Protoplasma最新文献

{"title":"Heterologous expression of the durum wheat TdHKT1;4-1 partially complements the mutant athkt1 in Arabidopsis thaliana under severe salt stress.","authors":"Siwar Ben Amar, Faiçal Brini, Khaled Masmoudi","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-02006-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-02006-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-affinity K⁺ (HKT) transporters which mediate Na⁺-specific transport or Na⁺-K⁺ co-transport play a key role in plant salt tolerance. In our previous functional study in Xenopus oocytes, we demonstrated that the durum wheat TdHKT1;4-1 acts as a Na⁺-selective transporter. Here, we investigated the function of TdHKT1;4-1 and its contribution in salt stress tolerance in the Arabidopsis athkt1 mutant background. Our results revealed that TdHKT1;4-1 partially complements the salt sensitivity phenotype of the athkt1 transgenic lines. Comparative physiological analyses and oxidative stress status under moderate salt stress (50 mM NaCl) showed that both transgenic lines SH3 and SH5 restored the salt stress tolerance comparable to the level observed in Wt plants. Whereas, under severe salt stress treatment (100 mM NaCl), the athkt1 transgenic lines exhibited an intermediate salt stress tolerance between Wt and athkt1 mutant. Moreover, TdHKT1;4-1 was highly expressed in leaves under moderate and severe salt stress, while in roots, it was largely expressed only under severe salt stress. In addition, antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly expressed in SH3 and SH5 lines compared to athkt1 and Wt under moderate stress. Therefore, TdHKT1;4-1 seems to differ from its Arabidopsis homologous counterpart, as it contributes to salt stress tolerance up to a specific threshold, above which the TdHKT1;4-1 expression may lead to higher root Na⁺ influx, hence increasing its toxicity during salt stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"397-413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142583812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of digestive vacuole differentiation clarified by the observation of living Paramecium bursaria.","authors":"Keiko Obayashi, Yuuki Kodama","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01996-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01996-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paramecium bursaria is a ciliate species that has a symbiotic relationship with Chlorella spp. This study aimed to elucidate the dynamics of digestive vacuole (DV) differentiation in P. bursaria, using yeast stained with a pH indicator. Previously, DV differentiation in P. bursaria has been classified into eight periods based on fixed-cell observations. However, to understand the behavior and physiology of P. bursaria in its natural state, it is essential to observe living cells. This study presented a novel method using Cornig® Cell-Tak™ to immobilize living P. bursaria cells, which enabled long-term observation of the same cell from the same direction. This technique allowed for real-time observation of DV differentiation, including the relationship between changes in the internal pH of DV and the diameter of DV, yeast budding from the DV membrane by a single cell into the cytoplasm, and separation of a DV containing multiple yeasts into two DVs. This study provides new insights into the dynamic process of DV differentiation in P. bursaria. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying the symbiotic relationship between the two organisms and shed light on the complex process of intracellular digestion in ciliates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"331-340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11839807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ubiquitin-like and ubiquitinylated proteins associated with the maternal cell walls of Scenedesmus obliquus 633 as identified by immunochemistry and LC-MS/MS proteomics.","authors":"Justyna Kowalczyk, Kinga Kłodawska, Maria Zych, Jan Burczyk, Przemysław Malec","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01994-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01994-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cell walls of green algae Scenedesmus obliquus are complex, polymeric structures including an inner cellulose layer surrounded by an algaenan-containing trilaminar sheath. The process of autosporulation leads to the formation of sporangial (maternal) cell walls, which are released into the medium after sporangial autolysis. In this study, a fraction of maternal cell wall material (CWM) was isolated from the stationary phase cultures of Scenedesmus obliquus 633 and subjected to immunofluorescence microscopy using polyclonal anti-ubiquitin antibodies. The water-extracted polypeptide fraction from the maternal cell walls was then analyzed using immunoblotting and LC-MS/MS. An immunoanalysis showed the presence of several peptides reactive with polyclonal anti-ubiquitin serum, with apparent molecular masses of c. 12, 70, 120, 200, and > 250 kDa. Cell wall-associated peptides were identified on the basis of LC-MS/MS spectra across NCBI databases, including the Scenedesmaceae family (58 records), the Chlorophyceae class (37 records), and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (18 records) corresponding to the signatures of 95 identified proteins. In particular, three signatures identified ubiquitin and ubiquitin-related proteins. In the maternal cell walls, immunoblotting analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, and LC-MS/MS proteomics collectively demonstrated the presence of ubiquitin-like epitopes, ubiquitin-specific peptide signatures, and several putative ubiquitin conjugates of a higher molecular mass. These results support the presence of ubiquitin-like proteins in the extramembranous compartment of Scenedesmus obliquus 633 and suggest that protein ubiquitination plays a significant role in the formation and functional integrity of the maternal cell walls in green algae.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"299-312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11839794/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the effect of permeant solutes on the hydraulic resistance of the plasma membrane in cells of Chara corallina.","authors":"Masashi Tazawa, Randy Wayne, Maki Katsuhara","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-02000-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-02000-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the cells of Chara corallina, permeant monohydric alcohols including methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol increased the hydraulic resistance of the membrane (Lp_m^-1). We found that the relative value of the hydraulic resistance (^rLp_m^-1) was linearly dependent on the concentration (C_s) of the alcohol. The relationship is expressed in the equation: ^rLp_m^-1 = ρ_mC_s + 1, where ρ_m is the hydraulic resistance modifier coefficient of the membrane. Ye et al. (2004) showed that membrane-permeant glycol ethers also increased Lp^-1. We used their data to estimate Lp_m^-1 and ^rLp_m^-1. The values of ^rLp_m^-1 fit the above relation we found for alcohols. When we plotted the ρ_m values of all the permeant alcohols and glycol ethers against their molecular weights (MW), we obtained a linear curve with a slope of 0.014 M^-1/MW and with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. We analyzed the influence of the permeant solutes on the relative hydraulic resistance of the membrane (^rLp_m^-1) as a function of the external (π₀) and internal (π_i) osmotic pressures. The analysis showed that the hydraulic resistance modifier coefficients (ρ_m) were linearly related to the MW of the permeant solutes with a slope of 0.012 M^-1/MW and with a correlation coefficient of 0.84. The linear relationship between the effects of permeating solutes on the hydraulic resistance modifier coefficient (ρ_m) and the MW can be explained in terms of the effect of the effective osmotic pressure on the hydraulic conductivity of water channels. The result of the analysis suggests that the osmotic pressure and not the size of the permeant solute as proposed by (Ye et al., J Exp Bot 55:449-461, 2004) is the decisive factor in a solute's influence on hydraulic conductivity. Thus, characean water channels (aquaporins) respond to permeant solutes with essentially the same mechanism as to impermeant solutes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"385-395"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11839782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogenesis of the anastomosed laticifers of Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae) and the chemical nature of the stem latex.","authors":"Maria Gabriela Ferreira Figueiredo, Leonardo Monteiro Ribeiro, Maria Olívia Mercadante-Simões","doi":"10.1007/s00709-024-01999-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-024-01999-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laticifers are secretive structures with important roles in controlling abiotic and biotic stress through the external release of viscous and bioactive latex emulsions composed of alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, proteins, and mucilage. Allamanda cathartica is an attractive ornamental neotropical shrub that produces abundant latex with medicinal potential. The laticifers of this species, their origins, structural types, and distribution in the primary and secondary structures of the stem were investigated, and the chemical nature of latex was determined. Anatomical, histochemical, and ultrastructural evaluations of the stem apex were performed through light and electronic microscopy. Laticifers are abundant in the primary structure, being distributed in the cortex, outer primary phloem, and pith. Their branching, anastomosing structural type develops by the dissolution of the transverse and lateral walls of precursor meristematic cells, followed by protoplast fusion. The laticifers in the secondary structure are distributed amid the axial parenchyma cells of the phloem. The latex of A. cathartica is an emulsion composed mainly of mucilage and terpenes, and it is the first time that this laticifer system has been described.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"353-363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142473223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double defense: chemical and mechanical protection of the vegetative apices of Begonia curtii (Begoniaceae)-an endemic species of the Atlantic forest.","authors":"Marco Aurélio Batista, Dayana Maria Teodoro Francino, Valdnéa Casagrande Dalvi","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02046-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-025-02046-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stem apical meristems (SAM) are essential for the primary growth of plants and possess protective mechanisms to safeguard their fragile structures, including stipules and chemical secretions such as mucilage. This study examines Begonia curtii, focusing on the origin and composition of its protective sticky secretions. The research is set within the Atlantic Forest-a biodiversity hotspot-highlighting the plant's adaptive survival strategies. Samples of leaves and stipules at three stages of development were collected and analyzed using micromorphological, anatomical and histochemical techniques. The stem apices of B. curtii are covered by large, green stipules, which protect developing leaves and stipules with a mucilaginous secretion produced by trichomes and idioblasts present in both organs. Mucilage, originating from idioblasts present in the stipules, accumulates in the substomatal chambers and is released by the stomata, an atypical phenomena. The exudate from the hydathodes increases the volume of secretion to hydrate young organs and meristematic regions, protecting them from desiccation. The adult stipules remain attached to the stem, become dry, and without secretions, while the multiple epidermis and idioblasts, in adult leaves, store water and mucilage, respectively. The morphological and chemical differences between the leaves and stipules of B. curtii at different stages of development, reinforce both their physical and chemical protective roles in the face of biotic and abiotic factors typical of the Atlantic Forest's rocky outcrops.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural characteristics of leaf trichomes and epidermis in species from three sections of the genus Aristolochia.","authors":"O V Nakonechnaya, Yu A Khrolenko, A V Kalachev, V M Kazarin, T Y Gorpenchenko","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02045-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-025-02045-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The structure of leaf epidermis in species from three sections (Diplolobus, Gymnolobus, and Siphisia) of the genus Aristolochia has been examined by light and scanning microscopy methods. As the results show, the number of the stomata and the length of stomatal guard cells in plants growing ex situ are not related to habitat conditions but are probably determined genetically. According to the type of leaf epicuticular waxes, the studied taxa can be divided into three groups, of which the Aristolochia-type is the most common. This type is characteristic of all studied species of the section Siphisia. The presence of two types of trichomes in members of this section distinguishes them from the other sections. Representatives of the sections with the Convallaria-type wax lack trichomes. The noted differences allow accurate identification of each of the species in the genus. The features of the epidermis surface, types and arrangement of stomata, and types of trichomes are additional diagnostic characteristics useful for taxonomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An immunohistochemical approach to cell wall polysaccharide specialization in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) needles.","authors":"Santiago Michavila, Antonio Encina, Alfonso G De la Rubia, María Luz Centeno, Penélope García-Angulo","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02041-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-025-02041-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pine needles are specialized leaves bearing distinctive anatomical features whose function is to minimize water loss. At the molecular level, needle specialization is expected to lead to heterogeneity in cell wall (CW) composition. By immunohistochemical analysis of CW epitopes in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) needles, we described the variability of CW composition in all tissues, discussing its possible relationship with the cell function. Cells specialized in water transport, tracheids, transfusion tracheids, and endodermis, together with epi/hypodermal and stomatal cells, had similar CW composition, where epitopes for pectins (homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-I), xyloglucan, and heteroxylans were abundant. Heteroxylans differ between the dermis, enriched in arabinoxylan, and endodermis, enriched in glucuronoxylan. Xylem CWs were very rich in (arabino)xylans and homogalacturonan and distinctively lacked immunolabelling for rhamnogalacturonan-I. CWs from phloem, transfusion phloem, mesophyll, and resin ducts were enriched in homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan-I, and xyloglucan, showing a low content for heteroxylan epitopes. Arabinogalactan proteins were detected in mesophyll and in cells specialized in solute transport such as phloem, duct sheath, and guard cells. These results show that tissues with similar functions have similar polysaccharide composition, shedding light on the role of CW components through different tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological development of the endosperm epidermal cells in waxy wheat cultivars.","authors":"Juan Liu, Yuangang Zhu, Xinyue Liu, Jian Song, Ligang Tang, Liang Shen, Zhongmin Dai","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02034-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-025-02034-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endosperm epidermal cells (EECs) accumulate large quantities of nutrients; they also play key roles in facilitating solute transport. Comprehensive knowledge about the dynamic development of EECs is needed to understand the relationship between their dual functions. In this study, the developmental characteristics of EECs in wheat grains of two near-isogenic lines (Shimai19-P and Shimai19-N) and in the parent wheat cultivar Shimai19 were compared using light and scanning electron microscopy. The intermediate EECs located adjacent to the nucellar projection (NP) on the ventral surface of wheat grains rapidly differentiated. Eight days after pollination (8 DAP), these EECs were larger in Shimai19-N than in the other wheat cultivars; they had differentiated into endosperm transfer cells (ETCs). At 14 DAP, the number of ETCs reached a maximum and then gradually decreased in all three wheat varieties. The lateral ETCs and the ETCs on both sides of the crease were longer than ACs; they reached their maximum length at 16 DAP, becoming gradually shorter thereafter. The dorsal ACs became increasingly thicker during wheat grain development. Overall, these results suggested that EECs near the EC and crease are important for efficient nutrient transport, whereas EECs in other regions of wheat grains mainly play a role in nutrient storage.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethylene response factors as potential regulators of cell wall formation in celery (Apium graveolens L.) collenchyma: phylogeny and gene expression analysis.","authors":"Natalya Syrchina, Polina Mikshina, Natalia Mokshina","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02042-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-025-02042-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Collenchyma is a mechanical tissue characterized by cells that can elongate despite having thickened cell walls. This ability to elongate, along with the biochemical composition of the collenchyma cell wall, allows it to be referred to as the primary cell wall (PCW). However, the regulation of PCW biosynthesis, even at the master switch level, remains a stumbling block for cell wall biologists. While only a few members of the IIId and IIIe phylogenetic subgroups of ethylene response factors (ERFs) have been identified as regulators of PCW formation, an analysis of the differential expression of AgrERFs was conducted to uncover potential regulators involved in collenchyma cell wall formation. Additionally, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of celery AgrERFs for comprehensive revision and annotation. A separate effort was dedicated to identifying reference genes for celery, utilizing the quantitative real-time PCR technique. The most stably expressed genes, TIP41 and CACTIN, were selected as reference genes for this species. Transcriptome profiling of celery petiole tissues revealed a group of AgrERFs that are highly and specifically expressed in collenchyma during petiole growth. Among these, AgrERF002b, AgrERF041b, and AgrERF079 had the highest correlation coefficients of coexpression with genes encoding cell wall-related proteins, including cellulose synthases involved in PCW biosynthesis (AgrCESA1, 3, and 6). This suggests a potential role of these transcription factors in regulating PCW biosynthesis. Furthermore, AgrERF039, a member of the IIId group, along with several other AgrERFs, was coexpressed with genes encoding secondary cell wall-related cellulose synthases (AgrCESA4, 7, and 8).</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143391565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}