Protoplasma最新文献

{"title":"Hirudins and ornatins in five species of the genus Placobdella (Annelida: Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae).","authors":"Raja Ben Ahmed, Robert Wolf, Gabriele Jedlitschky, Céline Tolksdorf, Bernhard H Rauch, Clemens Grosser, Sebastian Kvist, Christian Müller","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02243-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02243-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leeches of the genus Placobdella Blanchard, 1893 (Annelida: Rhynchobdellida: Glossiphoniidae) are mainly distributed across North and Central America, but at least two species are also present in the palearctic region: the European turtle leech Placobdella costata Müller, 1846, and the North African turtle leech Placobdella nabeulensis Ben Ahmed et al., 2023. All species of the genus are hematophagous and feed on vertebrates, but are known to preferentially target aquatic and semi-aquatic reptiles like turtles and snakes. Placobdella ornata Verrill, 1872, is the original source of ornatins, a class of potent platelet aggregation inhibitors. However, the whole repertoire of bioactive peptides, including anticoagulation factors remains largely underexplored for Placobdella, and functional characterizations of putative antithrombotics are scarce. Here we describe the genes and cDNAs that encode putative hirudins and ornatins in both of the palearctic and three American species of the genus Placobdella. A selection of putative hirudins and ornatins was recombinantly expressed and functionally characterized using appropriate coagulation and platelet aggregation assays, and our data confirm the expression of functional hirudins and ornatins in the studied leeches. In addition, our genetic analyses strongly support the hypothesis that blood feeding evolved only once in the evolutionary history of leeches.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing the origin of the tobacco BY-2 cell line.","authors":"Pavel Jelínek, Jan Petrášek","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02239-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02239-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the most frequently used plant cell lines is the tobacco cell line BY-2, which was established from Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2 plants. However, surprisingly, after more than 50 years, the original information about the authors, the place and the method of its establishment is quite laborious to obtain. This could be important for any de novo derivation of highly proliferative cell lines. In this brief reflection article, we summarise the publicly available information on the origin of BY-2 in the 1960s, when it was used in applied research at the Central Research Institute of Japan Tobacco & Salt Public Corporation (JTS). Thanks largely to Professor Toshiyuki Nagata's activities, it spread to the rest of the world in the 1980s, becoming a cellular model for basic research into the cell cycle, membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics, and many other processes. Available literature suggests that the BY-2 cell line was derived from calli induced on the stems of seedlings of the Bright Yellow-2 Virginia-type tobacco cultivar. We hope that the information we have gathered will be useful for everyone working with, or planning to use, the BY-2 cell line. We also hope that it will encourage efforts to search for more details in old Japanese patent records that could be used to establish new, highly proliferating lines.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of NADPH oxidase generated O₂^- in seed germination and cold stress response of Brassica napus.","authors":"Wei-Liang Qi, Guo-Yan Bao, Mei-Ying Sun, Wen-Juan Ma, Xuan-Ting Yang, Xiang-Hong Gao, Miao-Xin Zhou, Qi-Lin Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02240-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02240-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NADPH oxidase, a key enzyme responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in plants, plays a central role in regulating plant growth and development as well as the transmission of stress signals. However, the regulatory mechanism of ROS mediated by NADPH oxidase in Brassica napus remains unclear. In this study, B. napus 16NTS309 was used as the experimental material, and NADPH oxidase-specific inhibitor (diphenyleneiodonium chloride, DPI) was applied to treat seeds, seedlings, and callus tissues respectively. Combined with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining, tissue section observation, and superoxide anion (O₂^-) content determination, the mechanism by which NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS (O₂^-) regulates seed germination, cell division, and cold stress signal transmission in B. napus was systematically investigated. The results showed that: (1) DPI treatment completely inhibited seed germination (germination rate = 0%), while exogenous application of 0.6% H₂O₂ significantly alleviated this inhibitory effect. Specifically, the seed germination rate, ROS (O₂^-) content and NADPH oxidase activity increased to 68.34%, 18.52 nmol/g and 423.01 U/g, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the DPI treatment group. This confirms that NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS plays an important role in seed germination of B. napus; (2) Under normal growth conditions, ROS (O₂^-) mainly accumulated in the root tip meristem and the edge of the rapidly dividing region of callus tissues. After DPI treatment, the ROS (O₂⁻) signals in root tissues and callus cells were significantly reduced, indicating that NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS signals are involved in regulating the cell division process of B. napus; (3) After cold stress treatment, ROS (O₂^-) signals in B. napus seedlings and callus tissues burst significantly, with contents of 152.42 nmol/g and 512.61 nmol/g, respectively. In contrast, ROS (O₂^-) levels and NADPH oxidase activity decreased significantly under the combined treatment of cold stress and DPI, confirming that the massive production of ROS under cold stress is closely associated with NADPH oxidase. This study clarifies the key role of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS in seed germination, cell division, and cold stress response of B. napus, providing an important theoretical basis and technical support for the genetic improvement of cold-tolerant B. napus varieties and the in-depth study of plant ROS signal regulatory mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitric oxide and abscisic acid: two intimate collaborators regulating plant defense against drought.","authors":"Bhawna Dalal, Reena Reena, Aarti Baloda, Sakshi Saini, Priyanka Sharma, Asha Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02242-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02242-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drought represents one of the most pervasive and intensifying abiotic stresses under changing climate regimes severely constraining agricultural productivity, ecosystem stability, and global food security. Water deficit disrupts cellular homeostasis, reduces photosynthetic efficiency, and induces excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative damage. To survive under such conditions, plants employ a diverse array of adaptive responses, including osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense, hormonal signalling, and stress-responsive gene regulation. Among the key signalling molecules involved in drought tolerance, nitric oxide (NO) and abscisic acid (ABA) have emerged as pivotal signalling molecules orchestrating a wide spectrum of physiological and molecular responses under drought. NO functions as a versatile signalling molecule that regulates redox homeostasis, enhances antioxidant activity, and promotes the accumulation of osmoprotectant. ABA maintains drought perception by inducing stomatal closure, and activating stress-responsive pathways. Co-application of NO and ABA regulates seed germination, root-shoot growth, and stomatal movement, thereby improving relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), and photosynthetic efficiency while reducing oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). This comprehensive review navigates through a clear and integrative overview of the mechanistic role of NO and ABA, and at the molecular level, NO and ABA modulate drought tolerance through transcriptional regulation, mRNA-level control, and translational modification of stress-responsive genes. Additionally, emerging strategies, including plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), marker-assisted selection (MAS) with QTL mapping, and genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas systems, offer promising approaches for enhancing drought tolerance and developing climate-resilient crop varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the link between heavy metals detoxification and crop improvements.","authors":"Pooja Singh, Shilpy Singh, Afsana Praveen","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02189-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02189-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal (HM)/metalloids stresses have a detrimental effect on agriculture and the ecosystem because they impose severe strains on plants, which are sessile by nature, and cause extreme economic losses. It is imperative to safeguard crop plants from HMs to maintain sustainable agriculture and meet the global need for food from an ever-increasing population. Anthropogenic activities provide a threat to agricultural soils by contaminating them with toxic HMs, which can lead to an excessive build-up of arsenic (As), aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in food crops. This offers serious health concerns to humans since they got merged into the food chain. Finding ways to stop these harmful metals from building up in food requires knowing how plants absorb, move, and break down these toxins. Therefore, in the present study, universal distribution, toxicity of HMs and their emergence in the food chain, uptake and transport, detoxification mechanisms in plants, and ways of crop improvement under HM stress conditions have been explored. Conventional remediation methods can be costly, labor intensive, and environmentally disruptive. HMs/metalloids generate oxidative stress, disrupts cellular homeostasis, inhibits photosynthesis, and interfered with nutritional uptake leading to significant yield losses in plants. To cope up these stresses, plants utilize complex molecular mechanisms for resilience such as antioxidant enzymes activation, metal’ transporters upregulation, formation of metal chelation complexes, and variation of stress related genes and transcription factors. In contrast bioremediation offers a sustainable and ecofriendly alternative by leveraging the detoxification capabilities of plants, microbes, and their symbiotic interactions. Practices like phytoremediation, microbial-assisted remediation, and combined approaches involving nanobiochar, biostimulants, and organic amendments have established promising outcomes in restoring HMs/metalloids contaminated soil. In this study we have attempted to outline the different HMs/metalloids toxicity, uptake, and detoxification in one place. This would reduce the obstacles to agricultural output and the world’s food demands while also assisting in understanding the better HMs’ resilience in crop plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1141-1207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147594096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic priming strategies enhance antioxidant defense and suppress corm rot in saffron: role of Trichoderma and walnut leaf powder.","authors":"Tanzeel Bashir, Syed Anam Ul Haq, Amjad M Husaini","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02170-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02170-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivation has declined sharply in traditional regions due to biotic and abiotic stresses, with Fusarium acuminatum-induced corm rot emerging as a major threat. Given saffron's genetic sterility and concerns over chemical fungicides, sustainable alternatives are essential. This study demonstrates that organic amendments, particularly Trichoderma bioformulation (T₃) and walnut leaf powder (T₇), effectively suppress corm rot, with lowest infection percentage recorded in T₇ (13.32%), followed by T₃ (19.89%). Notably, the chemical treatment T₆ (NPK) showed a comparatively higher disease percentage area (56.43%) than the untreated control (T₀) (47.55%). Trichoderma bioformulation activated jasmonic acid- and ethylene-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR), regulated sugar metabolism, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. Walnut leaf powder improved resistance by boosting antioxidant potential and osmotic balance, linked to its high phenolic content and osmolyte accumulation. Both treatments demonstrated complementary mechanisms, combining direct antifungal action with host defense activation, highlighting their potential as eco-friendly alternatives for integrated management of saffron corm rot. The study demonstrates that host-specific organic amendments can suppress pathogen development and reprogram host biochemical defences, highlighting the specificity of organic amendments for sustainable saffron health management.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1301-1314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147435053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification, expression and potential functional analyses of the seven chloride channels in grapevine.","authors":"Mariem Ayadi, Viviana Martins, Nour Chiab, Henrique Noronha, Sami Aifa, Sophie Filleur, Virginie Lauvergeat, Hernâni Géros, Mohsen Hanana","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02175-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02175-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed at identifying and characterizing the grapevine VvCLC family, regarding its genomic organization and functional regulation, towards prospecting its putative biological functions. Using a set of bioinformatics approaches, we systematically identified seven CLCs and characterized their gene structures, phylogenetic relationship and expression profiles, as well as predicted their possible biological functions via comparative analysis with AtCLCs. RNA-seq data and in planta assays in grapevines and cultured grape cells showed that the seven VvCLC genes exhibit varietal and tissue-specific expression patterns in roots, stems, trunks, leaves and berries, suggesting transcriptional regulation of transport activity dependent on developmental stage. The analysis of the cis-elements involved in the transcriptional regulation of VvCLC genes, revealed light-responsive motifs as the most prevalent highlighting a potential role in light-mediated regulation. All VvCLC members responded to Na+ implicating their potential involvement in salt stress tolerance. Most CLCs were downregulated by water stress. The regulation of CLCs by NO3- and Cl- further suggests their involvement in the sequestration of these anions, as vacuolar nitrate/H+ antiporters and chloride channels in stomatal guard cells, supporting potential roles in cell detoxification, ionic homeostasis and photosynthesis. This study constitutes the first comprehensive characterization of the grapevine VvCLC gene family, involving seven members with distinct roles in anion transport and stress responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1263-1285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitin nanocrystals from deep-sea shrimp (Plesionika martia): Structural, morphological, and functional characterization.","authors":"T R Amal, S R Radhika Rajasree","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02176-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02176-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) were isolated from α-chitin extracted from the underutilized deep-sea shrimp Plesionika martia via controlled acid hydrolysis, providing one of the first systematic characterizations of ChNCs derived from a deep-sea crustacean source. The structural, morphological, optical, and rheological properties of the resulting ChNCs were evaluated and compared with native chitin to elucidate the effects of nanoscale processing. The extracted ChNCs showed a yield of 62.33 ± 9.60%, a degree of deacetylation of 65.45%, and a high crystallinity index of 82.19%, indicating effective removal of amorphous domains. Transmission electron microscopy revealed rod-like nanocrystals with average dimensions of 203 ± 99 nm in length and 31 ± 16 nm in width, while dynamic light scattering confirmed a narrow size distribution (~ 200.2 nm) and high colloidal stability supported by a positive zeta potential of + 45.8 mV. UV–visible spectroscopy demonstrated enhanced optical transmittance of ChNC suspensions relative to native chitin, consistent with reduced light scattering at the nanoscale. Rheological analysis further showed that ChNC suspensions exhibited markedly lower apparent viscosity and more gradual viscosity increases with concentration compared to native chitin, reflecting reduced aggregation and improved flow behavior. These findings highlight distinct physicochemical and rheological advantages of ChNCs derived from Plesionika martia and demonstrate the potential of deep-sea shrimp shell waste as a sustainable source of high-value chitin nanomaterials for applications where optical clarity, colloidal stability, and controlled flow properties are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1439-1454"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial microbiota dynamics of Cannabis sativa L. under biotic stress induced by Tetranychus urticae.","authors":"Lucas Pinto Alman, Patricio De Urraza, Bibiana Coppotelli, Deborah Colman, Valeria Bernardo, Marcela Ruscitti, Cristian Vaccarini, Cristina Bugvila, Daniela Sedan, Darío Andrinolo","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02171-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02171-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The microbiota associated with Cannabis sativa L. plays a crucial role in plant growth and health, although the mechanisms by which it is modulated in response to different types of stress during cultivation remains under investigation. In this study, the bacterial microbiota of both rhizospheric and bulk soil associated with a therapeutic C. sativa variety was characterized across three stages of the cultivation cycle (early vegetative, late vegetative, and late flowering), comparing healthy plants and those under stress induced by Tetranychus urticae. In addition to microbial profiling, plant physiological parameters were assessed, along with the analysis of cannabinoid and terpene profiles in floral tissues. Analyses of alpha diversity, community structure, discriminant taxa (LEfSe), and functional predictions (PICRUSt2) were performed using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing data. The results revealed stress-associated shifts in the rhizospheric bacterial community, characterized by changes in the dominance of several genera across plant developmental stages, including a reduced representation of taxa commonly associated with plant growth promotion. Functional predictions further indicated that in control conditions the rhizosphere community exhibited higher metabolic activity, enriched in pathways related to replication, transcription and protein synthesis, whereas under stress, functions shifted toward resource recycling and metabolic flexibility. These findings suggest that biotic stress triggers a functional and structural reorganization of the soil bacterial microbiota, favoring more resilient yet less beneficial communities for plant development.This study provides novel evidence of the interaction between insect, plant, and microbiota, with both agronomic and biotechnological implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1243-1259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146228127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 26S proteasome engages in priming explants with auxin plus cytokinin for somatic embryogenesis of Coffea canephora.","authors":"Evelyn A Carrillo-Bermejo, Felipe Barredo-Pool, Ligia G Brito-Argáez, Rosa M Galaz-Ávalos, Silvia B Andrade-Canto, Víctor M Loyola-Vargas, Victor Aguilar-Hernández","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02194-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02194-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intracellular reorganization and the induction of somatic embryogenesis (SE) are essential for generating viable plantlets. To better understand how protein degradation via the 26S proteasome impacts the state of explants used for SE in C. canephora, we inhibited proteasome function with MG132. We then analyzed the SE progression from early developmental stages to plantlet photomorphogenesis using histological and histochemical techniques. Treatment with MG132 successfully inactivated the 26S proteasome in the explants. Following inactivation, morphological features and histochemical signals for reserve materials and protein bodies decreased during the first 21 days of culture. Interestingly, the subsequent development of globular and cotyledonary stages from MG132-exposed explants occurred at a faster rate than in the control group. These embryos exhibited intense PAS and XP staining, well-bifurcated cotyledons, and enhanced root development. While the overall population of the globular and cotyledonary somatic embryo population was reduced by approximately 19% in MG132-treated explants, this decrease was reversible in recovery cultures, proving that the observed effects were likely due to 26S function rather than permanent cellular damage. Furthermore, the expression of genes related to SE (CcWOX, CcBBM1, CcAGL15), PGR biosynthesis (CcYUC1, CcIPT1) and PGR signaling (CcARF5, CcAHK1) were markedly shifted during the embryo stages in treated explants. Collectively, our results suggest that the proteasome 26S is involved in establishing suitable explant conditions for SE and likely facilitates the downstream morphological transitions required for robust embryo development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1415-1430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}