Protoplasma最新文献

{"title":"New insights into laticifers in Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Fabaceae): anatomy, ultrastructure, and development, emphasizing the presence of callose.","authors":"Tatiane Maria Rodrigues, Stefany Cristina de Melo Silva, Yasmin Massimino Sampaio de Souza, Lúcio Queiroz de Carvalho, Yve Canaveze, Silvia Rodrigues Machado","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02179-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02179-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Laticifers are specialized structures found in diverse plant families and are regarded as important components of plant defense systems. In Fabaceae, however, laticifers are relatively uncommon and have been reported in only a few genera, including Mimosa. Despite this, little is known about the ultrastructural features of laticifer protoplasts and cell walls in this group, as well as their distribution throughout the plant body. This study investigated the distribution, anatomy, and ultrastructure of laticifers in Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) from a developmental perspective, encompassing the embryo, seedling, and adult stages. Articulated nonanastomosing laticifers were found associated with both primary and secondary phloem. Total lipids, acidic polysaccharides, and terpenes were detected within the laticifer protoplasts. Primordial laticifer cells displayed thick pectocellulosic walls containing plasmodesmata, dense cytoplasm and abundant organelles. Young laticifers exhibited digitiform extensions toward neighboring cells, while in maturing laticifers, the terminal walls of aligned cells underwent dissolution. Mature laticifers showed an additional discontinuous internal parietal layer of uniform appearance, composed of callose. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first report of callose in laticifers of a legume species. The potential protective role of callose as a self-cytotoxic barrier and as a defense mechanism against natural enemies in the laticifer system is hypothesized. This study fills an important gap in the knowledge of laticifer origin and typology in Fabaceae and provides valuable insights to support taxonomic, ecological, and sustainable-use studies of this multipurpose forest species native to the Brazilian semi-arid region. Main Conclusion. Articulated, nonanastomosing laticifers are present throughout the development of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, occurring in mature embryos,seedlings, and adult plants. A discontinuous parietal layer composed of callose internally lines the laticifer cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1287-1299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13275761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147344908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induction of haploid in chrysanthemum via irradiated pollen induced parthenogenesis.","authors":"Saipriya Panigrahi, Gunjeet Kumar, Reeta Bhatia, P M Girish, Namita, M R Dhiman, Firoz Hossain, Ajit Kumar Shasany, Bhupinder Singh","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02185-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02185-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Induction of gynogenesis through parthenogenesis is an important approach for the development of haploids in horticultural crops. To our knowledge, this is among the first reports of regeneration of tri-haploids through pollination with irradiated pollen in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of gamma irradiation on pollen viability, pollen germination, and the frequency of gynogenic tri-haploid induction. Two chrysanthemum cultivars, ‘Pusa Centenary’ and ‘Star White’, were used as female parents, while ‘Pusa Aditya’ served as the pollen source. Flower buds were exposed to different doses of gamma irradiation (50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 Gy) followed by pollination of the female parents. Irradiation doses of 200 and 300 Gy resulted in recovery of tri-haploid plantlets. The ploidy level of regenerated plantlets was determined by counting chloroplast numbers in stomatal guard cells and through flow cytometry analysis. Among the total plantlets analysed, 10.71% were characterized as tri-haploids, while 89.28% were hexaploids. The present study highlights the potential of gamma irradiation as an effective method for inducing gynogenic haploids, which may be valuable for future chrysanthemum breeding programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1351-1360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147499737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conserved ultrastructure but divergent connection patterns of the larval Malpighian tubules in Protaetia brevitarsis and Holotrichia diomphalia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).","authors":"Yi-Nuo Chen, Mei-Jing Wang, Jing-Lei Xu, Lu Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02183-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02183-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malpighian tubules are key excretory and osmoregulatory organs in insects, yet their structural organization and hindgut associations remain poorly documented in scarab larvae. In this study, the morphology and ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules were examined in third-instar larvae of the saprophagous Protaetia brevitarsis, a cetoniine scarab, and the phytophagous Holotrichia diomphalia, a melolonthine scarab, using light and transmission electron microscopy. In both species, four Malpighian tubules are present, originating posterior to the third circle of gastric caeca and arranged in a conserved pattern consisting of two laterally positioned tubules and two ventrally adjacent tubules. The epithelial organization and ultrastructural characteristics of the Malpighian tubules are highly similar between the two species, with principal and stellate cells exhibiting comparable cellular features. In contrast, clear differences were observed in the spatial connection patterns between the Malpighian tubules and the rectum. In P. brevitarsis, the distal ends of the tubules bent posteriorly to form two bilateral pairs connecting to the rectum, whereas in H. diomphalia the tubules joined the rectum at distinct, non-adjacent sites. These findings demonstrate a conserved ultrastructural organization of Malpighian tubules in scarab larvae alongside species-specific variation in hindgut connection patterns, providing new morphological insights into the diversity of rectal complex organization in Coleoptera larvae.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1315-1325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147494333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of Iraqi Anagyris foetida L. leaf extracts in imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice.","authors":"Marwa F Abdulqader, Hayder B Sahib, Khazal Dh Wadi","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02188-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02188-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by an interplay between the immune cells and keratinocytes. Currently, plant extracts have attracted more attention due to their potential value in medicine. Anagyris foetida L. is a flowering plant of the Fabaceae family that grows in the Mediterranean region. Traditionally, it has been used to treat eczema. Their leaves are rich in bioactive compounds that may contribute to psoriasis treatment. The present study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of A. foetida leaf extracts compared to clobetasol in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. Sequential extraction of A. foetida leaves using solvents of increasing polarity. Ointments prepared from each extract were tested in a psoriasis-induced model. Seventy male mice were randomly divided into seven groups of ten mice each. The current study investigated clinical observations, PASI and Baker’s scores, histopathological assessments, and inflammatory biomarkers. Subsequently, the most efficient extract was analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Among the tested extracts, the ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest anti-psoriatic activity, as evidenced by a significant reduction in PASI scores, improvements in epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration on histopathological examination, and a significant reduction of psoriasis-related inflammatory cytokines. HPLC analysis identified N-methylcytisine and isorhamnetin, which may contribute to the observed pharmacological activity. The ethanol extract of A. foetida leaves significantly alleviated psoriasis-like inflammation in the imiquimod-induced mouse model, supporting its potential as a natural anti-psoriatic therapeutic candidate.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1385-1395"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147594176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From night hormone to green signal: The journey of melatonin.","authors":"Barket Hussain, Faouzi Haouala, Qazi Fariduddin","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02167-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02167-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin (MT), once considered exclusive to animals, is now recognized as a universal and multifunctional molecule in plants, playing pivotal roles in growth regulation, stress tolerance, and antioxidant defense. Since its discovery in plants in the mid-1990s, the presence of MT has been reported to be prevalent across diverse plant taxa. MT modulates plant responses to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, salinity, drought, heavy metals, and UV radiation, as well as biotic stresses including pathogen attack and herbivory, primarily by regulating antioxidant enzymes, stress-responsive genes, hormone signaling pathways, and production of secondary metabolites. Advanced analytical techniques such as HPLC, LC-MS, and NMR have facilitated sensitive detection and structural characterization of MT in various plant species. Molecular studies have identified receptors of MT and its roles in regulating different processes, highlighting its integration with other phytohormones and signaling molecules. Genetic engineering tools have been proven effective in raising the level of endogenous MT levels, which has immense potential for enhancing crop resilience. Emerging evidence points to the role of MT in modulating the plant microbiome and systemic signaling, offering new avenues for research. Despite significant advances, key challenges remain in understanding the structure of receptors, signaling crosstalk, and the regulation of its biosynthesis under stress. This review discusses the methods for detecting MT in plants and evaluates its physiological, molecular, and functional aspects. Tracing the evolution of MT research in plants, from its initial discovery to the present day, key milestones, cross-talk, and signaling pathways of MT in plants have been discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1117-1140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147372705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extract of Campanula macrostachya enhances fibroblast repair via antioxidant and cytokine-modulatory mechanisms.","authors":"Cengiz Sarikurkcu, Fatma Ozlem Kargin Solmaz, Nilay Isitez, Sevim Feyza Erdoğmuş","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02192-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02192-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants are valuable sources of bioactive metabolites that influence cellular physiology and tissue repair. This study investigates the phytochemical composition and cellular wound-healing potential of the aqueous extract of Campanula macrostachya Boiss. (Campanulaceae), an endemic Anatolian species traditionally used for treating skin injuries. The extract was obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterized by LC–MS, revealing chlorogenic and caffeic acids as the dominant phenolics. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and ferrous ion chelating assays, while enzyme inhibition screening included acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In human dermal fibroblast (HDFa) cultures, the extract exhibited no cytotoxicity up to 62.5 µg/mL, significantly enhanced cell viability, and promoted 98% wound closure within 48 h in scratch assays. Moreover, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were downregulated, suggesting an anti-inflammatory contribution to tissue repair. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the cellular basis of C. macrostachya’s ethnopharmacological use and support its potential as a source of phenolic compounds that modulate redox balance and cytokine activity. The study highlights the relevance of plant-derived antioxidants in regulating fibroblast behavior and suggests their potential for future development of natural agents for skin-related applications, based on in vitro findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1361-1372"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13275577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147594160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature stress induced anatomical and histological alterations in reproductive organs of Capsicum annuum L.","authors":"Sikha Manoharan, Arpita Srivastava, Manisha Mangal, Bhoopal Singh Tomar, Subramani Rajkumar, Hari Krishna, Anjali Anand, Lakshman Prasad, Hemlata Bharti, Sethu Lakshmi Suseelan","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02182-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02182-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capsicum annuum L. comprising hot pepper and sweet pepper, is highly vulnerable to temperature extremes, which adversely impact fruit and seed set in Capsicum species. The present study investigates the anatomical and histological changes in the male and female reproductive organs of Capsicum genotypes under temperature stress. The study includes sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) exposed to low temperature conditions and hot pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) genotypes differing in heat tolerance under high temperature stress. Using Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and Haematoxylin–Eosin (H&E) staining techniques, we examined cross-sections of anthers and ovaries to assess tissue integrity, carbohydrate accumulation, pollen development and ovary structure. In sweet pepper, low temperature stress resulted in abnormal ovary enlargement with vascular bundle degeneration, increased giant cell counts and excessive PAS-positive staining in anther tissues, indicating disrupted carbohydrate utilization. Although pollen count remained relatively unaffected, the structural disorganization in ovules and tapetum suggested compromised reproductive function. In hot pepper, the heat-tolerant genotype maintained clear anther architecture, higher pollen viability and intact ovary tissues, whereas the susceptible genotype exhibited significant degeneration of vascular bundles, increased giant cell count, reduced pollen count and low PAS reactivity. The results highlight the sensitivity of reproductive organ development to temperature extremes and reveal histological traits that differentiate tolerant and susceptible genotypes. These findings provide a foundational understanding of the anatomical basis of temperature stress tolerance in Capsicum genera with implications for breeding thermo-tolerant genotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1327-1350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147499739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RNA-Seq analysis reveals potential salt- and drought stress tolerance-associated genes in advanced long-day onion breeding lines.","authors":"Muhammad Daniyal Junaid, Usman Khalid Chaudhry, Fatih Hanci, Zahide Neslihan Öztürk, Ali Fuat Gökçe","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02191-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02191-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Onion production is negatively influenced by abiotic stresses, including drought and salinity. A transcriptome investigation of long-day onion breeding lines was performed to understand the transcriptional basis of abiotic stress tolerance in onion and identify genes that are involved in tolerance. A total of 11,410 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under drought, salinity, and combined drought + salinity were identified in this study; among these genes, 6281 were upregulated, and 5129 were downregulated. Transcriptome analysis revealed different biological processes under individual and combined stress conditions. The salinity- and drought-associated genes regulated in tolerant breeding lines were associated with different biological processes, including transport, carbohydrate metabolism, protein modifications, and transcriptional regulation. A total of 1422 DEGs were identified in the U24 breeding line under salinity stress, and 1048 DEGs were identified in the U17 breeding line under drought and salinity stress. The transcriptomic results revealed the greatest increase in the expression of the chaperone binding (CHAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), WRKY transcription factor 41 (WRKY), 36.4 kDa proline-rich protein-like (KDA), and aquaporin PIP2-7 (AQP) genes, which may have conferred tolerance in long-day onion breeding lines under drought, salinity, and combined stresses. The findings of this study will help researchers develop breeding strategies for tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in onion.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1373-1384"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147594099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoencapsulated EO-based drug delivery for pest control: from chemistry to formulation design.","authors":"Wajid Zaman, Asma Ayaz, Muhammad Zafar, Adnan Amin","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02190-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02190-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rising resistance, regulatory pressure, and ecological costs of synthetic pesticides have accelerated interest in essential oil (EO) based biopesticides. Yet translation is constrained by EO volatility, low water miscibility, photo-oxidation, and rapid dissipation. This review consolidates advances in EO chemistry and nanoformulation to articulate newer drug design thereby linking molecular composition to delivery performance and agronomics. We summarize representative bioactives (e.g., thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, citral, menthol, and 1,8-cineole) and emphasize mechanistic pathways underlying insecticidal and antimicrobial action, including membrane perturbation, neuromodulation (acetylcholinesterase and octopaminergic signaling), respiratory/metabolic disruption, and repellency etc. We then compared various nanoencapsulation platforms, nanoemulsions, biopolymer and polymeric nanocapsules, lipid carriers (solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers), cyclodextrin complexes, and emerging metal–organic framework (MOF) systems as a common framework. By mapping formulation choices, performance trade-offs and reporting gaps are identified that hinder cross-study comparability. Further, commercial EO product blends including thyme–oregano, clove–cinnamon, citral-rich lemongrass formulations are discussed along with practical barriers to adoption, including shelf-life qualification, scalable manufacturing. Particular attention is given to environmental fate, residue dynamics, and compatibility with integrated pest management. Finally, we outline research priorities for standardized characterization, realistic exposure testing and field-validated efficacy to accelerate EO-based nanopesticides in sustainable pest management.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1209-1225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary reframing - the case of melatonin.","authors":"Peter Nick","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02227-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02227-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1097-1098"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13275624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148199798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}