Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Influence of the camera calibration process on the accuracy of vision-based 3D reconstruction for human gait analysis.","authors":"Juan C Arellano-González, Hugo I Medellín-Castillo, Mauro E Maya-Méndez, Carlos Soubervielle-Montalvo, Mario G Bernal-Torres","doi":"10.1177/09544119261444092","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261444092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The camera calibration process (CCP) is an essential procedure in computer vision techniques (CVT) affecting the 3D reconstruction accuracy as it involves computing the parameters needed to determine 3D information from 2D images. The CCP performance depends on the model used to approximate the camera behavior, and on the intrinsic and extrinsic conditions used. Inadequate CCP conditions may result in large 3D reconstruction errors. Although in human gait analysis (HGA) applications some works have focused on studying the influence of CCP conditions on the reconstruction accuracy, there is a lack of methodological guidelines on optimal calibration conditions. In order to bridge this research gap, in this paper an investigation to evaluate the influence of the CCP conditions, such as the number of calibration points, camera type, image size and calibration pattern size, on the accuracy of 3D reconstruction for HGA, is presented. A linear CVT based on the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) algorithm was selected. The results have shown that the 3D reconstruction accuracy increases with the number of calibration points, the quality of the cameras, the image size and the calibration pattern size. Adequate reconstruction errors for HGA (smaller than 1%) can be obtained when using the homogeneous CVT, 24 calibration points, conventional cameras, image size of 1280 pixels × 1024 pixels, and a large calibration pattern (1.2 m × 0.7 m × 1.0 m). This CVT and CCP conditions can be obtained with relatively low-cost equipment, making it attractive for clinical use in low-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"555-566"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unified modeling of pelvic transverse rotations across walking, jogging, running, and sprinting using a single-sensor: Minimal limit cycle approach.","authors":"Maede Alavikia, Ahmad Reza Arshi","doi":"10.1177/09544119261441022","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261441022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated transverse pelvis rotations across walking, jogging, running, and sprinting using minimal limit cycle (MLC) modeling. Ten soccer players performed four gaits while a sacrum-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) recorded kinematics. We hypothesized that one expression could capture control mechanisms across gaits. A unified MLC model described all gait types within a common dynamical structure, with differences explained by coefficient modulation rather than distinct control strategies. Nonlinearity decreased from walking to sprinting, consistent with energetic differences between pendulum-like walking and spring-mass running dynamics. Stiffness coefficients (linear and nonlinear) varied significantly: linear stiffness was higher in sprinting than walking and jogging, while nonlinear stiffness was reduced in sprinting compared to jogging. These adaptations suggest gait-specific modulation of pelvis rotational velocity within an overarching shared framework, consistent with (but not directly demonstrating) central pattern generator (CPG)-based control architecture. Damping coefficients showed less sensitivity across gaits. Nonlinear stiffness (Duffing) and damping (Van der Pol) coefficients were consistent with stabilization mechanisms related to momentum preservation and energy recycling. Model fit improved from ∼63% in walking to ∼93% in sprinting, without changing equation structure, highlighting parameter modulation as the key mechanism. Quantifying gait transitions with a single pelvis sensor supports field-based monitoring, rehabilitation, and movement-quality screening related to injury risk, while informing bipedal robotics and rehabilitation devices requiring unified control architectures. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report unified gait modeling across four gait types using MLC with a single sensor, underscoring translational value in biomechanics, clinical practice, and robotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"567-580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147723538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated SEM image analysis of electrospun PVA nanofibers for skin tissue engineering: Integrating morphological, fractal, and statistical characterization using MATLAB App Designer.","authors":"Muna M Kareem, Hussain A Jaber, Basma A Al-Ghali, İlyas Çankaya","doi":"10.1177/09544119261441368","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261441368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds are important in biomedicine, especially skin tissue engineering, in which scaffold porosity and fiber orientation significantly affect cell penetration, nutrition diffusion, and biomechanical integration. Despite progress on image-based, non-destructive methods for SEM analysis, integrating quantitative metrics from multiple morphological descriptors into a unified and automated workflow remains challenging. In this paper, we present a software tool developed using MATLAB App Designer, which facilitates SEM image analysis for non-destructive characterization of electrospun nanofiber scaffolds. This application provides capability to determine porosity, pore size, fiber diameter and fractal dimension as well as estimation of BET surface area and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) volume based on geometric models. Eight independently electrospun nanofiber scaffolds, fabricated at identical electrospinning parameters, were analyzed using a combination of automated thresholding, morphological processing, and skeletonization. For each sample, five SEM images were analyzed (total = 40 images). Estimated BET and BJH data were extrapolated from image-based parameters, considering cylindrical-like scaffold geometry to assess internal consistency. High correlations were observed between porosity and surface area, and pore size with BJH volume highlight that the model is appropriate for relative scaffold screening. Statistical comparison detected various methods (Otsu and morphological thresholding) were significantly different from each other (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating importance of method choices on results. A user-friendly GUI allows users to access techniques and view metric outputs easily. Although strong <i>R</i> values were observed, they reflect internal coherence, not external validation. The tool offers a replicable platform for early-stage scaffold assessment in tissue engineering and nanomaterial research.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"602-614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147676043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface pressure reduction in the sacral and ischial regions during neuromuscular electrical stimulation at 60° head-of-bed elevation.","authors":"Momoyo Yoshikawa, Yoshiyuki Yoshikawa, Mikiko Uemura, Atomu Yamaguchi, Xiaoqi Ma, Koji Ikeda, Noriaki Maeshige","doi":"10.1177/09544119261452443","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261452443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) applied to the gluteus maximus alone or in combination with the hamstrings redistributes interface pressure in the sacral and ischial regions during 60° head-of-bed elevation. Twenty healthy adults (10 males, 10 females; mean age 20.7 ± 0.5 years; BMI ≤ 20 kg/m²) participated. NMES was delivered using adhesive surface electrodes while participants were positioned at 60° head elevation and 20° leg elevation. Interface pressure was measured under three randomized conditions: control (no NMES), NMES applied to the gluteus maximus only, and NMES applied to both the gluteus maximus and hamstrings. Each condition lasted 3 min. Peak pressure index (PPI) was calculated separately for the sacral and ischial regions using region-specific averaging windows to reflect differences in pressure distribution. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons. Sacral PPI was significantly lower in both NMES conditions than in the control condition (both <i>p</i> < 0.001), with no significant difference between the two NMES conditions. Ischial PPI was significantly lower when NMES was applied to both the gluteus maximus and hamstrings than in the control and gluteus maximus-only conditions (both <i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas no significant difference was observed between the control and gluteus maximus-only conditions. These findings suggest NMES may reduce sacral and ischial interface pressure during high head-of-bed elevation, with additional hamstring stimulation associated with greater ischial pressure reduction. Further studies are needed in at-risk populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"631-638"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148034431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism and control strategy design of a multi-position nursing bed for bedridden elderly care.","authors":"Shiyuan Ren, Haoyu Zhou, Xuan Xi, Lei Yu, Chipu Zhang, Yongfei Feng, Hongbo Wang","doi":"10.1177/09544119261441028","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261441028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nursing beds equipped with multi-position adjustment capabilities play a crucial role in preventing pressure ulcers and promoting blood circulation in bedridden patients. This study presents a multi-position nursing bed that integrates back-lifting, leg-bending, and lateral positioning functions, ensuring smooth and stable transitions between various care postures. The back-lifting and leg-bending modules are designed using planar linkage mechanisms, while the lateral positioning module combines planar linkage mechanisms with a flexible bedsheet, enabling more compliant posture adjustments. Kinematic analysis of the back-lifting and leg-bending modules is performed using the generalized transmission ratio method, followed by the development of the corresponding dynamic model. For the lateral positioning module, a comprehensive geometric analysis of the positioning process is carried out, leading to the derivation of the input-output motion mapping. In the control system design, an adaptive fast nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (AFNTSMC) strategy is proposed for the back-lifting and leg-bending modules, while a PID control strategy is employed for the lateral positioning module. Finally, a functional prototype of the nursing bed is developed, and its posture transformation capabilities are validated.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"615-630"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147819989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superior longitudinal strength of auxetic stents: A comparative numerical study.","authors":"Xiang Shen, Jianwei Gao, Huilin Yao, Yizhe Wang, Zewen He, Jiahao Chen, Hongyu Liang","doi":"10.1177/09544119261443827","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261443827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Longitudinal stent deformation (LSD) caused by insufficient longitudinal strength of stent has become one of the serious complications of stent intervention. Although an auxetic stent, as highly promising stent, has already been widely used in the interventional field, its resistance to longitudinal deformation has not yet been studied. In this study, three types of stents were designed and their LSD were studied and compared with conventional stents. Finite element analysis was used to investigate the effects of Poisson's ratio, stent structural design, tensile force application location, circumferential cell number, and expansion diameter on LSD. The results showed that a more pronounced auxetic tendency contributes to enhancing the stent's capability to resist longitudinal deformation. Auxetic stents exhibited superior longitudinal strength compared to conventional stents. Increasing the number of connecting struts was found to enhance longitudinal strength. A cell design featuring a convex hexagonal shape was shown to improve the longitudinal strength of stents. Moreover, an increase of the number of circumferential cells led to an increase of longitudinal strength. It was also observed that the stent ends were more susceptible to longitudinal deformation than the midsection. Additionally, longitudinal strength was found to decrease with the increase of stent expansion diameter. This study may provide insights for the structural design of high-performance stents and rational selection of stents with resistance to LSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"591-601"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147723494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and biomechanical validation of a 3D-printed Schepens scleral depressor.","authors":"Luís Expedito Sabage, Mariana Pasqualin Wojcikiewicz, Thiago Meister, João Pedro Vieira Neto Murta, Gustavo Túlio Manfredini, Jair Marcelo Saad Ortega, Josmar Sabage, Carlos Augusto Moreira-Neto, Alessandra Mazzo","doi":"10.1177/09544119261441042","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261441042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to develop a low-cost 3D-printed scleral depressor and evaluate its mechanical performance, safety margins, and ocular biomechanical effects. A Schepens-style depressor was developed and printed in PLA. Examiners performed two different tests: (1) the maximum simulated scleral depression force, using both the 3D-printed and conventional steel depressors, and (2) a breakage test performed only on the 3D-printed device, determining its mechanical failure threshold for probabilistic safety analysis. Peak forces were applied to the porcine belly and recorded by a precision balance with slow-motion video analysis. A third test, which was conducted exclusively with the 3D-printed depressor, was performed using one ex vivo porcine eye model to correlate the applied force with the induced intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. The pressure-volume behavior was modeled via the Friedenwald rigidity coefficient. One unit of the depressor prototype consumed 3.06 g of PLA, with an estimated cost and print time of U$ 0.06 and 22 min, respectively. The simulated indentations produced forces of 21.21 ± 6.23 N (3D-printed depressor) and 25.02 ± 4.64 N (steel depressor), with no significant difference between devices. The 3D-printed instrument breakage point was 63.27 ± 10.72 N, with a 2.98 factor of safety (FS) and 3.39 reliability index (β). In the porcine model, scleral depression produced a 15.63 ± 8.13 mmHg increase in IOP, requiring 0.191 ± 0.09 N (FS = 331.2 and β = 5.88). The 3D-printed depressor demonstrates effective mechanical robustness, wide safety margins, and functional equivalence to steel instruments, supporting the use of customizable, low-cost 3D-printed depressors in training and clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"545-554"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact-Based Analysis Method (IBAM) to evaluate the primary stability of the pedicle screw: A proof of concept.","authors":"Julie Gabriel, Yvan Petit, Giuseppe Rosi, Éric Wagnac, Michel Dagher, Arnaud Dubory, Charles-Henri Flouzat-Lachaniette, Guillaume Haïat","doi":"10.1177/09544119261444102","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09544119261444102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The long-term success of spinal instrumentation depends on the initial stability of pedicle screws (PS), yet current intraoperative assessments rely on surgeon subjectivity. This study introduces a quantitative, non-invasive approach-the Impact-Based Analysis Method (IBAM)-to support intraoperative decision-making. The IBAM measures screw stability using low-amplitude impacts delivered with an instrumented hammer on the surgical screwdriver after screw insertion. An IBAM indicator, defined as the average time difference between the two earliest local maxima in the force signal, was analyzed under varying stability conditions in artificial bone samples. Experimental factors included bone density (ρ), insertion depth (<i>D</i>), and pilot hole diameter (<i>ϕ</i>). The IBAM indicator was compared with the PS pull-out force for each configuration. Although the main effects showed opposite trends for the pull-out force and the IBAM indicator, their relative magnitudes were similar (<i>ρ</i>∼35%, <i>D</i>∼25%, <i>ϕ</i>∼15%). The relationship between the pull-out force and the IBAM indicator followed a power-law model (adjusted <i>R</i>² = 0.85) with a negative exponent. As screw stability increased, the pull-out force rose while the IBAM indicator decreased, demonstrating complementary sensitivity to bone-implant interface changes. While results are promising, the simplified experimental design limited the ability to fully capture bone-implant interaction complexity. Future studies should aim to validate IBAM in vivo to confirm its clinical applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"581-590"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147842059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open data-driven analytics for active and healthy municipalities: A systematic review.","authors":"David Cobos-Valiente, Ainara Bernal-García, Jerónimo García-Fernández, Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana","doi":"10.1177/09544119261455392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544119261455392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urban municipalities are increasingly relying on open data and digital technologies to support the planning of environments that promote physical activity, active mobility and equitable access to urban resources with a direct impact on population health. From the perspective of preventive medicine and population health, the integration of urban, environmental and mobility information is a key opportunity to design evidence-based strategies aimed at promoting active lifestyles and reducing health inequalities. However, the scientific evidence linking open data, healthy municipalities, physical activity, and smart cities remains fragmented. This systematic review, developed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement, analyses how the literature indexed in Scopus addresses the convergence between these areas from a perspective applied to health decision-making support. A search was conducted in Scopus (TITLE-ABS-KEY) covering the period from 2015 to 2025, based on four conceptual blocks, which identified 96 documents, of which 60 studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. The results show a marked increase in publications since 2020 and a predominance of applied analytical approaches, highlighting the use of geographic information systems, transitability and accessibility indices and emerging digital techniques such as sensor data and urban metrics derived from images. Although most studies combine multiple domains to assess urban determinants of physical activity and health, challenges remain associated with methodological heterogeneity and limited evolution of impact in terms of health outcomes. Overall, the findings underscore the need to move towards standardised and reproducible indicators and to strengthen data-based policy evaluation from the perspective of health, especially in small and medium-sized municipalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"9544119261455392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148101699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A co-designed gamified mHealth platform for adolescents and young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: System architecture and mixed-methods proof-of-concept.","authors":"José Ignacio Sañudo, Adrián Feria, Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver, Borja Sañudo","doi":"10.1177/09544119261454203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544119261454203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adolescents and young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDs) experience disproportionately low physical activity and high sedentary time yet remain insufficiently served by scalable and cognitively accessible health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA) programmes. This study reports proof-of-concept evidence for IDHEApp, a co-designed, gamified mobile health (mHealth) intervention integrated with a wearable activity tracker to promote physical activity in cognitively diverse users. We conducted an 8-week, convergent mixed-methods pilot randomised controlled trial across two European community IDs services (Rome, Italy; Rijeka, Croatia). Sixty adolescents and young adults were randomised (1:1) to an intervention arm (IDHEApp with Fitbit-enabled feedback and gamified step challenges) or a control arm (Fitbit monitoring plus usual routines). Quantitative outcomes were derived from wearable data (primary: daily step count; secondary: activity intensity and posture-related indicators) and analysed as exploratory behavioural signals using ANCOVA adjusted for baseline values. Qualitative data were obtained through two-phase focus groups (pre-implementation formative assessment and post-implementation technology exposure) with adolescents and young adults and caregivers and examined using reflexive thematic analysis. The intervention was technically feasible to deploy in real-world service settings at both sites. The strongest between-group signal was observed for daily steps (+2068 steps/day; <i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas activity-intensity and posture metrics demonstrated smaller and less consistent patterns. Thematic findings suggested that simple, non-competitive gamification (step goals, points, badges) was readily understood and perceived as motivating, supporting sustained engagement; however, technical barriers (Bluetooth pairing, synchronisation, device charging) increased reliance on caregiver support. Collectively, these findings indicate that IDHEApp is a promising mobile-wearable ecosystem to support HEPA in adolescents and young adults with IDs and justify further optimisation to enhance technical robustness, reduce caregiver burden, and evaluate effectiveness over longer follow-up periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":20666,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"9544119261454203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148034247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}