Protoplasma最新文献

{"title":"Seaweed-based PPO inhibitors as a new frontier in biological weed control for sorghum cultivation: from ocean to field.","authors":"Renuka Suresh, Ramanathan Karuppasamy","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02049-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02049-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Weed management, particularly of broad-leaf species, poses a significant challenge in sorghum production, potentially causing up to 70.9% yield loss. Conventionally, herbicides are the site-specific weed inhibitors often used to suppress the growth of these weeds. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) is an important target for developing novel herbicides with remarkable selectivity against these broad-leaved weeds. In particular, saflufenacil is a selective PPO herbicide that can provide temporary relief. However, their prolonged use could lead to various environmental constraints and the evolution of resistant weeds. Recently, bioherbicides are emerging as an alternative to commercial herbicides with safer environmental profiles and combat resistance. On that note, this study aimed to identify novel and safer bioherbicides derived from seaweeds to outright bans on the use of most synthetic herbicides and address herbicide resistance. High-end computational screening strategies including molecular docking, binding free energy, in-house developed ML-based VS, and herbicide-likeness were used to pinpoint the lead molecule against the wild and mutant (∆G210) type AtPPO. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to validate the binding kinetics of the hit compound. Indeed, the bromophenol derivative BL003, isolated from brown algae, emerged as the hit compound from our analysis. Remarkably, BL003 demonstrated superior binding affinity and stability compared to saflufenacil against both wild-type AtPPO and the mutant AtPPO^ΔG210. Thus, our findings could open new avenues for developing sustainable, seaweed-derived herbicides for sorghum cultivation. This research could contribute to the ongoing efforts to create environmentally friendly weed management solutions in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1085-1101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pectin: a key component deposited in the exine of Annona montana potentially associated with exine shedding.","authors":"Bingxin Li, Fengxia Xu","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02064-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02064-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In angiosperms, the exine is essential for pollen‒pistil interactions and is difficult to separate from the intine. In Annona montana, however, the exine spontaneously separates from the intine during hydration, leaving the entire male gametophyte exposed and activated, which does not affect its reproduction, and fruit are produced every year. In the present study, we used light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and FTIR spectroscopy to explore whether pectins located in the cavities of the exine in A. montana dissolved in water, resulting in exine shedding, and whether water was the only necessary medium for A. montana pollen exine shedding. Exine shedding has also been reported in gymnosperms (e.g., Cupressaceae, Taxaceae, and Taxodiaceae), but A. montana has been the only species with exine shedding in angiosperms. Pollen shedding exine in A. montana exhibits a special and rare reproductive characteristic in angiosperms, which will update what we have previously recognized that exine is essential in reproductive processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1275-1288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144026139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling two types of reproductive nectaries in Pseudobombax argentinum (Malvaceae-Bombacoideae).","authors":"Lucía M Zini, Elsa C Lattar","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02044-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02044-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nectaries in Malvaceae are in general trichomatous glandular structures usually aggregated in cushions. However, little is known on the diversity of nectaries in the Bombacoideae subfamily. Pseudobombax argentinum presents two contrasting types of nectaries in the flower that were investigated for the first time using light, confocal laser and scanning electron microscopy, and field observations. Sepal nectaries are elevated glands on the abaxial side of the calyx tube. The exuded nectar was exclusively consumed by ants in the period between the flower bud development and the anthesis. The nectaries consist of secretory epidermis, nectary, and subnectary parenchyma. The two latter tissues are vascularized by phloem and xylem. Nectar release could occur both through the rupture of the cuticle or through the papillae. Histochemical tests indicated that secretions on the epidermis presented polysaccharides, pectins, and proteins. The second type of nectary corresponds to secreting areas on the external side of the staminal tube, which were active when the flower opening was initiated in the early evening and for 2 days. Bees and hummingbirds searched for this nectar in daylight hours. These nectaries are non-structural, with nectarostomata probably involved in the nectar release. Our findings suggest that the primary function of sepal nectaries is to attract and feed ants, while staminal nectaries play a role in rewarding pollinators. Both nectaries are non-trichomatous. The evaluation of variations in nectaries may be useful to determine evolutionary changes of this trait and its systematic importance. Thus, a comparison of nectary types across the Malvaceae groups is presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1103-1115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Root idioblasts reveal a specialized underground site for the storage of putative alkaloids in Rutaceae.","authors":"José Fernando Richit, Sofia Aumond Kuhn","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02063-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02063-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rutaceae plants are a rich source of alkaloids, but their cell-specific localization remains relatively unknown in the underground tissues, except for the acridone-containing idioblasts in Ruta graveolens roots. To fill this gap, we used broad taxonomic sampling to investigate both the microchemistry and the root structure of Rutaceae species. Utilizing both transmitted light and epifluorescence microscopy, we examined seven distinct Rutaceae species to determine if root idioblasts were present. For the microchemical analysis of the idioblasts contents, we employed Nile red staining and Dragendorff's test. All analyzed species presented root idioblasts with contents that are reactive with Dragendorff's reagent and Nile red, suggesting the presence of putative alkaloids and lipophilic environments, respectively. These idioblasts are typically found in the radicular cortex and can be easily observed under UV light due to their autofluorescent contents. We found that the occurrence of root idioblasts is a widely distributed condition in Rutaceae, showing for the first time both structural and microchemical analyses for broad taxonomic sampling. These cell types could play an important role in alkaloid metabolism in the underground tissues of plants in this family and offer an exciting opportunity for future investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1337-1342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repair effects of melatonin application on physiological damages induced by UV-B radiation in alfalfa seedlings.","authors":"Yongfeng Li, Haitao Men, Jiajia Li, Wenxia Cao, Yu Pan, Limei Gao","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02067-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02067-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin is one of the important endogenous signaling molecules for regulating plant growth and development, and various abiotic stress responses. UV-B is an intrinsic component of sunlight. Plants are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation compared to other abiotic stressors due to their sessile growth patterns. Previous studies reported that melatonin played a key role in Arabidopsis UV-B signaling responses and UV-B resistance. However, there are still few reports on the biological effects of melatonin in leguminous plants responses to UV-B. We have selected alfalfa pretreated with exogenous melatonin, coumarin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine as biological materials, and the interactive effects between melatonin metabolisms in plant and UV-B radiation will be investigated by testing hypocotyl elongation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, physiochemical reaction, antioxidant defense, and its related gene expression. The results have showed that UV-B radiation significantly inhibited hypocotyl elongation, altered leaf phenotype and photosynthetic parameters, induced ROS levels and cell membrane damage, decreased antioxidant enzyme activities except for POD (Peroxidase), and downregulated related gene expression. However, exogenous melatonin efficiently repaired detrimental effects by UV-B radiation through activating antioxidant defense and enhancing photosynthetic efficiency. We have also found that 5-hydroxytryptamine treatment displayed the same biological effects via increasing endogenous melatonin. However, coumarin application had no obvious improvements. These data will provide experimental foundation for further understanding legume responses to UV-B and its molecular mechanisms, and also fill the research gaps in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1309-1318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144053650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatic antioxidant capacity, immune response, and glycolysis of Tibetan sheep in response to dietary soluble protein levels.","authors":"Jiacheng Gan, Zhenling Wu, Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza, Fengshuo Zhang, Qiurong Ji, Suad Hamdan Almasoudi, Fayez Althobaiti, Zahrah R Alrayes, Ali G Alkhathami, Shengzhen Hou, Linsheng Gui","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02052-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02052-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the increasing cost of protein raw materials has significantly impacted feed expenses and presented challenges to the livestock industry. Ninety-two-month-old male Tibetan sheep (15.40±0.81 kg) were randomly divided into three groups based on protein levels in their diet: L group (12% protein), M group (14% protein), and H group (16% protein). The feeding experiment was performed for 100 days, including a 10-day adaption period. It was found that the liver cells of the M group exhibited a better uniform in cytoplasm. Additionally, group M sheep had higher levels of GSH-Px and T-AOC (P<0.05), as well as elevated IgM, IL-1β, IL-6, and SDH content compared to other groups (P<0.05). There were 577, 698, and 623 differentially expressed genes between groups H and L, groups H and M, and groups M and L, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs regulated the activities of 56 pathways. Six liver-metabolism-related DEGs, SOD2, SOD1, CD19, IGF1, HK2, and PFKFB3, were expressed differently among the three sheep groups. In summary, a 14% protein level in the diet improved the hepatic antioxidant capacity, immune function, and glycolysis in Tibetan sheep through modulating the expression of functional genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1183-1194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143658385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular strategies for surviving the alpine extremes: methylerythritol phosphate pathway-driven isoprenoid biosynthesis and stress resilience.","authors":"Shagun Sharma, Shivanti Negi, Pankaj Kumar, Mohammad Irfan","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02062-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02062-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High altitude conditions pose a significant challenge to all earth's inhabitants including flora. Low atmospheric pressure (thin air), intense ultraviolet (UV) light, and ultra-low temperatures combine to cause oxidative stress in plants. In these abiotic stress conditions, plants exhibit various ecophysiological, morphological, and biochemical adaptations to cope with stress. Morphologically, plants may develop smaller, thicker leaves with protective trichomes or waxy cuticles against intense UV radiation, and minimize water loss in the thin, dry air. However biochemically, plants increase the production of UV-absorbing compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids along with antioxidant enzymes for neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS). To protect against these stress conditions plants start producing specialized metabolites, i.e., isoprenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, sterols, carotenoids, etc. The production of these specialized metabolites occurs through MEP (methylerythritol phosphate) and MVA (mevalonic acid) pathways. Although, this article aims to review the scientific complexities of high-altitude plants by providing an in-depth explanation of the MEP pathway, including its regulation, sources and causes of oxidative stress in plants, functions and roles of isoprenoids in stress tolerance, and the adaptation strategies that support alpine plant survival and acclimation. The MEP pathway's products, several carotenoids, viz., phytoene, lycopene, β-carotene, etc., and terpenoids, viz., geraniol, citral, phytol, etc., act as potent scavengers of ROS, providing defense against oxidative damage. Also, phytohormones, viz., abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid play crucial roles in modulating plant responses to oxidative stress. To date, little scientific literature is available specifically on high-altitude plants with respect to MEP pathway and oxidative stress management. Understanding the interaction between the MEP pathway and oxidative stress in high-altitude plants can provide insight into the implications for improving crop resilience and producing bioactive chemicals with potential human health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1053-1072"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whether pistil show diversity in bisymmetric and zygomorphic flowers in Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae): especially focus on stigma development, structure and secondary pollen presentation.","authors":"Ming-Yue Zhang, Xu-Qian Lv, Xiao-Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02068-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02068-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pistils of Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae) show diversity in morphology, whether it is involved in the formation of flower symmetry is unclear for pistil morphogenesis and ovule development characteristic are poorly known. In this study, seven species of Fumarioideae were studied under SEM, LM and TEM, six developmental stages can be recognized: pistil initiation, circular bulge fusion, ascidiate structure formation, stigma and ovary differentiation (including ovule initiation), pistil development (including stigma specialization and ovule development) and pistil maturation. All syncarpous pistils were fused by two carpels, and stigmas in different shape were all derived from the two horns which formed by dorsal suture extension, e.g. two-lobed deeply, two-lobed deeply with four papillae, boat-shaped with four papillae; and style bend to the spurred-petal at later developmental stages in Corydalis edulis and Fumaria officinalis. During flowering, stigmas were wrapped by \"pollen container\" formed by two inner petals (expect Hypecoum erectum); the pollen-receptive surfaces of stigma is concentrated or compartmentalized, and is covered with papillae cells which have a large vacuole, abundant mitochondria and plastids, and cell wall was covered by a lot number of secretions. In addition, ovule number in ovary of Fumarioideae varied from few (only one ovule developed normally in F. officinalis) to 200, and the square, banded and near-triangular funicle appendage structures are found in Lamprocapnos spectabilis, Dactylicapnos torulosa and C. edulis. The correlation between pistil development and flower symmetry and the function of secondary pollen presentation on stigma were discussed in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1289-1308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary metabolism is not secondary-why we need more cell biology in metabolomics.","authors":"Peter Nick","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02104-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02104-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1029-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12394244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidiabetic activity of polyherbal formulations: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Aditya Jain, Tanvi Jangid, Ram Niwas Jangir, Gauri Shankar Bhardwaj","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02057-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02057-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition marked by high blood glucose levels, resulting from either insufficient insulin production or poor insulin function. While conventional treatments have progressed, there is growing interest in alternative therapies, especially polyherbal formulations, due to their natural origin, cost-effectiveness, and fewer side effects. This review uniquely explores the antidiabetic potential of polyherbal formulations derived from various plants, focusing on their synergistic effects, where combinations of plant species work together to enhance therapeutic, outcomes. It discusses common plants used, types of extracts, plant parts, and dosing regimens in experimental studies. Both in vitro and in vivo models are examined to assess the effectiveness of these formulations in managing diabetes. The mechanisms behind their antidiabetic action-such as boosting insulin secretion, improving insulin sensitivity, regulating glucose metabolism, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation-are highlighted. Overall, polyherbal formulations offer significant promise for integrating into diabetes management and reducing complications when used alongside conventional therapies. This review underscores the novelty of using polyherbal combinations to enhance diabetes treatment, offering a holistic and cost-effective approach to management. In conclusion, further research into these formulations could lead to more accessible and personalized therapeutic options for diabetes patients worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1031-1052"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}