Typical tetra-mediated signaling and plant architectural changes regulate salt-stress tolerance in indica rice genotypes.

Upon exposure to salt stress, calcium signaling in plants activates various stress-responsive genes and proteins along with enhancement in antioxidant defense to eventually regulate the cellular homeostasis for reducing cytosolic sodium levels. The coordination among the calcium signaling molecules and transporters plays a crucial role in salinity tolerance. In the present study, twenty-one diverse indigenous rice genotypes were evaluated for salt tolerance during the early seedling stage, and out of that nine genotypes were further selected for physio-biochemical study. Further analysis identified potential salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes with tolerant lines exhibiting lower Na⁺/K⁺ ratio. Plant phenotype clearly documented the root architectural changes among the most salt-tolerant and sensitive genotypes, while the histo-biochemical DAB and NBT staining and in-gel SOD activity clearly revealed the differential ROS accumulation between the contrasting genotypes and their antioxidant activity. Ultrastructural study depicted stronger UV autofluorescence in the hypodermal and vascular bundle regions, while phloroglucinol staining displayed intense coloration in the vascular bundle region of Bhutmuri, the salt-tolerant genotype, compared to Manipuri Black, the salt-sensitive one showing differential lignification among the contrasting genotype to combat salt stress. Based on expression study, our proposed model depicted immediate upregulation (short-term) of OsSOS3 and OsNHX1 along with gradual upregulation of OsHKT and downregulation of OsSOS1 throughout the stress period to protect the tolerant plant through signaling cascade, while the inadequate upregulation of OsSOS3, OsNHX1, and OsHKT under early stress, coupled with poor coordination between the expression of OsSOS1 and OsSOS3 genes, makes the plant salt sensitive.