Protoplasma最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the histological and histochemical mechanisms involved in gum arabic formation in Senegalia senegal, a key species of the Sahelian region.","authors":"Ali Abdoulkadri Abdoulaye, Frédéric Gatineau, Aichatou Assoumane, Matthieu Dejean, Christelle Baptiste, Jean-Luc Verdeil","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02220-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02220-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Senegalia senegal produces a hydrocolloid known as gum arabic, which is rich in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and of high economic importance. Despite its economic value, the anatomical origin and formation mechanisms of gum arabic remain poorly understood. In this study, we combined histological, histochemical, and immunolocalization techniques to investigate the spatial, cellular, and temporal dynamics of gum formation in S. senegal. We show that gum pockets are formed exclusively in the inner secondary phloem, between phloem rays, and are initiated by companion cells. Using Yariv reagent and JIM4 antibody, we identified AGP accumulation as an early hallmark of pocket initiation. Gum pocket development occurs via a schizogenous process, involving progressive cell wall separation at the middle lamella, without signs of cell lysis. We also demonstrate that gum pocket formation is seasonally regulated, peaking during the dry season and followed by a gradual resorption phase. The decline in AGP signal and the formation of new phloem tissues suggest a possible metabolic recycling of non-exuded gum to fuel cambial reactivation. Importantly, the surface area of gum pockets correlates with the amount of gum harvested, offering a potential anatomical proxy for selecting high-yielding trees. Our findings redefine the developmental and physiological framework of gum arabic production and provide new perspectives for genetic improvement and sustainable resource management in Sahelian ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1767-1782"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13493492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinformatics analysis and differential tissue expression of the IGFBP4 gene in beef cattle.","authors":"Ruirui Song, Bingzhi Li, Sihu Wang, Maryam Alenize, Yanqing Zhao, Aaishah M H Kaabi, Afnan O Deebani, Wasimah AlShammari, Dalal Alenizi, Dalal Alardan, Wenzhen Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02207-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02207-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IGFBP4 is essential for adipogenesis and is highly expressed in adipocytes and osteoblasts of mice. However, its role in bovine adipogenesis, especially intramuscular adipogenesis, remains unknown. Here, we cloned the CDS of IGFBP4 from Qinchuan cattle and analyzed its protein structure and function. We measured its expression levels in various tissues. The CDS region of the bovine IGFBP4 gene was 777 bp long, encoding a protein of 259 amino acids. The in-silico analysis revealed sequence conservation of Bos mutus and Bos indicus, while variation was found in Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus sequences. The physical and chemical properties of the IGFBP4 protein exhibited an isoelectric point of 7.10 and a molecular mass of 27.89 kDa. The protein was predicted to be hydrophilic and lacked a transmembrane structure, with potential phosphorylation and glycosylation sites. Interaction analysis suggested associations with several other proteins. Regarding tissue expression, the mRNA level of the IGFBP4 gene was highest in the liver, lowest in muscle, and significantly higher in subcutaneous fat compared to intramuscular fat in Qinchuan beef cattle. These findings indicate a potential role of theIGFBP4 gene in regulating bovine adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. This study provides a foundation for exploring the underlying molecular mechanism of intramuscular fat deposition in cattle.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1553-1564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel method for the histolocalization of Al and Pb in root tissues, tested in Typha domingensis Pers. grown in iron mining tailings.","authors":"Marcelo Ramos de Anchieta, Fabricio José Pereira","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02217-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02217-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this work was to test a new method for Al and Pb histolocalization using Chrome Azurol S (CAS) and Pyrogallol Red (PGR), respectively, using roots from Typha domingensis Pers. plants grown in iron mining tailings. For both CAS and PGR, we tested two solvents (distilled water pH 6.7 and 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 5.0), two concentrations (0.1% and 0.5%, m V^- 1), and three reaction times (1, 5, and 10 min). We tested CAS and PGR histolocalization of Al and Pb in T. domingensis plants, which were grown for 180 days in flooded iron mining tailings containing 2385.6 mg Al Kg^- 1 and 6.8 mg Pb Kg^- 1; as a control, we used plants from a natural population from an unpolluted location. T. domingensis roots grown in iron mining tailings accumulated 1384 mg Kg^- 1 of Al and 18 mg Pb Kg^- 1. CAS and PGR promoted no reaction in tissues from unpolluted roots; however, CAS and PGR reacted with root tissues from polluted roots under all tested conditions. CAS staining evidenced cytosolic Al present in purple and red vesicles in epidermal and cortical root cells from polluted roots. PGR application in polluted roots highlighted the presence of cytosolic Pb in pale-pink and red vesicles in the epidermis and cortex. Both CAS and PGR produced a reddish hue in the cell walls from the vascular cylinder, indicating the presence of Al and Pb. Thus, CAS and PGR can be used for Al and Pb histolocalization in polluted root tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1657-1669"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13493496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148006421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene expression and metabolic regulation of carotenoid and withanolide biosynthetic pathways in Withania somnifera with emphasis on FPPS-mediated regulation.","authors":"Rimjim Gupta, Deepak Sharma, Anuj Sharma, Anusha Patil, Dinesh A Nagegowda, Sanjana Kaul, Manoj Kumar Dhar","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02212-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02212-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a prominent medicinal plant, valued for pharmacologically active secondary metabolites, particularly withanolides and carotenoids. In this study a comprehensive overview of the gene expression and metabolic regulation of withanolide and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways was undertaken across vegetative and reproductive tissues. Transcript profiling of 22 genes involved in these pathways revealed differential expression patterns, particularly highlighting Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS) as a key flux-regulating enzyme. In silico characterization and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the high conservation of FPPS isoforms. Transient overexpression of WsFPPS2 in W. somnifera leaves resulted in increased withanolide content, indicating that WsFPPS2 acts as a key upstream enzyme for the withanolide biosynthetic pathway. These findings underscore the metabolic sensitivity of the mevalonate pathway and point to FPPS as a strategic target for metabolic engineering. This work lays the foundation for enhancing the production of high-value metabolites in W. somnifera via metabolic engineering and synthetic biology interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1613-1628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147988634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Aspartic proteases in Hordeum vulagare L. reveals candidates involved in salt and drought tolerance.","authors":"Samar G Thabet, Fatmah Ahmed Safhi, Rana M Alshegaihi, Amr Elkelish, Ahmad M Alqudah","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02225-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02225-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aspartic proteases (APs) are abundant plant hydrolases implicated in storage-protein mobilization, membrane remodeling, and stress signaling. Here, we systematically identified AP genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by a genome-wide search and verified A1/AP domains, then resolved family relationships using maximum-likelihood phylogeny. We analyzed gene structure and conserved motifs, predicted subcellular localization, and scanned 1.5-kb promoters for cis-elements to infer regulatory programs. Functional context was assessed by GO enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) inference, and transcriptional behavior was profiled by RNA-seq meta-analysis across eight conditions, with qRT-PCR time-courses (0, 12, 24, 48 h) validating stress responses in contrasting genotypes under salt and drought. The survey uncovered 55 HvAP genes that cluster into four robust clades, with Group I and II retaining multi-exon, phytepsin-like architectures and Group III and IV showing exon compaction and frequent loss of the C-terminal plant-specific insert. Localization predictions indicate a family largely routed to secretory/vacuolar compartments, with a small subset showing plastid/peroxisome signals. Promoters display clade-specific codes: Group I and II are enriched in light/GA motifs, whereas Group III and IV accumulate dense ABA/JA/MYB (drought) arrays. GO terms center on aspartic-type peptidase activity, and PPI modeling reveals a cohesive secretory hub with smaller satellites. Expression partitions into drought-induced, cold/salt-repressed, and photoperiod-responsive modules; qRT-PCR shows modest but consistent, earlier, and more sustained induction of several HvAPs in the tolerant line under stress. These results prioritize promising HvAP candidates for subcellular validation, promoter-reporter assays, and loss/gain-of-function tests, informing future breeding and engineering for stress resilience in barley.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1801-1816"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Esculetin induces apoptosis and functional impairment in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells associated with ER stress and MAPK/JNK signaling.","authors":"Ayse Karatug Kacar","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02258-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02258-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Esculetin, a coumarin derivative, exhibits diverse biological activities; however, its impact on pancreatic β-cell stress responses and survival remains poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the effects of esculetin on cellular stress signaling, apoptosis, and functional gene expression in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells. Following treatment with 3000 µM esculetin for 6 h, cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, MAPK signaling components, cell cycle distribution, and β-cell-specific gene expression were assessed. In silico molecular docking was performed to explore putative interactions between esculetin and proteins involved in ER stress, MAPK signaling, and apoptosis. Treatment with 3000 µM esculetin for 6 h increased apoptotic cell death by approximately 32-fold and elevated total oxidation status and oxidative stress index. Intracellular insulin, Ca²⁺, and CA19-9 levels were increased, accompanied by cell cycle arrest characterized by G0/G1 phase accumulation and a reduction in the G2/M population. Expression of ER stress sensors ATF6, IRE1α, and CHOP was upregulated, whereas PERK expression was reduced. In parallel, MAPK/JNK pathway activation was evidenced by increased levels of p-ATF2, p-c-Jun, and HSP90, along with decreased p-Elk1. Gene expression analysis revealed marked downregulation of β-cell functional and identity-associated genes, including Ins1, Ins2, IR, Akt, MafA, Nkx6.1, Pdx1, NeuroD1, and Pax6, while FoxO1 expression was upregulated. Collectively, these findings suggest the involvement of ER stress-associated MAPK/JNK signaling in esculetin-induced apoptosis and functional impairment in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells, providing mechanistic insight into stress-associated β-cell dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifidobacterium longum engineered with artificial enzymes alleviates high-altitude colitis via inhibition of GPD2-dependent ferroptosis.","authors":"WenQiang Yuan, Fang Yan, LiuChan Yang, YunHan Yang, Chen Chen, ShiMin Wu, DeJun Cui","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02251-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02251-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal inflammation and barrier disruption induced by high-altitude exposure are recognized contributors to colitis. Although artificial-enzyme-engineered Bifidobacterium longum (AE-BL) has demonstrated therapeutic potential against inflammatory bowel disease, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of AE-BL against high-altitude colitis and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. AE-BL was generated through the assembly of single-atom enzymes (SAzymes) with Bifidobacterium longum (BL). In vivo investigations involved housing mice in a hypobaric hypoxic chamber to replicate high-altitude conditions, followed by AE-BL administration. After seven days, colon specimens were collected for histopathological evaluation, inflammatory and ferroptosis-related parameter analyses, and the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2), tight junction proteins, and ferroptosis markers. An in vitro colitis model was also established using Caco-2 cells subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hypoxia, followed by AE-BL treatment. Administration of AE-BL markedly ameliorated high-altitude-induced colitis in mice, as reflected by attenuated weight loss, increased colon length, reduced disease activity index (DAI), and diminished histopathological injury. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production was suppressed, and intestinal barrier integrity was preserved. Mechanistic investigations indicated that the protective actions of AE-BL were potentially mediated through suppression of GPD2-driven ferroptosis. Under hypoxic conditions, AE-BL significantly reduced ferroptosis in colon tissue and colonic epithelial cells both in vivo and in vitro, thereby alleviating inflammation and restoring intestinal barrier function.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148797395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrastructural characterization of secretory canals in Peucedanum praeruptorum roots using microscopic sectioning, transmission electron microscopy, and computed tomography.","authors":"Jinzhuo Yao, Yuxian Liu, Irfan Ali Sabir, Bangxing Han, Cheng Song","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02255-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02255-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant secondary metabolites are mainly synthesized and stored in secretory tissues. Secretory canal development has been mainly characterized in Apiaceae. The secretory canals of Peucedanum praeruptorum contain pharmacologically active coumarins, but their organ-specific distribution and developmental dynamics remain poorly understood. This study integrated light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray microcomputed tomography (µ-CT), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to investigate canal development, distribution, ultrastructure, 3D architecture, and coumarin accumulation in P. praeruptorum roots. Histological analysis showed that canals adjacent to the periderm originate from pericycle cells, whereas those in secondary phloem arise from parenchyma differentiation; both develop schizogenously. Canal quantity and dimensions varied temporally. Canals located in phloem showed density increasing toward the cambial zone, where cross-sectional areas were smaller. The canal density index increased from September to November, peaking on November 15, then declined. HPLC revealed dynamic accumulation of five major coumarins: content increased from September, peaked on November 15, then gradually decreased. TEM showed that epithelial cells surrounding the canal lumen were rich in Golgi, ER, mitochondria, plastids, starch grains, and osmiophilic droplets. µ-CT volumetric analysis and segmentation generated detailed 3D models, revealing spatial organization and enabling size-based grouping of canals (1000-3000 μm). These dimensional characteristics aligned with developmental progression. This study characterizes the ontogeny, distribution, ultrastructure, and 3D architecture of secretory canals, providing a structural foundation for investigating correlations between secretory tissues and compound synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148797408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of plant growth regulators and media compositions to enhance in vitro gametic embryogenesis through anther culture of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.].","authors":"Deepshikha Sharma, Ayyagari Ramlal, Pinkal Bishnoi, S K Lal, Dhandapani Raju, Manisha Saini, Akshay Talukdar, Bingi Pujari Mallikarjuna, Ambika Rajendran","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02256-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02256-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soybean is a major oilseed crop of global importance. Although haploid and doubled haploid (DH) production has been attempted in soybean, androgenesis success remains very low (approximately 2%). The study aims to standardize a protocol for haploid production through anther culture. Under aseptic conditions, anthers were excised from immature buds (2.9-3.1 mm), pre-treated at 4 °C for 24 h and cultured in different induction media. The highest callus induction (100%) was observed in the genotype SKAF148 on BNN medium supplemented with 5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP. Cultures were initially incubated at 7 °C under dark conditions for two weeks, followed by a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod at 26 ± 2 °C. For callus proliferation, anther-derived embryoids were transferred to MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L BAP and maintained under a 16/8 h photoperiod at 26 ± 2 °C. Molecular marker analysis confirmed genetic fidelity, while ploidy levels of calli and embryos were assessed using flow cytometry. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed metabolically active embryos (20%) with intact ultrastructural (100%) organization. The in vitro protocol is rapid (40-45 days), suitable for gametic embryogenesis and haploid induction in soybean breeding. The protocol enabled rapid haploid production (within 40-45 days), and the methodology provides a practical framework for accelerating soybean breeding programs through haploid and doubled haploid technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148766619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accumulation of dehydrins and osmolytes and functioning of the antioxidant system in etiolated wheat seedlings during cold hardening: differences in adaptation strategies between tolerant and sensitive genotypes.","authors":"Tetiana O Yastreb, Ilja T Prášil, Pavel Vítámvás, Yuriy E Kolupaev, Ivan V Shakhov, Yaroslav B Blume, Alla I Yemets","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02253-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-026-02253-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Winter cereals at the etiolated seedling stage possess the ability to undergo cold hardening, after which they develop varying levels of frost tolerance depending on their genotype. However, the functioning of stress-protective systems in etiolated wheat seedlings at the biochemical and cellular levels remains poorly understood. We investigated the contribution of dehydrins, osmoprotective and antioxidant systems to cold adaptation in six Triticum aestivum (L.) cultivars differing in frost resistance. The seedlings were subjected to a 6-day hardening treatment at 3 °C, followed by freezing at - 9 °C. The survival rate of the most frost-tolerant cultivars after 5 h of freezing was 54-73%, while that of the most sensitive cultivars was 17-22%. During the hardening process, soluble carbohydrates accumulated in the shoots of tolerant cultivars. Also in tolerant cultivars, the soluble protein content remained stable after exposure to the hardening temperature, whereas in sensitive cultivars it decreased. Unhardened seedlings of all studied cultivars contained virtually no dehydrins. Meanwhile, following hardening, an accumulation of dehydrins with molecular weights ranging from 14 to 68 kDa was observed. In frost-tolerant cultivars, the total dehydrins content was higher. Additionally, only frost-tolerant cultivars produced significant amounts of low-molecular-weight dehydrins with molecular weights of 14-16 kDa. Superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly after hardening only in the most sensitive cultivar. The activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase after hardening remained stable in tolerant cultivars, while it increased in all sensitive ones. The hydrogen peroxide content after hardening varied among seedlings of different genotypes, although it remained at a stable, higher level in frost-tolerant cultivars. It was concluded that there are differences in the cold adaptation strategies of wheat seedlings of different genotypes. Tolerant cultivars are characterized by an increase in dehydrins content, especially low-molecular-weight dehydrins, the preservation of a large pool of soluble proteins, and the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates. At the same time, sensitive cultivars undergoing cold hardening are characterized by increased antioxidant enzyme activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148679750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}