Protoplasma最新文献

{"title":"Ginsenoside Rh2 attenuates pyroptosis by inhibiting the PAFR/NF-κB signaling pathway in an osteoarthritis cell model.","authors":"Jinxin Wang, Jianxin Xie, Yubin Zou, Bing Wu, Yonggang Wang, Quan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02208-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02208-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent joint disorder marked primarily by the progressive breakdown of articular cartilage. Pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death mechanism, exacerbates OA progression. Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, has shown potential therapeutic effects in OA. However, its underlying molecular mechanisms in OA treatment remain to be fully elucidated. To investigate the therapeutic potential of Rh2, an in vitro OA model was generated via LPS treatment of human chondrocytes (C-28/I2). The anti-inflammatory and anti-pyroptotic properties of Rh2 were subsequently assessed by quantifying the levels of key inflammatory cytokines using ELISA, immunofluorescence assessment of extracellular matrix components, Western blot analysis of pyroptosis-related proteins, and LDH release assays. The interaction between Rh2 and platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) was verified using molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Finally, functional validation of Rh2's target specificity was achieved through transfection of PAFR overexpression or knockdown plasmids into chondrocytes. In the chondrocyte OA model, Rh2 treatment significantly suppressed PAFR expression and inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in the significant downregulation of key pyroptosis-related proteins, including NLRP3, cleaved Caspase-1, and GSDMD-N, as well as a decrease in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. These effects collectively attenuated chondrocyte pyroptosis and protected cartilage cells. Conversely, PAFR overexpression completely abolished the protective effects of Rh2, demonstrating the critical role of PAFR in mediating Rh2's therapeutic actions. Using a human chondrocyte cell line (C-28/I2) and focusing on PAFR as the target gene, our findings demonstrate that Rh2 alleviates chondrocyte pyroptosis in vitro by specifically targeting PAFR to suppress NF-κB signaling. These results provide a mechanistic basis for further investigation of Rh2 in more complex OA models. The PAFR/NF-κB axis represents a candidate pathway for cartilage protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1581-1592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147932786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The meiotic achilles' heel: vulnerability and resilience under environmental stress.","authors":"Attila Fábián","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02201-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02201-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant meiosis constitutes a critical vulnerability under unfavorable conditions in plant reproduction. In the 21st century, with the accelerating global climate change, environmental stresses increasingly compromise fertility and genetic stability. This review examines the role of abiotic stress factors - including heat, cold, drought, salinity, heavy metals, and oxidative stress - in disruption of plant meiosis, the achilles' heel of sexual processes. Heat stress appears particularly damaging, by compromising several molecular functions, such as DNA double-strand break formation, chromosome axis formation and spindle assembly. Cold stress affects meiotic recombination patterns as well as induces cytoskeletal disruption leading to unreduced gamete formation. While drought primarily impacts post-meiotic pollen development rather than meiosis itself, heavy metals cause widespread chromosomal abnormalities, generating reactive oxygen species and chromatin architectural alterations. In these stress responses, oxidative damage appears as a convergent pathway, yet paradoxically, controlled ROS production remains essential for normal meiotic progression. Critically, meiotic vulnerability is not merely an evolutionary oversight but potentially an adaptive feature. Stress-induced increasing recombination rate elevates genetic diversity, while weak checkpoints permit aneuploidy and unreduced gamete formation, thus facilitate polyploidization, a primary driver of plant speciation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1461-1491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13493504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The symbiotic interface in Pisum sativum L. and Rhizobium laguerreae interactions.","authors":"E A Kirichek, P G Kusakin, A P Gorshkov, A V Tsyganova, V E Tsyganov","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02229-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02229-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Symbiotic interface plays a crucial role in symbiosis development and stability. In this study, the progressive remodeling of symbiotic interface components, such as pectins, arabinogalactan proteins, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and others, were analyzed in pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodules induced with siх strains of Rhizobium laguerreae. Some strains induced effective nodules while others ineffective ones. The organization of the symbiotic interface in ineffective nodules differed from that in effective ones. Indeed, ineffective nodules were characterized by reduced pectin modification activity and lack of de-esterified homogalacturonan accumulation. Additionally, abnormal localization of arabinogalactan proteins, arabinogalactan protein-extensin, and callose was observed in response to certain rhizobia strains, indicating the involvement of these components in defense mechanisms during symbiosis. Transcriptome analysis of ineffective nodules revealed activation of plant defense responses and responses to the biotic stresses. Thus, abnormalities in the organization of the symbiotic interface were revealed, accompanying ineffective interaction of pea with R. laguerreae strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1783-1799"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological, biochemical, and physiological responses of a mixed periphytic diatom community to single and concurrent exposure to elevated Fe and Hg levels.","authors":"Riya Sharma, Rama Kant, Riya Singh, Elizabeth A Bergey, Dhananjay Kumar, Lalit Kumar Pandey","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02216-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02216-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Industrial effluents discharged into aquatic bodies often contain multiple metal species simultaneously. However, research on toxicity assessment tends to focus on the effects of individual metals. The present study evaluated the impact of Fe and Hg, considering single and combined (Fe + Hg) exposure, on the morphological, biochemical, and physiological parameters of a diatom community. Several non-taxonomic parameters, including percent motile frustules (PMF), percent alteration in protoplasm, lipid bodies (LBs), pigment composition, and deformities, showed noticeable changes at different levels of metal exposure. Compared with the control, responses of non-taxonomic parameters were significantly greater under combined exposure to Fe and Hg than under either treatment alone. Significantly higher deformed frustules were examined under higher Fe (0.6 ppm) and Fe + Hg concentrations [High 1 (0.3 ppm Fe + 1.5 ppb Hg) and High 2 (0.6 ppm Fe + 2.0 ppb Hg)]. The severity of metal toxicity was also examined in terms of the dominance of type 4 (mixed) deformities at higher concentrations of Fe (0.6 ppm), Hg (2.0 ppb) and Fe + Hg [High 1 (0.3 ppm Fe + 1.5 ppb Hg) and High 2 (0.6 ppm Fe + 2.0 ppb Hg)]. Although lipid bodies showed some potential as indicators of overall metal stress, they were comparatively less effective than other non-taxonomical parameters in elucidating interactions between Fe and Hg under co-exposure conditions. Based on the observed responses, the overall order of metal toxicity was Fe < Hg < Fe + Hg, highlighting the enhanced toxicity of metal mixtures. Nevertheless, the examined non-taxonomic parameters are promising because they provide relatively accessible information on both acute and chronic effects, require less reliance on detailed taxon-specific identification, and can be applied across diverse biogeographical settings with limited influence from genus-specific variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1691-1709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148016943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical, morpho-anatomical and histochemical characterization of Cyclolepis genistoides (asteraceae).","authors":"V Sánchez, M A Álvarez, R D Di Paola-Naranjo, E Lizarraga, F Díaz, J Catalán, G E Marcial, M I Mercado, C A N Catalán","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02219-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02219-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyclolepis genistoides (Asteraceae), commonly known as \"palo azul\", is South American a medicinal shrub traditionally used as diuretic, analgesic, antispasmodic, antiarthritic, antirheumatic, and kidney and liver disorders. Despite its ethnopharmacological relevance, the chemical composition of traditional aqueous preparations and the localization of bioactive compounds in plant tissues remain poorly understood. Aerial parts of wild C. genistoides were collected in Amaicha del Valle, Tucumán, Argentina. Infusion (INF), decoction (DEC), macerate (MAC), and hydroalcoholic extract (HE) were prepared from dried leaves and stems. Lipophilic fractions were separated using dichloromethane and analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC. Total phenolics and flavonoids were quantified colorimetrically, and antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH• and ABTS•+ assays. Anatomical and histochemical analyses were conducted using light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy. The sesquiterpene lactone [(1R,3S,5R,6S,7S,10R)-3β,10α-dihydroxyguaia-4(15),11(13)-dien-6α,12-olide] and the coumarins fraxidin and scopoletin were identified for the first time in \"palo azul\". Phenolic profiles of all extracts (DEC, INF, MAC and HE) were dominated by chlorogenic and caffeoyl-feruoylquinic acids. Among the extracts, DEC exhibited the lowest, while HE showed the highest antioxidant activity. Anatomical analyses revealed amphistomatic leaves, capitate trichomes, aquiferous parenchyma, chlorenchymatous outer cortex, accessory bundles, and sclerified pith. Histochemical tests revealed that parenchyma cells and glandular trichomes are key sites of metabolite synthesis and storage. These findings demonstrate that the pharmacological potential of C. genistoides aqueous extracts arises from synergistic interaction among bioactive metabolites localized in its vegetative tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1671-1690"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148016967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the expansin superfamily in bryophytes and green algae.","authors":"Maddisyn E Behney, Tyani Orta, Robert E Carey","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02200-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02200-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1525-1536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13493406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of somatic cell reprogramming toward embryogenic competence revealed through morphoanatomical and biochemical transitions in Piper aduncum L.","authors":"Natália Barros de Souza, Rennan Oliveira Meira, Jonny Everson Scherwinski-Pereira","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02221-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02221-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Somatic embryogenesis represents a well-established example of cellular plasticity in plants, allowing differentiated somatic cells to revert to a totipotent state and regenerate whole plants. In Piper aduncum L., a species of high economic value due to its dillapiole-rich essential oil, large-scale propagation remains limited by inefficient regeneration systems. This study provides integrative evidence of somatic cell reprogramming toward embryogenic competence from adult leaf explants cultured under controlled in vitro conditions. Morphoanatomical analyses revealed that reprogramming began within three days of culture, characterized by hypertrophic nuclei, dense cytoplasm, and perivascular clusters of small isodiametric cells acting as embryogenic niches. Sequential histological and histochemical changes accompanied the transition from callus proliferation to organized somatic embryos, culminating in cotyledonary structures exhibiting all primary meristems. The growth curve of embryogenic calli revealed five physiological phases, with the linear phase (28-49 days) corresponding to the optimal window for subculture and somatic embryo differentiation. Biochemical profiling indicated dynamic redox modulation, marked by transient peaks in antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, APX, POD) and controlled lipid peroxidation, suggesting that oxidative signaling functions as a permissive factor during embryogenic induction and differentiation. Together, these findings demonstrate that somatic embryogenesis in P. aduncum arises from a coordinated sequence of cellular and physiological reprogramming events in adult tissues, providing new insights into the developmental plasticity and redox regulation underlying plant regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1729-1745"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13493443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive physiological responses of Vigna radiata L. under combined heat stress and radiofrequency radiation.","authors":"Dinesh Kumar Panda, Debi Prasad Das, Santosh Kumar Behera, Nabin Kumar Dhal","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02202-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02202-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1537-1552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPLC for the detection of cholesterol levels, and its relationship with soybean fraud in meat products, and an economic view.","authors":"Rania Samir Zaki, Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez, Abdelraheim Attaai, Soha A Soliman, Ayman S M Abd-Elmaguid, Doaa S Abdel-Maguid","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02232-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02232-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The currently known favorable properties of soybean have become the target of fraud in meat production. The use of plant-based raw materials in the adulteration of meat products is increasingly recognized by consumers, manufacturers, and researchers. However, the toxicity of soybeans has not been addressed. This article aimed to focus on the following: detection, quantification of soybean adulteration in meat products, analyzing how other adulterants could impact cholesterol levels in the products, and discussing how soybean adulteration could cause conditions such as allergies and toxicity. Utilizing immunohistochemical techniques, 450 different meat product samples were analyzed. Highlighting the confirmed soybean adulteration by analyzing cholesterol levels using HPLC. Results showed that, across all tested cases, soybean toxic doses ranged from 62% to 85%. Meanwhile, there were no indications on their respective nutritional facts labels. Surprisingly, the cholesterol levels were lower than those reported by previous investigators.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1849-1862"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the histological and histochemical mechanisms involved in gum arabic formation in Senegalia senegal, a key species of the Sahelian region.","authors":"Ali Abdoulkadri Abdoulaye, Frédéric Gatineau, Aichatou Assoumane, Matthieu Dejean, Christelle Baptiste, Jean-Luc Verdeil","doi":"10.1007/s00709-026-02220-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-026-02220-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Senegalia senegal produces a hydrocolloid known as gum arabic, which is rich in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and of high economic importance. Despite its economic value, the anatomical origin and formation mechanisms of gum arabic remain poorly understood. In this study, we combined histological, histochemical, and immunolocalization techniques to investigate the spatial, cellular, and temporal dynamics of gum formation in S. senegal. We show that gum pockets are formed exclusively in the inner secondary phloem, between phloem rays, and are initiated by companion cells. Using Yariv reagent and JIM4 antibody, we identified AGP accumulation as an early hallmark of pocket initiation. Gum pocket development occurs via a schizogenous process, involving progressive cell wall separation at the middle lamella, without signs of cell lysis. We also demonstrate that gum pocket formation is seasonally regulated, peaking during the dry season and followed by a gradual resorption phase. The decline in AGP signal and the formation of new phloem tissues suggest a possible metabolic recycling of non-exuded gum to fuel cambial reactivation. Importantly, the surface area of gum pockets correlates with the amount of gum harvested, offering a potential anatomical proxy for selecting high-yielding trees. Our findings redefine the developmental and physiological framework of gum arabic production and provide new perspectives for genetic improvement and sustainable resource management in Sahelian ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1767-1782"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13493492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148219398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}