Protoplasma最新文献

{"title":"Optimization of plant growth regulators and media compositions to enhance in vitro gametic embryogenesis through anther culture of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.].","authors":"Deepshikha Sharma, Ayyagari Ramlal, Pinkal Bishnoi, S K Lal, Dhandapani Raju, Manisha Saini, Akshay Talukdar, Bingi Pujari Mallikarjuna, Ambika Rajendran","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02256-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02256-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soybean is a major oilseed crop of global importance. Although haploid and doubled haploid (DH) production has been attempted in soybean, androgenesis success remains very low (approximately 2%). The study aims to standardize a protocol for haploid production through anther culture. Under aseptic conditions, anthers were excised from immature buds (2.9-3.1 mm), pre-treated at 4 °C for 24 h and cultured in different induction media. The highest callus induction (100%) was observed in the genotype SKAF148 on BNN medium supplemented with 5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP. Cultures were initially incubated at 7 °C under dark conditions for two weeks, followed by a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod at 26 ± 2 °C. For callus proliferation, anther-derived embryoids were transferred to MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L BAP and maintained under a 16/8 h photoperiod at 26 ± 2 °C. Molecular marker analysis confirmed genetic fidelity, while ploidy levels of calli and embryos were assessed using flow cytometry. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed metabolically active embryos (20%) with intact ultrastructural (100%) organization. The in vitro protocol is rapid (40-45 days), suitable for gametic embryogenesis and haploid induction in soybean breeding. The protocol enabled rapid haploid production (within 40-45 days), and the methodology provides a practical framework for accelerating soybean breeding programs through haploid and doubled haploid technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148766619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accumulation of dehydrins and osmolytes and functioning of the antioxidant system in etiolated wheat seedlings during cold hardening: differences in adaptation strategies between tolerant and sensitive genotypes.","authors":"Tetiana O Yastreb, Ilja T Prášil, Pavel Vítámvás, Yuriy E Kolupaev, Ivan V Shakhov, Yaroslav B Blume, Alla I Yemets","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02253-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02253-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Winter cereals at the etiolated seedling stage possess the ability to undergo cold hardening, after which they develop varying levels of frost tolerance depending on their genotype. However, the functioning of stress-protective systems in etiolated wheat seedlings at the biochemical and cellular levels remains poorly understood. We investigated the contribution of dehydrins, osmoprotective and antioxidant systems to cold adaptation in six Triticum aestivum (L.) cultivars differing in frost resistance. The seedlings were subjected to a 6-day hardening treatment at 3 °C, followed by freezing at - 9 °C. The survival rate of the most frost-tolerant cultivars after 5 h of freezing was 54-73%, while that of the most sensitive cultivars was 17-22%. During the hardening process, soluble carbohydrates accumulated in the shoots of tolerant cultivars. Also in tolerant cultivars, the soluble protein content remained stable after exposure to the hardening temperature, whereas in sensitive cultivars it decreased. Unhardened seedlings of all studied cultivars contained virtually no dehydrins. Meanwhile, following hardening, an accumulation of dehydrins with molecular weights ranging from 14 to 68 kDa was observed. In frost-tolerant cultivars, the total dehydrins content was higher. Additionally, only frost-tolerant cultivars produced significant amounts of low-molecular-weight dehydrins with molecular weights of 14-16 kDa. Superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly after hardening only in the most sensitive cultivar. The activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase after hardening remained stable in tolerant cultivars, while it increased in all sensitive ones. The hydrogen peroxide content after hardening varied among seedlings of different genotypes, although it remained at a stable, higher level in frost-tolerant cultivars. It was concluded that there are differences in the cold adaptation strategies of wheat seedlings of different genotypes. Tolerant cultivars are characterized by an increase in dehydrins content, especially low-molecular-weight dehydrins, the preservation of a large pool of soluble proteins, and the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates. At the same time, sensitive cultivars undergoing cold hardening are characterized by increased antioxidant enzyme activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148679750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR-Cas-based detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: current advances and translational bottlenecks.","authors":"Nour Akkoul, Tarun Kumar, Swaati Sharma, Vipasha Sharma, Vaseem Raja, Tanzil Gaffar Malik, Wan Shafrina Wan Mohd Jaafar, Ajay Kumar Gupta, Khalid Rehman Hakeem","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02250-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02250-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major global health challenge due to persistent diagnostic gaps. CRISPR-Cas-based diagnostics have emerged as highly sensitive and programmable platforms for nucleic acid detection, enabling rapid identification of Mtb targets, including drug-resistance-associated mutations. These systems integrate isothermal amplification, diverse Cas effectors, and multiple signal readout strategies to achieve high analytical performance. This review provides a comparative analysis of clinically evaluated CRISPR-based TB diagnostic platforms, highlighting substantial variability in assay design, performance, and translational readiness. While many platforms demonstrate strong analytical sensitivity, their implementation remains constrained by workflow complexity and limited integration into true point-of-care formats. This highlights that successful clinical translation of CRISPR-based TB diagnostics is determined more by real-world adaptability than by analytical performance alone. The current review presents a comparative analysis of CRISPR-based diagnostic platforms for tuberculosis, evaluating the variability in assay design, analytical and clinical performance, and translational readiness across currently available systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148670698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exogenous sodium nitroprusside alleviates cadmium toxicity in Solanum nigrum via antioxidant activation, metal redistribution, and gene expression modulation.","authors":"Fang Yang, Jie Zou, Jinqun Feng, Ting Yu, Shuai Zhang, Shunqin Zhu, Wanhong Liu, Rui Li","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02252-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02252-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium (Cd) contamination in the environment poses a serious threat to plant growth and physiological metabolism. Although previous studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO), as an important signaling molecule, participates in plant responses to heavy metal stress, its regulatory role and underlying molecular mechanisms in the Cd hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L remain poorly understood. In this study, Cd exposure significantly inhibited seedling growth (fresh weight and root length), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and carotenoids (Car)), and carbon metabolites (total flavonoids (TFL), total phenolic compounds (TPC), total soluble sugars (TSS), and total starch (TS)). Treatment with 100 μmol·L⁻¹ sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was the most effective in alleviating Cd toxicity, restoring all photosynthetic pigments and carbon metabolites to control levels. Furthermore, exogenous application of 100 μmol·L⁻¹ SNP effectively mitigated Cd toxicity at multiple levels by significantly reducing stress indicators (malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and proline (Pro)) and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR)). In addition, SNP treatment substantially reduced total Cd accumulation in seedlings and reshaped Cd distribution among subcellular compartments and different chemical fractions, leading to a 17.96% increase in the F3 (soluble fraction) and a 4.38% decrease in the F1 (cell wall fraction). Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that SNP significantly regulated multiple gene pathways associated with metal ion transport, photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense under Cd stress. Differential expression analysis identified that transcription factors (WRKY, MYB, and bHLH) and membrane transporters (ZIP and Nramp) are major genes participating in NO-mediated regulation of Cd stress. Overall, this study demonstrates that exogenous SNP enhances Cd tolerance in S. nigrum by coordinately regulating redox homeostasis, metabolic reprogramming, and Cd distribution patterns, providing new experimental evidence for NO-mediated heavy metal tolerance mechanisms in hyperaccumulator plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148606994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid chromosome movements persist within nuclear protrusions in Arabidopsis thaliana meiocytes.","authors":"Sergey Mursalimov, Simon Michaeli, Elena Deineko","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02248-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02248-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chromosome movements during meiosis are essential for accurate homolog recognition and segregation. However, two striking phenomena, rapid prophase chromosome movements (RPMs) and the formation of unusual nuclear structures, both involving large-scale chromatin dynamics and occurring simultaneously during early meiotic prophase I, remain poorly understood in plants. RPMs are known to facilitate homolog pairing across diverse taxa, but their regulation and robustness in plants remain unclear. Similarly, a phenomenon characterized by the formation of nuclear protrusions, that extend through intercellular channels into the cytoplasm of neighboring meiocytes, is frequently reported during plant meiosis. As a rule, this process is referred to as cytomixis, yet its nature and biological significance remain unresolved. Here, we integrate the study of these processes by investigating Arabidopsis thaliana male meiocytes at early prophase I using live-cell imaging with ASY1:GFP as a reporter for chromosome dynamics. We show that chromatin in nuclear protrusions remains active and displays RPMs indistinguishable from those of intact nuclei. Remarkably, a process unavoidably involving mechanical stress and disruption of cytoskeletal connections, does not interrupt RPMs. These findings demonstrate that meiotic RPMs are inherently robust and largely independent of the local cytoplasmic environment and support the view that cytomixis is a normal cytological process rather than a pathology or artifact.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148520823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical description and detection of aluminum in Aerial structures of adult plants of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.","authors":"Verónica Monserrat Rodríguez-Sánchez, Jessica Edith Solis-de la Cruz, Ma Concepción Guzmán-Ramos, Judith Márquez-Guzmán, Rocío Cruz-Ortega","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02244-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02244-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anatomical insights from plant studies offer a unique way to understand the tissue-level adaptations that enable some species to develop aluminum (Al) tolerance. To conduct functional anatomy studies, methods are required that uphold both structural integrity and cellular chemical stability. Previous research on the Al-tolerant species in Fagopyrum esculentum has focused primarily on physiological mechanisms, leaving technical and structural gaps regarding its sequestration in tissues. This research presents a histochemical approach to elucidate Al compartmentalization in mature F. esculentum plants. Samples were preserved with a modified Zamboni fixative to avoid metal leaching before being embedded in glycol methacrylate (GMA). High-quality 12 μm sections were obtained. For anatomical description, Toluidine Blue O was utilized, while Chromazurol S (CAS) was employed for histochemistry. In addition, laser microdissection of the leaves and Al quantification by ICP-MS were performed. The results revealed a progressive acropetal gradient. The marginal papillae of the leaves exhibited a concentration of 4352 ± 0.5 mg Al*kg⁻¹ DW (1.6 times higher than the lamina fraction). This pattern shows that Al sequestration in this region is a permanent trait inherited from the developmental start. This study offers a replicable foundation for exploring metal compartmentalization and detoxification processes in F. esculentum and related metal-tolerant herbaceous plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148472497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical chlorotic plants as a tool for studying more severe cadmium effect on photosystem I, non-photochemical quenching, potassium content, and stomatal conductance.","authors":"Eugene A Lysenko, Natalia A Savvina, Alexander V Kartashov, Galina V Kochetova","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02249-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02249-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium is a very toxic heavy metal. We studied cadmium-treated barley plants with an especial focus on rare atypical plants with signs of chlorosis. Cadmium treatment decreased the maximal photochemical activities of both photosystems while the activity of photosystem I decreased more than the activity of photosystem II. In photosystem II, cadmium treatment inhibited non-photochemical quenching that increased portion of unquenched \"closed\" complexes of photosystem II. The latter effect increased the balance of limitations between the acceptor side of photosystem II (qC) and the donor side of photosystem I (Y(ND)) and raised the ratio qC/Y(ND). All these effects were enhanced in the atypical more damaged plants. Cadmium treatment reduced the potassium content in the first leaves; in atypical plants, the potassium content decreased even more. Cadmium treatment changed a pattern of stomatal conductance possibly by means of reducing the potassium content in the leaves. The untreated barley plants maintained different stomatal conductancees at adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaves and exhibited complicated diurnal dynamics with large ups and downs in stomatal conductance. The typical cadmium-treated plants were less flexible and presented medium values. Stomatal conductance in the untreated plants was higher or lower than that in the typical Cd cadmium-treated plants depending on the time; average daytime stomatal conductance was equal in both variants. At 10.00, the stomatal conductance of the atypical cadmium-treated plants was smaller than that of the typical ones. Levels of 13 chloroplast mRNAs remained unchanged, while 1 mRNA decreased in both types of cadmium-treated plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148437786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triple identity of medicinal plant-derived extracellular vesicles.","authors":"Yingping Wang, Jin Ke, Jinlian Yang, Lili Cui, Yunshu Ma","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02246-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02246-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medicinal plant-derived extracellular vesicles (MPDEVs) are nanoscale vesicles secreted by medicinal plant cells. They are enriched in diverse functional components and function as natural mediators that facilitate intercellular communication and regulate multiple physiological processes. Owing to their unique biological activities and delivery capabilities, these vesicles have emerged as a frontier research hotspot. Recent studies have demonstrated that MPDEVs exhibit excellent biocompatibility and cross-species delivery potential and can be engineered to encapsulate small-molecule compounds for use as drug delivery vectors. Remarkably, MPDEVs also display notable intrinsic therapeutic effects and can be directly applied as natural therapeutic agents in various disease models. Furthermore, MPDEVs can be co-administered with conventional therapeutic drugs to strengthen their efficacy and improve bioavailability. This article systematically summarizes the biogenesis, composition, and functional properties of MPDEVs and emphasizes their broad application potential, characterized by a triple identity as intelligent carriers, natural therapeutic agents, and synergistic treatment systems. Nonetheless, the translation of MPDEVs from laboratory research to clinical application is impeded by several critical challenges, including source heterogeneity, the absence of specific biomarkers for efficient purification and identification, and a lack of standardized quality control procedures. Accordingly, this paper also highlights these core limitations and outlines future development directions aimed at facilitating clinical translation and industrial deployment. The objective is to provide a comprehensive reference and theoretical framework to support overcoming these constraints and to contribute to the advancement of MPDEVs into reliable and scalable biomedical tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148423507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of gibberellin on the growth and corm formation of Sagittaria trifolia.","authors":"Jiexia Liu, Wenwen Ding, Qinyi Fan, Siying Jin, Huimin Chang, Jiahui Shen, Liangjun Li","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02247-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02247-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gibberellins (GAs) are crucial growth regulators governing diverse plant developmental processes. Arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia L.) is a characteristic aquatic vegetable with a tall plant type and edible underground organs. To investigate the effects of GAs on the growth and yield formation of arrowhead, this study sprayed a type of gibberellin (GA₃) and a triazole-type gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor (paclobutrazol, PP333) on the arrowhead plants, respectively, and then observed the phenotypic differences in the aboveground growth and the size of underground corms. Compared with the control group, GA₃ treatment significantly increased the plant height and reduced underground corm size, whereas the effect of PP333 treatment was the opposite. Anatomical observations revealed that the elongation of petiole epidermal cells and parenchyma cells after the application of GA₃ were the reason for the increased plant height of arrowhead plants. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression levels of StKS1, StKS2, StKS3 and StGA3ox genes, related to endogenous GAs synthesis, in the petioles of arrowhead all exhibited significant differences under GA₃ and PP333 treatments. The current finding clarified the function of GAs in regulating the growth and yield formation of arrowhead, indicating that controlling the aboveground growth in arrowhead production is of great practical guiding significance for promoting yield formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148423504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kaolin-based particle film mitigates high light stress in native tree seedlings through anatomical and growth adjustments.","authors":"Amanda Lúcia Pereira Machado da Silva, Rosana Maria Dos Santos Nani de Miranda, Guilherme Augusto Rodrigues de Souza, Diesily de Andrade Neves, Larissa Crisostomo de Souza Barcellos, Anne Reis Santos, Paulo Ricardo Dos Santos, Cláudia Franca Barros, Eliemar Campostrini","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02245-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02245-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deforestation and environmental degradation increase the need for effective strategies to improve seedling establishment in ecological restoration programs, particularly under high irradiance conditions. Although processed kaolin particle film (PKPF) has been widely used to mitigate abiotic stress in agricultural crops, its potential application to native forest species during restoration remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of PKPF on anatomical, ultrastructural, and biometric traits of Cordia superba and Citharexylum myrianthum, two native Atlantic Forest species commonly used in restoration projects. Seedlings were grown under full sunlight with or without PKPF application and compared with greenhouse-grown plants. PKPF reduced leaf temperature, preserved chloroplast and mitochondrial ultrastructure, and promoted the accumulation of starch grains and plastoglobules. These responses indicate improved maintenance of cellular integrity and energy metabolism under high irradiance, contributing to enhanced stress tolerance during seedling establishment. Growth responses were more pronounced in C. superba, whereas C. myrianthum exhibited greater intrinsic tolerance to light stress. Overall, the results demonstrate that PKPF mitigates the adverse effects of excessive solar radiation by protecting cellular structures associated with photosynthetic performance and supporting seedling development. This study provides novel evidence for the use of kaolin-based technologies in native forest species and highlights their potential to improve restoration success under increasingly challenging environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148423598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}