Neurobiology of Learning and Memory最新文献

{"title":"Accelerated maturation of fear regulation systems in infant rats following early life inflammation","authors":"Tayla B. McCutcheon,&nbsp;Sara M. Simenson-Braun,&nbsp;Rick Richardson","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early life stress is a well-established risk factor for neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, yet the mechanisms underlying this lifelong vulnerability remain unclear. One possibility is that early stress exposure disrupts the developmental trajectory of neural systems involved in emotion regulation, creating long-term susceptibility to psychopathology. Therefore, here we explored the impact of two forms of early-life adversity on maturation of emotional regulation in infant rats. Two forms of adversity were examined: maternal separation (MS) and to early-life inflammation (ELI) via post-natal injections of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of these two types of early life stress in infant male rats. Based on the results of the first experiment, in Experiment 2 we replicated the procedures from Experiment 1 in females but only examined ELI as an early stressor. In both experiments, ELI infants displayed a precocious emergence of context-mediated relapse of extinguished fear, whereas standard-rearing (SR) and MS male infants did not. These findings suggest that ELI accelerates the development of infant emotion regulation, consistent with studies using other stressors (e.g., psychosocial), and point to shared mechanisms underlying the long-term adverse effects of early-life stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145401124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transplantation of medial ganglionic eminence cells rescues early-life stress-induced social and cognitive impairments in postnatal mice","authors":"Lanyan Lin,&nbsp;Yongxing Lai,&nbsp;Ainong Mei,&nbsp;Yan Chen,&nbsp;Fan Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the critical window of early development, exposure to stress has been demonstrated to impair brain function, thereby elevating the likelihood of subsequent social and cognitive impairments. In our study, we have developed a reliable mouse model of early life stress that emulates prevalent stressors in the human population, utilizing early maternal-infant separation coupled with a four-week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Subsequent to this intervention, we transplanted GABAergic progenitor cells into the hippocampus with the aim of mitigating the social and cognitive deficits observed in postnatal mice. Our findings reveal that mice subjected to early stress display significant social and cognitive impairments, characterized by deficits in communication, cognitive developmental delays, repetitive behaviors, and anxiety-related affective disorders. The transplantation of GABAergic progenitor cells into the hippocampus of these stressed mice has been shown to enhance neurogenesis, increasing the population of GABAergic neurons and augmenting the expression of key synaptic proteins, including Reelin, Fyn, PSD95, and SYN.Our results highlight the potential of medial ganglion cell transplantation into the hippocampus to ameliorate the social and cognitive deficits triggered by early life stress. This approach holds significant promise for the therapeutic intervention of psychobehavioral disturbances stemming from early stress exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute exercise after motor practice enhances generalized skill learning, corticospinal excitability and intermuscular coherence in older adults","authors":"Jonas Rud Bjørndal ,&nbsp;Lasse Jespersen ,&nbsp;Rasmus Dam Wiedemann ,&nbsp;Eva Rudjord Therkildsen ,&nbsp;Anke Ninija Karabanov ,&nbsp;Jesper Lundbye-Jensen","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While high-intensity aerobic exercise after motor practice enhances learning in young adults, its effects on older adults remain unknown. This study investigates whether high-intensity exercise after motor skill practice enhances memory consolidation and motor learning in older adults (aged 65–75 years). Participants practiced a visuomotor-pinch-task with repeated sequence-structure, before being randomly assigned to an exercise (EXE, n = 20) or control (CON, n = 20) group. Motor performance was assessed at baseline, immediately after practice, and in delayed retention tests performed 24-hours and 7-days later. Performance was also assessed in a task variant with random target-structure at immediate and delayed retention. Electromyography was recorded from first dorsal interosseous and abductor pollicis brevis muscles, for intermuscular coherence analysis. Corticospinal and cortical excitability was assessed by single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex at baseline, after practice, and again after the EXE or CON intervention. No between-group differences were observed during skill acquisition (before randomization). From immediate to delayed retention tests (24-hours and 7-days) EXE showed higher retention in the random target-structure variant compared to CON, while no differences were observed in the sequential task. Both groups demonstrated increased corticospinal excitability after practice. EXE led to prolonged increases in intermuscular coherence and corticospinal excitability compared to CON, and changes in corticospinal excitability were associated with total learning effects from baseline to day7. These results demonstrate that acute exercise prolongs practice-dependent increases in corticospinal excitability during early memory consolidation. The study provides insights into the potential of exercise to enhance motor learning and neuroplasticity in older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145308450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary auditory cortex activity during early retrieval supports later extinction learning","authors":"Nicole B. Cook ,&nbsp;Sadie May Wasberg ,&nbsp;Tempestuous G. Henneghan ,&nbsp;Pedro M. Ogallar ,&nbsp;Manuel M. Ramos-Alvarez ,&nbsp;Isabel A. Muzzio","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emotional flexibility—the ability to update threat associations when contingencies change—is essential for adaptive behavior, yet the underlying cortical mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we used chemogenetic inhibition of primary auditory cortex (A1) principal neurons to test whether activity in this region during early or long-term fear memory retrieval is required for remote memory consolidation and/or subsequent extinction learning. We hypothesized that since extinction involves competition between threat and safety representations, weighting memory traces in the same cortical region could facilitate extinction acquisition. Male and female C57BL/6J mice underwent auditory fear conditioning with a white noise conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a foot shock unconditioned stimulus (US). Mice received intraperitoneal injections of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), the chemogenetic ligand, prior to early (day 1) or long-term (day 15) retrieval. All mice were also tested on day 30 to assess the effects of early or late inhibition on remote recall in the absence of CNO. Early or late inhibition did not produce memory impairments at any retrieval time point. However, early inhibition delayed extinction acquisition and impaired extinction memory. Conversely, long-term inhibition had no significant effect on subsequent extinction. In males, extinction memory deficits were associated with elevated freezing during remote retrieval, whereas females showed greater behavioral variability. These findings suggest that disrupting cortical activity during early retrieval impairs extinction learning, underscoring a key role for A1 in emotional flexibility. More broadly, they support the idea that cortical integration of threat and safety associations is essential for appropriately weighting emotional responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145070014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuro-immune interactions in memory","authors":"E. Stewart ,&nbsp;T.J. Ryan","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Responding appropriately to both internal and external factors to maintain homeostasis is key to survival in a dynamic environment. Memory is an adaptive brain function that enables organisms to interact efficiently with their environment by processing and storing perceptual input. Memory functions by shaping behaviour in the present, based on past experiences. These experiences are defined by both external environmental cues and internal signals (physiological states) and these dual sources of information require integration and feedback between central and peripheral systems. The immune system is a key physiological system that works to protect against pathogens and maintain homeostasis, and can also mediate behavioural changes through communication with the brain. Here we review the dynamic relationship between memory and the immune system in both health and disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108077"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male spontaneously hypertensive rats demonstrate reduced goal-directed control and difficulty updating previous learning","authors":"Zachary Pierce-Messick,&nbsp;Elif Sari,&nbsp;Laura H. Corbit","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Habitual control of repeated behaviours is adaptive because it can allow routine behaviours to continue under conditions where cognitive capacity is limited or burdened. However, the impact that cognitive demand has on behavioural control has not been thoroughly studied in animal models of habits. This study used a strain of rats—spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs)—that have known cognitive deficits to investigate their ability to update their behaviour following changes to outcome value, instrumental contingency, and the predictions of stimuli across multiple tasks. An outcome devaluation task was used to test whether instrumental performance was sensitive to changes in outcome value. While SHRs reduced responding for the devalued outcome, this effect was dampened relative to Long Evans controls. An omission contingency was then introduced and SHRs were unable to adapt their responding when a once reinforced response now prevented the delivery of a free outcome. A Pavlovian devaluation task found that SHRs were insensitive to devaluation and entered the magazine upon presentation of a reward-predictive stimulus, regardless of whether the stimulus predicted a devalued or non-devalued outcome. Finally, SHRs were found to be slower than Long Evans to inhibit initial learning when a stimulus that initially predicted food pellets was no longer reinforced. Collectively, these tasks help better characterize the behavioural capabilities of SHRs and extends our understanding of how limited cognitive capacity relates to expression of habitual behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108078"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144722153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of retinoids in memory reconsolidation and extinction following appetitive conditioning","authors":"Justin Wimmer ,&nbsp;Zakariah Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Gaynor E. Spencer","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of vitamin A, is an important signaling molecule during vertebrate synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. We have shown that it also plays a role in long-term memory formation following both operant and classical conditioning in the invertebrate, <em>Lymnaea stagnalis</em>. Following retrieval, recent long-term memories can undergo additional processing whereby they can be updated and re-stabilized during reconsolidation, or suppressed during extinction. Here, we examined whether retinoic acid is involved in post-retrieval memory processing by utilizing appetitive classical conditioning of <em>Lymnaea</em>. We show that exposure to retinoid signaling inhibitors differentially disrupts memory reconsolidation, depending on the need for protein synthesis and the extent of training received. We also show that memory extinction is inhibited in the presence of both retinoid inhibitors and protein synthesis inhibitors, regardless of the extent of training. These findings suggest that retinoids play a role in the continued processing of implicit memories following retrieval.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108079"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement of serotonin receptors in destabilization and re-stabilization of retrieved context and food-aversion memory in terrestrial snail Helix lucorum","authors":"Alena B. Zuzina,&nbsp;Aliya Kh. Vinarskaya,&nbsp;Pavel M. Balaban","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The necessity for serotonin participation in memory reconsolidation in snails was demonstrated previously. So far, no research has addressed the involvement of serotonin receptors in retrieval-induced destabilization and re-stabilization of long-term context and cued memories in snails. The current study aimed to improve understanding of serotonin receptors involvement in those processes. We used a nonselective inhibitor of serotonin receptors methiothepin, and demonstrated that immediate post-reactivation methiothepin treatment induced an irreversible memory impairment, while the pre-reactivation methiothepin administration, and delayed post-reactivation methiothepin administration caused only partial memory attenuation, and memory still was well preserved. We also found that pre-reactivation methiothepin administration completely prevented the impairing effects of post-reactivation anisomycin (inhibitor of protein synthesis) injections for context and cued memories, what suggests that the pre-reactivation administration of the serotonin receptors inhibitor interfered with the retrieval-memory reactivation process. Delayed post-reactivation methiothepin administration did not prevented a significant memory impairment by anisomycin, suggesting absence of delayed effects. The results suggest that the serotonin receptors are probably involved in the process of destabilization and early phase of re-stabilization of context and food-aversion long-term memories, while less required for late phase of re-stabilization. The results obtained confirm the involvement of serotonin activity in memory reconsolidation process in mollusks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108090"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of post-learning rest on false memory","authors":"William H. Livingston ,&nbsp;Adam L. Putnam ,&nbsp;Erin J. Wamsley","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Like sleep, a brief period of eyes-closed waking rest following encoding can improve memory. But in addition to quantitatively strengthening memory, sleep also qualitatively transforms memory. In one example of this effect, sleep has been reported to promote the formation of false memory, perhaps as a result of preferentially strengthening gist memory over memory for veridical detail. Here, we tested whether a period of eyes-closed waking rest, like sleep, affects the formation of false memories. We hypothesized that rest would increase false memory in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm as measured by recall but would decrease false memory as measured by recognition. Following auditory encoding of 8 DRM word lists, <em>N</em> = 51 participants either sat quietly with their eyes closed for 15 min or spent an equivalent period completing a distractor task (within-subjects). Afterwards, participants completed a recall and recognition test. Despite being well-powered to detect effects of the magnitude previously reported in sleep studies, we did not detect any effect of rest on the formation of false memories, regardless of testing method. This may indicate that waking rest does not affect the formation of false memories in the same way that sleep does.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108080"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144743320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hunger alters approach-avoidance behaviours differently in male and female mice","authors":"Roberta G. Anversa ,&nbsp;Gemma Goldstein ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Syed ,&nbsp;Harry Dempsey ,&nbsp;Amy Pearl ,&nbsp;Xavier J. Maddern ,&nbsp;Billi Newton ,&nbsp;Robyn M. Brown ,&nbsp;Felicia M. Reed ,&nbsp;Andrew J. Lawrence ,&nbsp;Leigh C. Walker","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The decision about whether to approach or avoid a reward while under threat requires balancing competing demands. Sex-specific prioritisations (e.g. mating, maternal care), or generalised prioritisations (e.g. feeding, drinking, sleeping) may differently influence approach-avoidance behaviours based on the level of “risk” and homeostatic need state of the organism. However, given known sex differences in key aspects that may influence this behaviour, direct comparison of how male and female mice make decisions to approach or avoid a dangerous area while in a fasted state have yet to be conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted several approach-avoidance tasks with varied levels of risk and reward in male and female C57BL6J mice that were either fasted or sated (fed). Mice underwent a light–dark box, elevated plus maze, baited large open field and runway task to assess their approach and avoidance behaviour.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the light–dark box and elevated plus maze, when no reward was available, fasted female mice showed greater approach behaviours than sated counterparts, while no difference was observed in males. In the baited large open field, when reward was available, both sexes showed increased approach behaviours when fasted. However, when sated, male mice conversely showed greater approach behaviours compared to sated female mice. In the runway task, while sated mice failed to learn, fasted male mice inhibited their reward consumption in response to increased shock intensity; however, fasted female mice were resistant to increased shock intensity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our study identifies sex differences in decision making behaviour in mice based on satiety state across several approach-avoidance tasks. We highlight several nuances of these differences based on reward availability and punishment intensity. These results shine a lens on fundamental differences between the sexes in innate, survival driven behaviours that should be considered for future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108091"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}