Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Design of a kinematic-compatible passive spinal exoskeleton with parallelepiped units.","authors":"Laixin Fang, Wanghui Bu, Liming Cheng, Chunya Gu, Jing Chen","doi":"10.1177/09544119261458475","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261458475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolonged stooping induces sustained high spinal loading and low back pain (LBP). While passive exoskeletons provide a potential solution, they are limited by poor kinematic compatibility and insufficient degrees of freedom (DOF). This study proposes a novel kinematic-compatible passive spinal exoskeleton (KC-PSE) using parallelepiped units. It offers multiple degrees of freedom to adapt to spinal motions in sagittal and coronal planes. Based on potential energy conservation, complete gravity compensation conditions are rigorously derived. Numerical simulations on a 4-unit design validate full gravity compensation, and distributed force models characterize output torque. Prototype tests confirm the exoskeleton effectively compensates gravity while tracking spinal motions, enhancing kinematic compatibility. This mechanism and framework provide a promising engineering-medical strategy for reducing spinal loads.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"690-702"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148259325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiolucent lines in a cementless hip stem: The use of semi-automated measurements to monitor progression over a 10 year period.","authors":"Graham H Isaac, Rosyln S Cassidy, Janet C Hill, Gregory M Pryce, Sophie Williams, Ruth K Wilcox, David E Beverland","doi":"10.1177/09544119261451379","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261451379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiolucent lines (RLLs) observed adjacent to a cementless stem following Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) have been linked to stem loosening. Their manual assessment is susceptible to observer error. In this study a semi-automated (Auto) method was developed to characterise RLLs from Anterior-Posterior (AP) and Lateral (Lat) radiographs, evaluate their time progression and effects on clinical outcomes. The study comprised of 237 subjects with postoperative, 1 and 10 Y radiographs. Of these 131 also had 4-7 Y radiographs. All subjects also had accompanying implant, demographic and clinical outcomes data. An algorithm was written to evaluate the incidence of RLLs and post-processing was performed to characterise RLLs as 'not present' or 'benign', or significant ('SigRLL'). The criteria for SigRLL were tuned to minimise the number of false negatives compared to a manual characterisation. The incidence of SigRLL using AP/Lat or AP only was compared and the latter was used to monitor their development over time. The relationship with clinical outcomes was evaluated. Incidence of SigRLLs using the Auto and Manual AP/Lat methods agreed in 199/237 (84.0%) of subjects. The discrepancies included seven false negatives. The Auto AP/Lat and AP methods agreed in 221/237 (93.2%) of subjects. Twenty-eight subjects with a 4-7 Y review had SigRLLs at 10 Y. Of these, 23 had SigRLLs at 4-7 Y. Greater pain was reported in the SigRLLs group (<i>p</i> = 0.003). Four out of five stems subsequently revised for loosening exhibited 10 Y SigRLLs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"641-649"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148212373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of passive prosthetic knee joints on uneven compliant surface walking among transfemoral amputees under dual-task versus single-task conditions.","authors":"Nur Amira Adlan, Nooranida Arifin, Noor Azuan Abu Osman, Hanie Nadia Shasmin, Saari Mohamad Yatim","doi":"10.1177/09544119261458863","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261458863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with transfemoral amputation (TFA) often experience gait adaptations when walking under environmental and cognitive challenges. This study examined the influence of passive prosthetic knee mechanisms on self-reported mobility and gait biomechanics during single-task and dual-task walking over an uneven compliant surface. Participants were grouped as able-bodied individuals (AB; <i>n</i> = 15), individuals with TFA using polycentric knees (TFA_P; <i>n</i> = 6), and individuals with TFA using fluid-controlled knees (TFA_FC; pneumatic/hydraulic; <i>n</i> = 5). The dual-task condition involved walking while performing an auditory Stroop task. Outcome measures included self-report questionnaires, joint kinematics, joint kinetics, and ground reaction forces. Biomechanical variables were analysed using linear mixed-effects models to examine group, task, and group × task interaction effects. Self-reported outcomes indicated reduced functional mobility in individuals with TFA compared with AB. Biomechanical findings showed altered gait patterns in both TFA groups compared with AB, particularly reduced knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion. For kinetic outcomes, significant group effects were observed for selected joint moment and power variables, although Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise differences were identified only for maximum stance hip extension moment (HM1), with lower values in TFA_FC compared with AB. A significant task effect was observed for maximum stance ankle dorsiflexion (AA2) during dual-task walking across all groups. A significant group × task interaction was found for maximum hip eccentric power during late stance (HP2), with increased hip power during dual-task walking in TFA_P. Overall, passive prosthetic knee mechanisms showed limited differences, although task-specific adaptations were evident under combined uneven surface and cognitive demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"712-721"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanical evaluation of a fully cortical-threaded screw for modified cortical bone trajectory fixation: Combined experimental and finite element study.","authors":"Yixi Wang, Yang Xiao, Jitao Yang, Rui Zhang, Qihao Chen, Paerhati Rexiti","doi":"10.1177/09544119261461660","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261461660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although fully cortical-threaded screws are introduced as a design adaptation tailored to the cortical-dominant load path of modified cortical bone trajectory (MCBT) fixation, the biomechanical consequences of this design across the screw-bone interface and fusion construct remain insufficiently defined. Therefore, this study compared fully cortical-threaded MCBT screws with clinically used dual-threaded screws through an integrated experimental and finite element (FE) framework, spanning in vitro ovine vertebral biomechanical test and specimen-specific L4 vertebra and L1-S1 fusion models. At the screw level, compared with the control group, fully cortical-threaded MCBT screws increased maximum pull-out strength by 111.2% and multidirectional stiffness by 75%-89% in L4 vertebral FE analysis, with biomechanical testing showing corresponding increases of 39.1% in insertion torque and 41.9% in maximum pull-out strength. At the fusion-construct level, fully cortical-threaded MCBT fixation limited fused-segment motion and decreased stress across the cage, instrumentation, and vertebral bone, indicating a more coordinated load-transfer pattern rather than a simple increase in interface-level strength. These effects were consistent across fusion strategies, but procedure-specific mechanics remained evident, with PLIF producing more symmetric load sharing and TLIF retaining intrinsic asymmetry owing to unilateral facet joint resection. Overall, the fully cortical-threaded screw design for MCBT promoted continuous and stable bone-screw load transfer, translating interface-level gains into coordinated load distribution, greater fusion-construct stability, and lower deformation-driven stress concentration. These findings indicate that aligning screw architecture with the cortical-dominant load path is a mechanically rational design strategy within MCBT fixation, particularly in biomechanically demanding settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"663-675"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148339887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone remodelling around internal fracture fixations used for treating femoral neck fractures: A finite element analysis.","authors":"Biswajit Mahapatra, Swapnil Mahadev Dhobale, Kishore Pradeep, Bidyut Pal","doi":"10.1177/09544119261461170","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261461170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Femoral neck fractures necessitate effective fracture fixation techniques to ensure optimal outcomes. The study evaluates the bone remodelling around Dynamic Hip Screw with anti-rotational screw (DHS + AR) and Femoral Neck System (FNS) used for treating femoral neck fractures of Pauwels types I, II and III. Femur models were developed using CT imaging data. Fractures were modelled assuming smooth fracture surfaces. Isotropic heterogeneous CT-grey value-based bone material properties were employed in the bone model, and Ti-alloy was incorporated as implant material. Bone remodelling algorithm based on strain energy density was employed to predict the implants' effects under two loading conditions: normal walking and stair climbing. The density change (Δρ) was iteratively updated until convergence occurred (Δρ < 0.005 g/cm³ between two consecutive iterations). The investigation compared post-operative (PO) conditions with equilibrium (AE) states. Results revealed that strain shielding was approximately 27% lower in FNS-implanted models than DHS + AR models, indicating better biomechanical performance under adopted modelling assumptions. From PO to AE, axial deformation and rotational stability of the femoral head were reduced more in FNS models, with reductions of up to 13.57% and 83%, respectively. Micromotion was (below 100 μm) in all models except for FNS in Pauwels III fractures under PO conditions. However, it was reduced below 100 μm at AE. Lower bone loss was observed in FNS-implanted models while DHS + AR implanted models exhibited higher resorption. These findings suggest that FNS implants are predicted to provide better stability and favourable bone remodelling outcomes compared to DHS + AR screws.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"676-689"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148265630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D-printed flexible endoscope and 4-mm directional forceps: Affordable prototypes for expanding minimally invasive surgical training.","authors":"Daniel Lorias-Espinoza, María Cristina Cortés-Benavides, Vicente González-Carranza, Víctor Gabriel Hernández-Valderrama, Fernando Pérez-Escamirosa, José Antonio Gutiérrez-Gnecchi","doi":"10.1177/09544119261455389","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261455389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Articulated endoscopic instruments can enhance dexterity within constrained workspaces; however, their complexity and cost limit accessibility for training, prototyping, and early-stage evaluation. Additive manufacturing offers a practical approach for developing mechanically functional, low-cost articulated devices for engineering exploration and simulation-oriented applications. This study describes the mechanical design, bench-top characterization, and preliminary proof-of-concept assessment of two additively manufactured, cable-driven endoscopic prototypes: a flexible endoscope with an integrated working channel and bidirectional distal articulation, and a 4-mm steerable surgical forceps with independent jaw actuation. Both devices were fabricated using fused deposition modeling. Bench-top experiments quantified distal deflection, motion repeatability, force-related behavior, simulated task execution, and user perception. The flexible endoscope achieved effective distal deflections of 178° ± 2° vertically and 171° ± 3° horizontally while maintaining compatibility with standard 2.8-mm endoscopic instruments. During cyclic testing, it demonstrated sub-centimeter positional consistency after 1000 articulation cycles, with 95th percentile errors below 8 mm in both directions. The steerable forceps exhibited a geometric articulation range of 180°, an effective distal deflection of 85° ± 2°, and repeatable tip motion over 500 cycles, with a mean positional error of 0.26 mm. Simulated tasks were completed with high user perception scores for both prototypes. Fabrication costs were USD 166.49 for the endoscope and USD 27.75 for the forceps. These findings suggest that cable-driven architectures combined with additive manufacturing can reproduce key kinematic principles of articulated endoscopic instruments using low-cost fabrication methods. The prototypes should be interpreted as early-stage engineering demonstrators rather than clinically deployable devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"722-734"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The tipping point: Friction and thigh length influence imminent falls from a tilting ski lift chair.","authors":"Jacob Talhelm, Shivam Srivastava, James Ostrander, Patrick Atkinson, Elise Atkinson","doi":"10.1177/09544119261456914","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261456914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Falls by subjects riding a ski lift while in transit are rare but can cause significant injury. Falls can occur at variable heights and can occur to small children through to adults of both genders. The current study was designed to investigate the mechanics associated with falls to elucidate this phenomenon. Five crash dummies served as surrogates for children (3-, 6-, and 10-year-old) and adults (5th percentile female and 50th percentile male). The subjects were seated in a simulated ski lift chair with a detailed seating procedure. The shorter length of the 3- and 6-year-old surrogates' thighs was associated with slouched posture while the remaining surrogates sat in an upright fashion. All subjects were fit with winter clothing, skis, boots, helmet, and goggles. The ski lift chair was slowly tilted forward to represent wind gusts, ski lift cable catenary, or activation of the lift emergency stop. As a worst-case scenario, a restraint bar was not used since field data suggests poor usage rates. The seat was covered with three different frictional interfaces to represent different seat designs and environmental conditions. The results showed that the 10-year-old and fifth percentile female surrogates required the greatest tilt angles to initiate a fall with increasing friction requiring greater tilt angles. The remaining surrogates exhibited significantly lower tilt angles with no significant effect observed for the different frictional interfaces. These data suggest that subject size and frictional interface create variable effects. As such, uniform use of restraint bars and footrests, where available, is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"703-711"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148212297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sedentary behavior, but not daily step count, is associated with vitamin D status in postmenopausal women: An accelerometer-based study.","authors":"Raquel Domingo-Molina, María Ángeles Martínez-Maestre, Sergio Tejero, Gonzalo Reverte-Pagola, Adrián Feria Madueño, Borja Sañudo Corrales","doi":"10.1177/09544119261451975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544119261451975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To examine the associations of objectively measured sedentary behavior and ambulatory activity with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, this cross-sectional study analyzed baseline data from physically inactive postmenopausal women within 10 years of menopause onset and with vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <30 ng/ml). A total of 120 postmenopausal women were assessed, and analyses were restricted to those with vitamin D deficiency (<i>n</i> = 88). Physical activity and sedentary behavior were evaluated under free-living conditions using a wrist-worn triaxial accelerometer (Fitbit Versa 3) worn continuously for 7 consecutive days. Participants were stratified into tertiles of daily step count and sedentary time within the vitamin D-deficient subgroup. Differences in serum 25(OH)D concentrations across tertiles were examined using Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney post hoc comparisons when appropriate, and associations between continuous variables were assessed using Spearman correlation. No significant differences in serum 25(OH)D concentrations were observed across tertiles of daily step count (Kruskal-Wallis, <i>p</i> = 0.23), and daily step count was not correlated with 25(OH)D concentrations (Spearman's ρ ≈ 0, <i>p</i> = 0.52). In contrast, serum 25(OH)D concentrations differed significantly across sedentary-time tertiles (Kruskal-Wallis, <i>p</i> < 0.05), with lower levels observed in women in the highest compared with the lowest sedentary tertile (Bonferroni-corrected <i>p</i> < 0.05). Consistently, sedentary time showed a modest but statistically significant inverse association with circulating 25(OH)D concentrations (Spearman's ρ = -0.28, <i>p</i> = 0.010). In vitamin D-deficient postmenopausal women in early post menopause, objectively measured sedentary behavior, but not ambulatory activity volume, was associated with lower serum vitamin D concentrations. These findings suggest that sedentary behavior may be associated with lower vitamin D concentrations in this specific subgroup, highlighting the potential relevance of sedentary patterns as a behavioral correlate warranting further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"9544119261451975"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148212333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smash landing in elite male badminton players: Effects of fatigue and task predictability via explainable machine-learning analysis.","authors":"Yucheng Wang, Zixiang Gao, Zhanyi Zhou, Fengping Li, Julien S Baker, Yaodong Gu","doi":"10.1177/09544119261456916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544119261456916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Smash landings in badminton carry high injury risk, worsened by fatigue. Assess how fatigue and task predictability shape lower-limb biomechanics in elite male players and identify fatigue markers via explainable ML. Fourteen elites performed anticipated and unanticipated smash-landings before and after fatigue. Synchronous 3-D kinematics/kinetics were analyzed with a 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA. XGBoost models based on anticipated-task trials were used to classify fatigue status; SHAP ranked feature importance. Fatigue and unpredictability independently affected peak coronal-plane knee moment (fatigue <i>p</i> = 0.033; task <i>p</i> = 0.016). Significant ankle-moment effects were also observed in the transverse plane. Statistical parametric mapping highlighted time-specific effects of fatigue and task on knee/ankle sagittal moments, with an interaction for knee sagittal ROM (<i>p</i> = 0.0395). XGBoost showed high accuracy, identifying peak ankle plantar-flexion moment as the foremost fatigue discriminator. Fatigue and unanticipated tasks were associated with reduced lower-limb control during smash landings. Knee moment and vertical ground-reaction force may serve as biomechanical indicators of fatigue-related movement alterations. Training strategies that combine fatigue exposure with decision-making demands may help improve motor control under high-demand task conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"9544119261456916"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148194876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vibration analysis of human eyeball using pressurized fluid-filled viscoelastic laminated spherical shell modelling.","authors":"Ali Ghaheri, Famida Fallah, Mohamad Taghi Ahmadian","doi":"10.1177/09544119261451954","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261451954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Analytical vibro-acoustic model of laminated spherical shell is developed in order to study the vibrational characteristics of human eyeball considering intraocular pressure (IOP) effect. Eyeball layers are assumed to be viscoelastic with frequency- and IOP-dependent properties, filled with compressible inviscid internal fluid. Love's first approximation theory, along with the method of stress function, is used to formulate the governing equations of motion for a laminated spherical shell. The wave equation models the internal acoustic domain, and fluid-solid interaction is accounted for by enforcing velocity and stress continuity condition at the interface. The coupled system frequency equations are derived using the modal expansion method in conjunction with the orthogonality property of mode shapes. The analytical results are validated with the available literature and compared with the finite element simulations. The effects of different parameters including elastic modulus, eyeball thickness and radius, IOP variation, and frequency- and pressure-dependent properties on natural frequencies and damping characteristics are studied. It is observed that multi-layer modelling reduces natural frequencies slightly, whereas incorporating frequency- and IOP-dependent viscoelastic properties significantly increase them, demonstrating the critical importance of viscoelastic modelling for accurate eyeball biomechanics.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"531-544"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148016890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}