Protoplasma最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the microRNA signature associated with Reye's syndrome.","authors":"Ananya Puhan, Satyajit Tripathy, Jiban Kumar Behera, Manojit Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02226-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02226-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reye's syndrome, an uncommon and potentially deadly childhood disease, is characterized by sudden noninflammatory brain dysfunction combined with hepatic dysfunction caused by the accumulation of fat. It was initially identified by Australian pathologist R.D.K. Reye in 1963. National monitoring of Reye's syndrome commenced in the United States in the early 1970s, resulting in strict cautions about the use of aspirin in children. MicroRNA (miRNA), small (~ 22 nt) non-coding RNA that regulate gene expression by reducing mRNA levels, plays a critical role in the onset and advancement of Reye's syndrome. It can affect numerous target proteins, significantly contributing to the substantial abnormalities in the syndrome's cause and development. The review thoroughly explores the influence of miRNAs on liver enzyme metabolism, emphasizing their involvement in the disruption of these enzymes and in cerebral edema as well as hepatomegaly where they contribute to the occurrence of Reye's syndrome. A comprehensive understanding of the role of miRNAs in hepatic metabolism and cerebral edema is essential for developing effective treatments aimed at diseases resulting from disrupted mitochondrial and enzymatic metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148164099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilayered regulation of Fe excess stress and the role of ascorbate in rice.","authors":"Mayur Patel, Divya Gupta, Raj Kishan Agrahari, Kamiya Takehiro, Petra Bauer, Sanjib Kumar Panda","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02224-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02224-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ascorbate, a vital water-soluble antioxidant, plays a central role in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants under stress conditions, including iron (Fe) toxicity. Iron toxicity, primarily caused by excess ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) in flooded paddy fields, significantly limits rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity, a staple crop for nearly two-thirds of the global population. This study explores the role of ascorbic acid in regulating iron stress responses in two contrasting rice genotypes-IR64 (sensitive) and Lachit (tolerant). Integrated physiological, biochemical, histochemical, metabolomic, and molecular analyses revealed that Lachit showed reduced Fe accumulation, lower lipid peroxidation, and enhanced ROS scavenging under Fe excess. Notably, the upregulation of key ascorbate biosynthesis genes (VTC1-3, VTC4, VTC2-like) in Lachit suggests a positive correlation between ascorbic acid production and Fe stress tolerance. Histochemical staining demonstrated higher hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging in Lachit, confirming better ROS detoxification. Metabolomic profiling showed elevated ascorbate levels and a suite of antioxidant metabolites contributing to improved stress resilience. Additionally, higher accumulation of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols and flavonoids across both genotypes suggests a synergistic role with ascorbate in mitigating Fe-induced oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings highlight ascorbate as a key regulator in iron stress mitigation and underscore its interaction with secondary metabolites in strengthening antioxidative defense. This study provides novel insights into ascorbate-centered mechanisms and identifies promising molecular targets for improving iron excess tolerance and productivity in rice through genetic engineering or genome editing approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Priming of defence signalling in grapevine cells depends on actin filaments.","authors":"Ruipu Wang, Pingyin Guan, Michael Riemann, Peter Nick","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02206-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02206-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Defence priming has attracted significant attention as a potential sustainable strategy to enhance plant immunity. In this study, we show that pre-treatment with aluminium ions can amplify the response of transcripts for phytoalexin synthesis and their transcriptional regulators to the bacterial elicitor harpin, although these transcripts are not induced by aluminium alone. The priming effect of aluminium depends on actin, and is accompanied by activation of genes linked with aluminium tolerance. As a result, the cell-death response to harpin is mitigated, again depending on actin filaments. We discuss these findings in the context of a working model, where actin remodelling (triggered by aluminium) can promote defence signalling independently of a Hypersensitive Response and discuss potential implications for the use of priming in sustainable viticulture.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148016882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A lipid droplet - plasma membrane contact site is conserved across the angiosperm lineage.","authors":"Pauline Prüsener, Janis Dabisch, Saskia Baum, Lea Marie Preuss, Jan de Vries, Till Ischebeck","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02215-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02215-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Arabidopsis thaliana, a tethering complex of three proteins, SEED LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN 1 and 2 (SLDP1 and 2) and LIPID DROPLET PLASMA MEMBRANE ADAPTOR (LIPA), binds lipid droplets (LDs) to the plasma membrane (PM). While the physiological function remains unknown, it seems to be conserved across seed plants, as we here observed this tethering of LDs in seedlings of a variety of angiosperms. The analysis of LIPA and SLDP homologs indicated that these proteins emerged in the early period of land plant evolution before seed plants became dominant. LIPA and SLDP are, however, more strongly conserved among seed plants and share distinct amino acid motifs that could be involved in their interaction. We cloned LIPA and SLDP homologs from Arachis hypogaea, Glycine max and Zea mays and transiently expressed them in tobacco pollen tubes, a suitable model system. Here, the LIPAs and SLDPs localised to the PM and LDs, respectively, like their A. thaliana homologs. When coexpressed in pollen tubes, where LDs normally move freely in the cytosol, the LIPAs and SLDPs can tether LDs to the PM indicating that they can interact and constitute a LD-PM contact site. This interaction was even functional across taxon boundaries.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148006426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold nanoparticle-mediated elicitation enhances andrographolide biosynthesis via auxin signalling in optimized hairy root cultures of Andrographis paniculata.","authors":"Subramaniyan Rajalakshmi, Davis Megha, Senguttuvan Vignesh, Chinnaswamy Appunu, Markandan Manickavasagam","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02214-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02214-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Andrographis paniculata, a medicinal plant valued for its diterpenoid andrographolide, is limited by low yields obtained through conventional cultivation and extraction methods. Developing efficient in vitro systems for enhanced andrographolide biosynthesis remains a significant challenge. This study establishes an optimized Rhizobium rhizogenes-mediated protocol for including hairy root cultures (HRCs) in A. paniculata and evaluates biogenically synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as elicitors to enhance andrographolide biosynthesis and auxin signalling. Hairy root induction was achieved from two-week-old A. paniculata cotyledon explants using R. rhizogenes A4 strain, with an optimal transformation efficiency of 79.9% under 2-day co-cultivation with 200 µM acetosyringone, 40 s sonication, and 2 min vacuum infiltration. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the rolA gene confirmed the transgenic nature of the HRCs. Maximum biomass (23.39 g FW; 2.37 g DW) and andrographolide content (37.8 mg g⁻¹ DW) were achieved on the 40th day of culture. Elicitation with various concentrations of AuNPs (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg L⁻¹) for different exposure periods (24, 48, and 72 h) revealed that treatment with 40 mg L⁻¹ for 48 h significantly enhanced andrographolide accumulation (8.8-fold; 372.17 mg g⁻¹ DW), as quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed a significant upregulation of auxin-responsive factors ARF1 (9.2-fold) and ARF3 (6.09-fold), indicating activation of auxin-mediated transcriptional regulation. Collectively, these findings suggest that AuNPs are effective abiotic elicitors and establish a robust, scalable HRC platform for enhanced andrographolide production via modulation of phytohormonal signalling. Furthermore, the optimized HRC protocol provides a foundation for future CRISPR/Cas9-based metabolic engineering to improve yield and pathway efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147988737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sieve elements. Hidden corners, fierce debates, future prospects.","authors":"Aart J E van Bel, Jens B Hafke, Katrin Ehlers, Alexandra C U Furch","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02197-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02197-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sieve elements (SEs) represent one of the most specialized cell types in plants, yet several fundamental aspects of their structure, regulation, and physiological integration remain incompletely understood. Despite recent advances that refined our understanding of SE function, persistent questions and controversies remain concerning key aspects of SE biology, such as the disputed presence of a proteolytic machinery and a cytoskeleton, the functions of plastids and mitochondria, the roles of sieve-element reticulum (SER) and its membrane contact sites, the mechanisms and significance of sieve-element occlusion by SEOs and SEORs and phloem protein (PP) families, the nature and operation of Ca²⁺ channels involved in sieve-tube occlusion and electrical signal propagation, and the mechanisms that compensate for SE enucleation. Here, we examine current concepts of SE biology, with particular emphasis on unresolved, conflicting, and emergent issues. We highlight experimental and conceptual approaches that may help resolve outstanding questions and to test hypotheses derived from existing data sets. Rather than providing a comprehensive catalogue of phloem functions, this review aims to delineate key conceptual bottlenecks and to outline future directions required to achieve a mechanistic understanding of SE function within the living plant. To this end, several hypothetical models of SE-functioning are included for further exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147982966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autophagy is more vital in tomato and citrus than in arabidopsis.","authors":"Guowang Liao, Haoyang Hu, Peng Zhang, Ran Hu, Saiyu Cao, Ye Guo, Pengwei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02211-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02211-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autophagy is crucial for plant growth, development, and stress responses. While its core machinery is conserved across species, the differential regulation of autophagy in annual versus perennial plants, particularly with respect to resource allocation trade-offs, remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted a comparative study to investigate the function of autophagy in horticultural plants with different life cycles. Using autophagy-deficient materials targeting ATG7 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and citrus (Fortunella hindsii), alongside Arabidopsis as a reference, we analysed the impact of autophagy on vegetative growth, reproductive development, and nutrient stress responses. The results show that autophagy deficiency consistently impaired growth across species, but F. hindsii exhibited more severe growth inhibition and premature leaf senescence, highlighting variation in reliance on autophagy. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of F. hindsii further revealed potential molecular networks underlying autophagy deficiency-induced leaf senescence. In conclusion, our study provides evidence of how autophagy functions differently across plant species, offering a theoretical foundation for future autophagy-based breeding approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147949439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoprotective strategies of Haematococcus lacustris in response to desiccation stress.","authors":"Thomas Roach, Ginga Shimakawa","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02203-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02203-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water loss is a major challenge for photosynthetic organisms. Most are prone to drought stress and only few can tolerate full desiccation. Here, we investigated regulation of photosynthetic electron flow during dehydration and rehydration in Haematococcus lacustris, a desiccation tolerant green alga. During dehydration, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased for dissipating excess light energy, while light-use efficiency of photosystems II (PSII) and I (PSI) decreased. The reaction centre of PSI (P700) became electron-limited at its donor side, helping form photoprotective P700⁺. Inhibiting alternative oxidases with octyl gallate delayed chlorophyll fluorescence quenching, indicating that plastid terminal oxidases (PTOX) supported formation of NPQ during desiccation. Reduction rates of P700⁺ during a saturating pulse were slower if cells dehydrated slower, showing that photoprotection was upregulated during desiccation acclimation. During rehydration, octyl gallate and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a flavoenzyme inhibitor, slowed oxidation of P700 under actinic light, indicating PTOX and flavodiiron proteins (FLV) were involved in maintaining P700⁺. A similar response occurred with the protonophore nigericin. We conclude that beyond preventing over-reduction of the electron transport chain, PTOX and FLV facilitated thylakoid luminal acidification under low water stress, protecting photosystems via NPQ, photosynthetic control and P700⁺ formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147820048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eight weeks after anthesis: a critical fruit developmental stage for tissue-border establishment in oil palm tenera fruit.","authors":"Fong-Chin Lee, Wan-Chin Yeap, Po-Yee Fong, Ai-Ling Ong, Chee-Keng Teh","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02139-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02139-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the most productive oil crop, contributing to approximately 35% of the global vegetable oil production. The tenera fruit form, derived from dura × pisifera crosses, is planted for its superior mesocarp oil yield due to thicker mesocarp and thinner endocarp fruit characteristics. In this study, histology analyses were conducted to characterize the developmental progression in tenera fruit. Cytological and morphological analyses revealed that fruit tissue compartmentation commence as early as 3 weeks after anthesis (WAA), with the pericarp distinctly differentiating into exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp layers that enclose the seed coat and endosperm. The endocarp layer becomes prominent at 4 WAA and reaches an average maximum thickness of 1.1 ± 0.55 mm until full ripening at 23 WAA. Sclereid secondary cell wall lignification is initiated at 8 WAA, coincides with the onset of endosperm cellularization and a significant increase in endocarp cell density. The expression of SHELL gene showed a developmental stage-dependent pattern with highest expression recorded at 12 WAA, aligning with the phase of active lignification detected histologically. Collectively, these findings identify 8 WAA as a critical developmental stage that defines seed size, endocarp lignification, shell thickness, endosperm cellularization, and mesocarp capacity for oil accumulation in tenera fruit. These coordinated cytological and molecular changes suggest a shared transcriptional regulation of tissue-border formation and cell wall biogenesis in oil palm fruit. This study provides a foundation for transcriptomic investigations into the molecular control of fruit tissue differentiation and size control, contributing to strategies to enhance oil yield, seed quality and fruit architecture in elite tenera palms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"827-840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145655442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic analysis of fecal microbial communities in dairy goats from different farms.","authors":"Liang Chengcheng, Zhou Yanduo, Wang Zhebin, Li Jianzhang, Zhu Yangtao, Li Jun, Li Yu, Hashim R Felemban, Othman Yahya Alyahyawy, Ahmad F Alhomodi, Fatimah Hadadi, Ali Shaibah, Li Bingzhi, Wang Xianwei","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02160-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02160-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to investigate the differences in the microbial community structure of goat manure under various breeding environments, providing scientific evidence and theoretical support for healthy breeding practices. Gut microbiota is a key determinant of feed conversion, disease resistance and overall productivity in ruminants. The gut microbiome is an integral part of the digestive system. Its composition and functional traits markedly influence digestive efficiency, immune development, gut homeostasis and reproductive performance. Using four goat dairy farms in the Yangling, Shaanxi Province as study subjects, fecal samples were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing technology, combined with α-diversity indices and β-diversity analysis. The results revealed significant differences in the microbial community structure of goat feces across different farms, with each farm exhibiting unique microbial communities. Each farm harboured distinct microbial signatures and functional profiles, providing microbiota-based targets for precision management of Guanzhong dairy goats.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1031-1045"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146202531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}