Neurobiology of Learning and Memory最新文献

{"title":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation of core language areas facilitates novel word acquisition","authors":"Yury Shtyrov , Ekaterina Perikova , Margarita Filippova , Alexander Kirsanov , Evgeny Blagovechtchenski , Olga Shcherbakova","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that can alter the state of the stimulated brain area and thereby affect neurocognitive processes and resulting behavioural performance. Previous studies using tDCS to address the language function have shown disparate results, particularly with respect to language learning and word acquisition. To fill this gap, this study aimed at systematically addressing the effects of tDCS of core left-hemispheric language cortices on the brain mechanisms underpinning two main neurocognitive strategies of word learning: implicit inference-based Fast Mapping (FM) and direct instruction-based Explicit Encoding (EE). Prior to a word-learning session, 160 healthy participants were given 15 min of either anodal or cathodal tDCS of Wernicke’s or Broca’s areas, or a control sham (placebo) stimulation, in a between-group design. Each participant then learned sixteen novel words (eight through FM and eight through EE) in a contextual word-picture association session. Moreover, these words were learnt either perceptually via auditory exposure combined with a graphical image of the novel object, or in an articulatory mode, where the participants additionally had to overtly articulate the novel items. These learning conditions were fully counterbalanced across participants, stimuli and tDCS groups. Learning outcomes were tested at both lexical and semantic levels using two tasks: recognition and word-picture matching. EE and FM conditions produced similar outcomes, indicating comparable efficiency of the respective learning strategies. At the same time, articulatory learning produced generally better results than non-articulatory exposure, yielding higher recognition accuracies and shorter latencies in both tasks. Crucially, real tDCS led to global outcome improvements, demonstrated by faster (compared to sham) reactions, as well as some accuracy changes. There was also evidence of more specific tDCS effects: better word-recognition accuracy for EE <em>vs.</em> FM following cathodal stimulation as well as more expressed improvements in recognition accuracy and reaction times for anodal Broca’s and cathodal Wernicke’s stimulation, particularly for unarticulated FM items. These learning mode-specific effects support the notion of partially distinct brain mechanisms underpinning these two learning strategies. Overall, numerically largest improvements were observed for anodal Broca’s tDCS, whereas the least expressed benefits of tDCS for learning were measured after anodal Wernicke stimulation. Finally, we did not find any inhibitory effects of either tDCS polarity in any of the comparisons. We conclude that tDCS of core language areas exerts a general facilitatory effect on new word acquisition with some limited specificity to learning protocols – the result that may be of potential applied value for future research aimed at ameliorating learning deficits and language disor","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 107992"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142470770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Footshock drives remodeling of perineuronal nets in retrosplenial cortex during contextual fear memory formation","authors":"Salome Dargam,&nbsp;Soledad de Olmos,&nbsp;Ricardo Marcos Pautassi,&nbsp;Alfredo Lorenzo","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) plays a critical role in complex cognitive functions such as contextual fear memory formation and consolidation. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized structures of the extracellular matrix that modulate synaptic plasticity by enwrapping the soma, proximal neurites and synapsis mainly on fast spiking inhibitory GABAergic interneurons that express parvalbumin (PV). PNNs change after contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in amygdala or hippocampus, yet it is unknown if similar remodeling takes place at RSC. Here, we used Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA), a ubiquitous marker of PNNs, to study the remodeling of PNNs in RSC during the acquisition or retrieval of contextual fear conditioning (CFC). Adult male mice were exposed to paired presentations of a context and footshock, or to either of these stimuli alone (control groups). The mere exposure of animals to the footshock, either alone or paired with the context, evoked a significant expansion of PNNs, both in the number of WFA positive neurons and in the area occupied by WFA staining, across the entire RSC. This was not associated with c-Fos expression in RSC nor correlated with c-Fos expression in individual PNNs-expressing neurons in RSC, suggesting that PNNs remodeling is triggered by inputs external to the RSC. We also found that PNNs remodeling was independent of the level of PV expression. Notably, PNNs in RSC remained expanded long-after CFC. These results suggest that, in male mice, the threatening experience is the main cause of PNNs remodeling in the RSC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107990"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basolateral amygdala inputs to the nucleus accumbens shell modulate the consolidation of cued-response and inhibitory avoidance learning","authors":"Bess Glickman ,&nbsp;Krista L. Wahlstrom ,&nbsp;Jason J. Radley ,&nbsp;Ryan T. LaLumiere","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The basolateral amygdala (BLA) modulates different types of memory consolidation via distinct projections to downstream brain regions in multiple memory systems. Prior studies indicate that the BLA projects to the nucleus accumbens shell (NAshell) and that these regions interact to influence some types of behavior. Moreover, previous pharmacological work suggests the BLA and NAshell interact to influence memory. However, the precise role of the BLA-NAshell pathway has never been directly investigated in the consolidation of different types of memory including cued-response, spatial, or inhibitory avoidance (IA) learning. To address this, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received optogenetic manipulations of the BLA or BLA-NAshell pathway immediately following training in different learning tasks. An initial experiment found that optogenetically inhibiting the BLA itself immediately after training impaired cued-response retention in a Barnes maze task in males and females, confirming earlier pharmacological work in males alone. Subsequent experiments found that BLA-NAshell pathway inhibition impaired retention of cued-response and IA learning but had no effect on retention of spatial learning. However, the present work did not observe any effects of pathway stimulation immediately after cued-response or IA learning. Together, the present findings suggest the BLA modulates the consolidation of cued-response and IA, but not spatial, memory consolidation via NAshell projections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response-independent outcome presentations dissociate stimulus and value based choice","authors":"Thomas J. Burton,&nbsp;Alesha R. Kumar,&nbsp;Nura W. Lingawi,&nbsp;Joanne M. Gladding,&nbsp;Bernard W. Balleine,&nbsp;Vincent Laurent","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A stimulus that predicts the delivery of a specific food outcome can bias performance towards instrumental actions that earn that same outcome in a phenomenon known as specific Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT). The precise mechanism by which the specific instrumental action is selected under these circumstances has remained elusive. The present set of experiments explored whether treatments that undermine the response-outcome (R-O) association also affect the expression of specific PIT. Consistent with previous work, in Experiment 1 we showed that specific PIT remains intact after an instrumental degradation treatment that attempted to undermine R-O associations. However, we additionally demonstrated that outcome-devaluation sensitivity also persisted after degradation, suggesting that R-O associations were impervious to the degradation treatment, and precluding any conclusions about the necessity of R-O associations for specific PIT expression. Nevertheless, given the two-lever two-outcome design of this experiment it is possible that R-O associations were indeed undermined by degradation and that the devaluation effect was driven by distinct, incidental Pavlovian lever-outcome associations. To nullify the obscuring effects of these incidental Pavlovian associations, we used a bidirectional lever for instrumental conditioning that could be pushed to the left or the right for distinct outcomes. In Experiment 2 we demonstrated that specific PIT could be observed on this bidirectional manipulandum whether the subjects were hungry or sated, consistent with the literature. The critical third Experiment used an identical design to Experiment 1 except that the two instrumental responses were made on the single bidirectional manipulanda. Here, specific PIT was intact after instrumental degradation and, crucially, we saw no evidence of outcome devaluation sensitivity in these same subjects, suggesting that the R-O associations were weakened or undermined by this treatment. We conclude that the expression of specific PIT is resistant to treatments that undermine R-O associations and disrupt value based choice, and discuss how these findings contribute to our understanding of the associative framework supporting behavioral control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107989"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term memory formation for voices during sleep in three-month-old infants","authors":"Lisa Bastian ,&nbsp;Eva-Maria Kurz ,&nbsp;Tim Näher ,&nbsp;Katharina Zinke ,&nbsp;Manuela Friedrich ,&nbsp;Jan Born","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability to form long-term memories begins in early infancy. However, little is known about the specific mechanisms that guide memory formation during this developmental stage. We demonstrate the emergence of a long-term memory for a novel voice in three-month-old infants using the EEG mismatch response (MMR) to the word “baby”. In an oddball-paradigm, a frequent standard, and two rare deviant voices (novel and mother) were presented before (baseline), and after (test) familiarizing the infants with the novel voice and a subsequent nap. Only the mother deviant but not the novel deviant elicited a late frontal MMR (∼850 <!--> <!-->ms) at baseline, possibly reflecting a long-term memory representation for the mother’s voice. Yet, MMRs to the novel and mother deviant significantly increased in similarity after voice familiarization and sleep. Moreover, both MMRs showed an additional early (∼250 <!--> <!-->ms) frontal negative component that is potentially related to deviance processing in short-term memory. Enhanced spindle activity during the nap predicted an increase in late MMR amplitude to the novel deviant and increased MMR similarity between novel and mother deviant. Our findings indicate that the late positive MMR in infants might reflect emergent long-term memory that benefits from sleep spindles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742724000984/pdfft?md5=63ab7602c94e06c43d1bac77816c96c1&pid=1-s2.0-S1074742724000984-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valence-dependent dopaminergic modulation during reversal learning in Parkinson’s disease: A neurocomputational approach","authors":"Mauro Ursino ,&nbsp;Silvana Pelle ,&nbsp;Fahima Nekka ,&nbsp;Philippe Robaey ,&nbsp;Miriam Schirru","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reinforcement learning, crucial for behavior in dynamic environments, is driven by rewards and punishments, modulated by dopamine (DA) changes. This study explores the dopaminergic system’s influence on learning, particularly in Parkinson’s disease (PD), where medication leads to impaired adaptability. Highlighting the role of tonic DA in signaling the valence of actions, this research investigates how DA affects response vigor and decision-making in PD. DA not only influences reward and punishment learning but also indicates the cognitive effort level and risk propensity in actions, which are essential for understanding and managing PD symptoms.</p><p>In this work, we adapt our existing neurocomputational model of basal ganglia (BG) to simulate two reversal learning tasks proposed by Cools et al. We first optimized a Hebb rule for both probabilistic and deterministic reversal learning, conducted a sensitivity analysis (SA) on parameters related to DA effect, and compared performances between three groups: PD-ON, PD-OFF, and control subjects.</p><p>In our deterministic task simulation, we explored switch error rates after unexpected task switches and found a U-shaped relationship between tonic DA levels and switch error frequency. Through SA, we classify these three groups. Then, assuming that the valence of the stimulus affects the tonic levels of DA, we were able to reproduce the results by Cools et al.</p><p>As for the probabilistic task simulation, our results are in line with clinical data, showing similar trends with PD-ON, characterized by higher tonic DA levels that are correlated with increased difficulty in both acquisition and reversal tasks.</p><p>Our study proposes a new hypothesis: valence, signaled by tonic DA levels, influences learning in PD, confirming the uncorrelation between phasic and tonic DA changes. This hypothesis challenges existing paradigms and opens new avenues for understanding cognitive processes in PD, particularly in reversal learning tasks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107985"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742724000960/pdfft?md5=1b32b4c2ce46e97e2c103eaf3c689f30&pid=1-s2.0-S1074742724000960-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cue-potentiated feeding in rodents: Implications for weight regulation in obesogenic environments","authors":"Michael D. Kendig ,&nbsp;Laura H Corbit","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cue-potentiated feeding (CPF) describes instances where food intake is increased by exposure to conditioned cues associated with food, often in the absence of hunger. CPF effects have been reported in a range of experimental protocols developed by researchers working across diverse fields spanning behavioural neuroscience, social psychology and ecology. Here we review the evolution of research on cue-potentiated feeding in animal models to identify important behavioural parameters and key neural circuits and pharmacological systems underlying the effect. Overall, evidence indicates that social, discrete and contextual stimuli can be used to elicit CPF effects across multiple species, though effects are often subtle and sensitive to procedural variables. While regular exposure to food cues is thought to be a key risk factor for overeating in so-called ‘obesogenic’ environments, further work is needed to identify whether CPF promotes positive energy balance and weight gain over the longer term. We suggest several methodological and conceptual areas for inquiry to elucidate the contribution of CPF to the regulation of food choice and energy intake.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742724000959/pdfft?md5=7b2431cb6f22b81cbf3576b308ea8e0e&pid=1-s2.0-S1074742724000959-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142239099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute stress and blockade of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid receptors: Effects on working memory","authors":"Christian Eric Deuter ,&nbsp;Janine Sommerfeld ,&nbsp;Linn Kristina Kuehl ,&nbsp;Christian Otte ,&nbsp;Katja Wingenfeld","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although early studies were able to demonstrate a negative impact of stress on working memory performance, present research findings are heterogeneous. Numerous further studies found no effects or even improved performance, with the direction of these stress effects likely depending on the underlying biological mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate receptor-specific effects, as part of the stress-induced cortisol response, on working memory performance. Healthy, male participants (N=318, mean age 25.4 ± 5.1y) were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a social-evaluative stress manipulation, or a non-stress control condition after they had received either spironolactone (blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor, MR) or mifepristone (blockade of the glucocorticoid receptor, GR) or a placebo. Both substances are potent antagonists with high affinity for the respective receptors. To assess working memory, we implemented the n-back task subsequent to stress exposure, number of correct responses and reaction times served as outcome measures. We did not find effects of stress on working memory for any outcome measure, i.e. correct responses and reaction times. Yet, post hoc tests revealed that the group that received mifepristone exhibited longer reaction times under medium load conditions when compared to the placebo group, which might be an indication of the GR’s involvement in task performance. We conclude that working memory performance is not affected by acute stress, at least under these prevalent conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107986"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742724000972/pdfft?md5=c2dec4cbd8cf1ce4a9f04f0ddcba5c09&pid=1-s2.0-S1074742724000972-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A bio-inspired reinforcement learning model that accounts for fast adaptation after punishment","authors":"Eric Chalmers ,&nbsp;Artur Luczak","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Humans and animals can quickly learn a new strategy when a previously-rewarding strategy is punished. It is difficult to model this with reinforcement learning methods, because they tend to perseverate on previously-learned strategies − a hallmark of <em>impaired</em> response to punishment. Past work has addressed this by augmenting conventional reinforcement learning equations with ad hoc parameters or parallel learning systems. This produces reinforcement learning models that account for reversal learning, but are more abstract, complex, and somewhat detached from neural substrates. Here we use a different approach: we generalize a recently-discovered neuron-level learning rule, on the assumption that it captures a basic principle of learning that may occur at the whole-brain-level. Surprisingly, this gives a new reinforcement learning rule that accounts for adaptation and lose-shift behavior, and uses only the same parameters as conventional reinforcement learning equations. In the new rule, the normal reward prediction errors that drive reinforcement learning are scaled by the likelihood the agent assigns to the action that triggered a reward or punishment. The new rule demonstrates quick adaptation in card sorting and variable Iowa gambling tasks, and also exhibits a human-like paradox-of-choice effect. It will be useful for experimental researchers modeling learning and behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 107974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742724000856/pdfft?md5=c9ca4f1643f792be3695d63fd4923555&pid=1-s2.0-S1074742724000856-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142097464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “The orbitofrontal cortex: A goal-directed cognitive map framework for social and non-social behaviors” [Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 203 (2023) 107793]","authors":"Weikang Shi ,&nbsp;Olivia C. Meisner ,&nbsp;Sylvia Blackmore ,&nbsp;Monika P. Jadi ,&nbsp;Anirvan S. Nandy ,&nbsp;Steve W.C. Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107973","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 107973"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1074742724000844/pdfft?md5=be7e0a54c5d3c0a2911ef8357892f14b&pid=1-s2.0-S1074742724000844-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142036486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}