Protoplasma最新文献

{"title":"Hepatic antioxidant capacity, immune response, and glycolysis of Tibetan sheep in response to dietary soluble protein levels.","authors":"Jiacheng Gan, Zhenling Wu, Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza, Fengshuo Zhang, Qiurong Ji, Suad Hamdan Almasoudi, Fayez Althobaiti, Zahrah R Alrayes, Ali G Alkhathami, Shengzhen Hou, Linsheng Gui","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02052-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02052-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the increasing cost of protein raw materials has significantly impacted feed expenses and presented challenges to the livestock industry. Ninety-two-month-old male Tibetan sheep (15.40±0.81 kg) were randomly divided into three groups based on protein levels in their diet: L group (12% protein), M group (14% protein), and H group (16% protein). The feeding experiment was performed for 100 days, including a 10-day adaption period. It was found that the liver cells of the M group exhibited a better uniform in cytoplasm. Additionally, group M sheep had higher levels of GSH-Px and T-AOC (P<0.05), as well as elevated IgM, IL-1β, IL-6, and SDH content compared to other groups (P<0.05). There were 577, 698, and 623 differentially expressed genes between groups H and L, groups H and M, and groups M and L, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs regulated the activities of 56 pathways. Six liver-metabolism-related DEGs, SOD2, SOD1, CD19, IGF1, HK2, and PFKFB3, were expressed differently among the three sheep groups. In summary, a 14% protein level in the diet improved the hepatic antioxidant capacity, immune function, and glycolysis in Tibetan sheep through modulating the expression of functional genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1183-1194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143658385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular strategies for surviving the alpine extremes: methylerythritol phosphate pathway-driven isoprenoid biosynthesis and stress resilience.","authors":"Shagun Sharma, Shivanti Negi, Pankaj Kumar, Mohammad Irfan","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02062-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02062-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High altitude conditions pose a significant challenge to all earth's inhabitants including flora. Low atmospheric pressure (thin air), intense ultraviolet (UV) light, and ultra-low temperatures combine to cause oxidative stress in plants. In these abiotic stress conditions, plants exhibit various ecophysiological, morphological, and biochemical adaptations to cope with stress. Morphologically, plants may develop smaller, thicker leaves with protective trichomes or waxy cuticles against intense UV radiation, and minimize water loss in the thin, dry air. However biochemically, plants increase the production of UV-absorbing compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids along with antioxidant enzymes for neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS). To protect against these stress conditions plants start producing specialized metabolites, i.e., isoprenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, sterols, carotenoids, etc. The production of these specialized metabolites occurs through MEP (methylerythritol phosphate) and MVA (mevalonic acid) pathways. Although, this article aims to review the scientific complexities of high-altitude plants by providing an in-depth explanation of the MEP pathway, including its regulation, sources and causes of oxidative stress in plants, functions and roles of isoprenoids in stress tolerance, and the adaptation strategies that support alpine plant survival and acclimation. The MEP pathway's products, several carotenoids, viz., phytoene, lycopene, β-carotene, etc., and terpenoids, viz., geraniol, citral, phytol, etc., act as potent scavengers of ROS, providing defense against oxidative damage. Also, phytohormones, viz., abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid play crucial roles in modulating plant responses to oxidative stress. To date, little scientific literature is available specifically on high-altitude plants with respect to MEP pathway and oxidative stress management. Understanding the interaction between the MEP pathway and oxidative stress in high-altitude plants can provide insight into the implications for improving crop resilience and producing bioactive chemicals with potential human health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1053-1072"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143780979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whether pistil show diversity in bisymmetric and zygomorphic flowers in Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae): especially focus on stigma development, structure and secondary pollen presentation.","authors":"Ming-Yue Zhang, Xu-Qian Lv, Xiao-Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02068-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02068-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pistils of Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae) show diversity in morphology, whether it is involved in the formation of flower symmetry is unclear for pistil morphogenesis and ovule development characteristic are poorly known. In this study, seven species of Fumarioideae were studied under SEM, LM and TEM, six developmental stages can be recognized: pistil initiation, circular bulge fusion, ascidiate structure formation, stigma and ovary differentiation (including ovule initiation), pistil development (including stigma specialization and ovule development) and pistil maturation. All syncarpous pistils were fused by two carpels, and stigmas in different shape were all derived from the two horns which formed by dorsal suture extension, e.g. two-lobed deeply, two-lobed deeply with four papillae, boat-shaped with four papillae; and style bend to the spurred-petal at later developmental stages in Corydalis edulis and Fumaria officinalis. During flowering, stigmas were wrapped by \"pollen container\" formed by two inner petals (expect Hypecoum erectum); the pollen-receptive surfaces of stigma is concentrated or compartmentalized, and is covered with papillae cells which have a large vacuole, abundant mitochondria and plastids, and cell wall was covered by a lot number of secretions. In addition, ovule number in ovary of Fumarioideae varied from few (only one ovule developed normally in F. officinalis) to 200, and the square, banded and near-triangular funicle appendage structures are found in Lamprocapnos spectabilis, Dactylicapnos torulosa and C. edulis. The correlation between pistil development and flower symmetry and the function of secondary pollen presentation on stigma were discussed in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1289-1308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary metabolism is not secondary-why we need more cell biology in metabolomics.","authors":"Peter Nick","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02104-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02104-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1029-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12394244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidiabetic activity of polyherbal formulations: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Aditya Jain, Tanvi Jangid, Ram Niwas Jangir, Gauri Shankar Bhardwaj","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02057-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02057-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition marked by high blood glucose levels, resulting from either insufficient insulin production or poor insulin function. While conventional treatments have progressed, there is growing interest in alternative therapies, especially polyherbal formulations, due to their natural origin, cost-effectiveness, and fewer side effects. This review uniquely explores the antidiabetic potential of polyherbal formulations derived from various plants, focusing on their synergistic effects, where combinations of plant species work together to enhance therapeutic, outcomes. It discusses common plants used, types of extracts, plant parts, and dosing regimens in experimental studies. Both in vitro and in vivo models are examined to assess the effectiveness of these formulations in managing diabetes. The mechanisms behind their antidiabetic action-such as boosting insulin secretion, improving insulin sensitivity, regulating glucose metabolism, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation-are highlighted. Overall, polyherbal formulations offer significant promise for integrating into diabetes management and reducing complications when used alongside conventional therapies. This review underscores the novelty of using polyherbal combinations to enhance diabetes treatment, offering a holistic and cost-effective approach to management. In conclusion, further research into these formulations could lead to more accessible and personalized therapeutic options for diabetes patients worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1031-1052"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring cadmium uptake pathways in the roots of Coptis chinensis Franch.","authors":"Yuting Niu, Shuang He, Lu Xing, Dongdong Zhang, Yuze Li, Chong Deng, Yi Jiang, Huawei Zhang, Xiaomei Song, Meihai Ding, Wenli Huang, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02050-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00709-025-02050-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the cadmium (Cd) uptake mechanism in the roots of Coptis chinensis Franch., we utilized non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) to analyze Cd²⁺ and H⁺ fluxes, alongside ICP-MS to assess Cd content and fluxes under various inhibitors and ion channel blockers. Results revealed that Cd²⁺ uptake primarily occurs in the root meristematic zone. Cd²⁺ addition significantly inhibited H⁺ influx. The P-type ATPase inhibitor Na₃VO₄ and the metabolism inhibitor CCCP both reduced Cd²⁺ fluxes and Cd content in roots of C. chinensis Ca²⁺ channel blocker LaCl₃ exhibited more pronounced inhibition on Cd²⁺ flux than K⁺ channel blocker TEA, indicating Cd²⁺ uptake mainly via Ca²⁺ channels. Therefore, active transport and Ca²⁺ channels may play an important role in Cd uptake in C. chinensis roots.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":"1117-1127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transmission electron microscopy reveals the impact of Or gene on chromoplast morphology and β-carotene accumulation in Or gene introgressed tropical cauliflower.","authors":"Anamika Chandel, Shrawan Singh","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02106-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-025-02106-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cauliflower Or gene governs massive accumulation of β-carotene in the edible 'curd' portion. However, homozygous dominant (OrOr) plants accumulate higher β-carotene than heterozygous (Oror) individuals, yet this phenomenon has not been thoroughly elucidated in relation to chromoplast morphology. A study was performed in a complete randomised block design with three replicates, in which curd samples of homozygous orange (OrOr; CF_Or-HM)_, heterozygous orange (Oror; CF_Or-HT) and white (oror; CF_WT) genotypes were analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The number of chromoplasts in a cell and their morphology (shape and size) exhibited significant variation in the genotypes. In CF_Or-HM genotypes, chromoplasts exhibited a membrane-like structure, but in CF_Or-HT, they were small granules. The number of chromoplasts was significantly higher in CF_Or-HM compared to CF_Or-HT. The CF_WT had leucoplasts instead of chromoplasts. The CF_Or-HM (15.1 ± 0.1 µg/g FW) had significantly higher β-carotene content than CF_Or-HT (5.6 ± 0.3 µg/g FW). Both CF_Or-HM and CF_Or-HT had 18 and 7 times higher β-carotene than the white counterpart CF_WT (0.8 ± 0.1 µg/g FW). The number and size of chromoplasts exhibit a strong correlation with the concentration of total carotenoids and β-carotene in the curd portion. This is the first systematic report on changes in chromoplast features associated with Or-gene zygosity in cauliflower.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humic acid induced astaxanthin accumulation by changing GABA, polyamines, and H₂O₂ levels in Haematococcus lacustris at the stationary growth phase.","authors":"Halimeh Hassanpour","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02105-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-025-02105-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humic acid (HA) is a redox-active organic compound that can regulate cell metabolism to produce antioxidant metabolites against oxidative stress. Haematococcus lacustris is a green microalga and is found to be a rich source of astaxanthin. In this research, the impact of HA was studied on the growth mechanisms and production of antioxidant metabolites through dynamic responses of pigments, proteins, carbohydrates, secondary messengers of H₂O₂ and Ca²⁺, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and enzyme activities in H. lacustris. Results revealed that HA at 80 µM concentration is a suitable treatment to induce astaxanthin production and cell growth. Cell numbers increased significantly under HA80, and the trend was to enter the red aplanospore phase at the stationary growth phase. High HA concentration (120 µM) increased astaxanthin content but considerably reduced cell number and size. HA80 enhanced astaxanthin (5.39 mg L^-1), flavonoid (15.64 mg g^-1 DW), and phenolic (55.64 mg g^-1 DW) contents after 9 days of induction time, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in the chlorophyll pigments, proteins, and carbohydrate contents. The increase in total phenolic content was associated with enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. H₂O₂ accumulation decreased by HA80 at the late stationary growth phase. Putrescine and spermidine contents were promoted under HA80, while gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Ca²⁺ contents were reduced from the logarithmic phase to the early stationary growth phase. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was promoted in the TCA cycle, and the GABA shunt was activated to regulate the ROS level. Findings indicate that the impact of HA on cell growth and astaxanthin production is associated with HA concentration and cell growth phase. HA can regulate ROS levels at the stationary growth phase by inducing polyamine metabolism and an antioxidant defense system.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudomonas sp. and Serratia odorifera: saline soil rhizoplane bacteria identified from Mamaghan (East Azarbaijan, Iran) that improve wheat seed germination under salinity stress.","authors":"PirHasan Rashidi, Vahid Fallahzadeh Mamaghani, Laleh Parviz, Akbar Shirzad","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02100-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-025-02100-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salinity disrupts the germination and growth of seedlings in plants and reduces the population of soil microorganisms, especially bacteria. Scientists have found that each normal soil contains 600 million bacteria, consisting of 20,000 species, and their number is reduced to 1 million bacteria, consisting of 5000 to 8000 species, under salt stress. Many engineering methods are not practical. One of the biological methods is seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). PGPR improves the morphological traits of plants, which include 1 - extracellular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria)ePGPR( and 2 - intracellular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria)iPGPR(. ePGPRs are present in the rhizosphere, on the rhizosphere, or in the spaces between the cells of the root cortex, while iPGPRs are present inside the specialized nodular structures of the root cells. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of several rhizobacterial isolates obtained from the rhizoplane of saline soil in Momghan on seed germination and wheat seedling growth at different salinity concentrations. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design. The first factor had five levels: control, 3, 6, 12, and 18 ds/m, while the second factor, involved seed inoculation with 10 bacterial isolates. The experiments were carried out in 3 replications. Isolates R₂ and R₇ promoted the growth index. At salinity levels of 3 and 6 ds/m, a significant difference was observed at the 5% level. At concentrations of 12 and 18 ds/m, morphological traits improved growth. The isolates were identified using biochemical and molecular 16s rRNA tests. Isolate R₂ was placed in the genus Pseudomonas sp. and isolate R₇ in the species Serratia odorifera.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144966285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant programmed cell death in the context of diversity and evolution of PCD.","authors":"Tatiana V Doronina, Elena M Lazareva","doi":"10.1007/s00709-025-02102-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-025-02102-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cell death is an essential part of both normal development and pathological processes. This review provides a bird's-eye view of the most important aspects of programmed cell death in different groups of organisms-bacteria, protists, fungi, and animals in comparison with plants-and highlights the possible tendencies in the evolution of cell death machinery.</p>","PeriodicalId":20731,"journal":{"name":"Protoplasma","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}