey, Arkamita Bandyopadhyay, Kamlendra Awasthi, John V Kennedy, Prashant Kumar, Ajayan Vinu","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500275","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Borophene, a highly anisotropic Dirac material, exhibits remarkable properties such as high electronic mobility, exceptional thermal conductivity, superconductivity, and ferroelasticity. It is ideal for energy storage, electrocatalysis, and wearable electronics applications. However, its synthesis is constrained by complexity, cost, and scalability issues. This study reports a scalable, single-step method for borophene synthesis via intercalation exfoliation using LiF, KF, and a LiF/KF combination in dimethylformamide (DMF), followed by sonication. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals few-layer sheets with lateral dimensions of ≈200 nm to 2 µm, while high-resolution TEM shows crystallographic structures with Moiré patterns. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the chemical phase purity and metallic nature of the β<sub>12</sub> and χ<sub>3</sub> phases with negligible oxygen contamination. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate reduced interlayer coupling through ion intercalation, facilitating efficient exfoliation. Borophene-integrated PVDF nanocomposites exhibit enhanced sensitivity in piezoelectric/triboelectric nanogenerators, achieving a maximum response voltage of ≈118 V. This novel synthesis strategy overcomes scalability challenges and unlocks new opportunities for borophene in advanced flexible electronics, energy harvesting, and sensing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500275"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research Progress on Electrode Structure of Transparent Supercapacitor.","authors":"Yue Liang, Jian Gao, Nan Lu, Tian-Sheng Mu, Yong-Chao Zhang, Xiao-Dong Zhu","doi":"10.1002/smtd.202500505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202500505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Supercapacitors are a crucial part of electronic equipment, the development of smart devices such as LEDs, touchscreens, and portable electronics, prompt supercapacitors with new features such as transparency and flexibility. The construction of transparent electrodes includes two main ways: i) electrode material is intrinsically transparent, and ii) networks with controllable distribution of voids or discontinuous regions (multi-gap network structures) increase the transmittance to achieve transparency. Few types of transparent materials, high costs, and complicated preparation limit the development of transparent supercapacitor (TSCs). Therefore, the realization of transparency through electrode structure has caused extensive research. However, a systematic summary of how to construct transparent electrode structures is still lacking, in this paper the transparent mechanism and optical basic principle, the design structures of the device, and an important parameter of transparent electrodes especially for TSCs are described. Following that, the various structures of TSC electrodes created thus far, and the fabrication methodologies used. Finally, the different domains in which TSCs are successfully utilized are summarized, as are emerging and potential applications. The solutions derived from these studies have important implications for improving our understanding of transparent electrode construction and facilitating practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":229,"journal":{"name":"Small Methods","volume":" ","pages":"e2500505"},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}