Neurobiology of Learning and Memory最新文献

{"title":"The contextual fear conditioning consolidation depends on the functional interaction of the dorsal subiculum and basolateral amygdala in rats","authors":"Márcio Braga de Melo ,&nbsp;Vanessa Manchim Favaro ,&nbsp;Maria Gabriela Menezes Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fear conditioning tasks enable us to explore the neural basis of adaptative and maladaptive behaviors related to aversive memories. Recently, we provided the first evidence of the dorsal subiculum (DSub) involvement in contextual fear conditioning (CFC) consolidation by showing that the post-training bilateral NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor blockade in DSub impaired the performance of animals in the test session. As the memory consolidation process depends on the coordinated engagement of different brain regions, and the DSub share reciprocal projections with the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which is also involved in CFC, it is possible that the functional interaction between these sites can be relevant for the consolidation of this task. In this sense, the present study aimed to explore the effects of the functional disconnection of the DSub and BLA in the CFC consolidation after NMDA post-training blockade. In addition, to verify if the observed effects were due to spatial representation processes mediated by the DSub, we employed a hippocampal-independent procedure: tone fear conditioning (TFC). Results showed that the functional disconnection of these regions by post-training NMDA blockade impaired CFC consolidation, whereas there was no impairment in TFC. Altogether, the present data suggest that the DSub and BLA would functionally interact through NMDA-related synaptic plasticity to support CFC consolidation probably due to DSub-related spatial processing showing that the TFC consolidation was not disrupted. This work contributes to filling a gap of studies exploring the DSub involvement in fear conditioning by providing a broad framework of the subicular-amygdaloid connection functionality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10548639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activating M1 muscarinic cholinergic receptors induces destabilization of resistant contextual fear memories in rats","authors":"Karim H. Abouelnaga ,&nbsp;Andrew E. Huff ,&nbsp;Olivia S. O'Neill ,&nbsp;William S. Messer ,&nbsp;Boyer D. Winters","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Destabilization of previously consolidated memories places them in a labile state in which they are open to modification. However, strongly encoded fear memories tend to be destabilization-resistant and the conditions required to destabilize such memories remain poorly understood. Our lab has previously shown that exposure to salient novel contextual cues during memory reactivation can destabilize strongly encoded object location memories and that activity at muscarinic cholinergic receptors is critical for this effect. In the current study, we similarly targeted destabilization-resistant fear memories, hypothesizing that exposure to salient novelty at the time of reactivation would induce destabilization of strongly encoded fear memories in a muscarinic receptor-dependent manner. First, we show that contextual fear memories induced by 3 context-shock pairings readily destabilize upon memory reactivation, and that this destabilization is blocked by systemic (ip) administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg) in male rats. Following that, we confirm that this effect is dorsal hippocampus (dHPC)-dependent by targeting M1 receptors in the CA1 region with pirenzepine. Next, we show that more strongly encoded fear memories (induced with 5 context-shock pairings) resist destabilization. Consistent with our previous work, however, we report that salient novelty (a change in floor texture) presented during the reactivation session promotes destabilization of resistant contextual fear memories in a muscarinic receptor-dependent manner. Finally, the effect of salient novelty on memory destabilization was mimicked by stimulating muscarinic receptors with the selective M1 agonist CDD-0102A (ip, 0.3 mg/kg). These findings reveal further generalizability of our previous results implicating novel cues and M1 muscarinic signaling in promoting destabilization of resistant memories and suggest possible therapeutic options for disorders characterized by persistent, maladaptive fear memories such as PTSD and phobias.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10232748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotion regulation during encoding reduces negative and enhances neutral mnemonic discrimination in individuals with depressive symptoms","authors":"Brandon K. Hayes,&nbsp;Amritha Harikumar,&nbsp;Lorena A. Ferguson,&nbsp;Eva E. Dicker,&nbsp;Bryan T. Denny,&nbsp;Stephanie L. Leal","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Individuals with depression exhibit dysfunctional emotion regulation, general episodic memory deficits, and a negativity bias, where negative experiences are better remembered. Recent work suggests that the negativity bias in depression may be driven by enhanced mnemonic discrimination, a memory measure that relies on hippocampal pattern separation – a computation that processes experiences with overlapping features as unique. Previously, we found that individuals with depressive symptoms show enhanced negative and impaired neutral mnemonic discrimination. The current study aimed to investigate emotion regulation as an approach toward modifying memory encoding of negative and neutral events in individuals with depressive symptoms. Here we show that applying psychological distancing (a cognitive reappraisal strategy characterized by taking a third-person perspective toward negative events) during encoding was associated with reduced negative and enhanced neutral mnemonic discrimination during retrieval in individuals with depressive symptoms. These results suggest that applying emotion regulation techniques during encoding may provide an effective approach toward altering dysfunctional memory in those with depressive symptoms. Given that pharmacological treatments often fail to treat depression, emotion regulation provides a powerful and practical approach toward modifying cognitive and emotional processes. Future neuroimaging studies will be important to determine how emotion regulation impacts the neural mechanisms underlying these findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10258032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The orbitofrontal cortex: A goal-directed cognitive map framework for social and non-social behaviors","authors":"Weikang Shi ,&nbsp;Olivia C. Meisner ,&nbsp;Sylvia Blackmore ,&nbsp;Monika P. Jadi ,&nbsp;Anirvan S. Nandy ,&nbsp;Steve W.C. Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is regarded as one of the core brain areas in a variety of value-based behaviors. Over the past two decades, tremendous knowledge about the OFC function was gained from studying the behaviors of single subjects. As a result, our previous understanding of the OFC’s function of encoding decision variables, such as the value and identity of choices, has evolved to the idea that the OFC encodes a more complex representation of the task space as a cognitive map. Accumulating evidence also indicates that the OFC importantly contributes to behaviors in social contexts, especially those involved in cooperative interactions. However, it remains elusive how exactly OFC neurons contribute to social functions and how non-social and social behaviors are related to one another in the computations performed by OFC neurons. In this review, we aim to provide an integrated view of the OFC function across both social and non-social behavioral contexts. We propose that seemingly complex functions of the OFC may be explained by its role in providing a goal-directed cognitive map to guide a wide array of adaptive reward-based behaviors in both social and non-social domains.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10527225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9998015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic corticosterone administration impairs the late fear memory reconsolidation via basolateral amygdala glucocorticoid receptors: Dependence on the time window and memory age","authors":"Maryam Nazari ,&nbsp;Ali Rashidy-Pour ,&nbsp;Abbas Ali Vafaei ,&nbsp;Payman Raise-Abdullahi","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) play an important role in memory reconsolidation. The present study investigated the role of the BLA GRs in the late reconsolidation of fear memory using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task in male Wistar rats. Stainless steel cannulae were implanted bilaterally into the BLA of the rats. After 7 days of recovery, the animals were trained in a one-trial IA task (1 mA, 3 s). In Experiment One, 48 h after the training session, the animals received 3 systemic doses of corticosterone (CORT; 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by an intra-BLA microinjection of the vehicle (0.3 µl/side) at different time points (immediately, 12, or 24 h) after memory reactivation. Memory reactivation was performed by returning the animals to the light compartment while the sliding door was open. No shock was delivered during memory reactivation. CORT (10 mg/kg) injection 12 h after memory reactivation most effectively impaired the late memory reconsolidation (LMR). In the second part of Experiment One, immediately, 12, or 24 h after memory reactivation, GR antagonist RU38486 (RU; 1 ng/0.3 µl/side) was injected into BLA following a systemic injection of CORT (10 mg/kg) to examine whether it would block the CORT effect. RU inhibited the impairing effects of CORT on LMR. In Experiment Two, the animals received CORT (10 mg/kg) with time windows immediately, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after memory reactivation. Again, CORT (10 mg/kg) injection 12 h after memory reactivation impaired LMR. Memory reactivation was performed in the third Experiment, 7, 14, 28, or 56 days after the training session. Injection of CORT (10 mg/kg) 12 h later had no significant effect on the LMR. The impairing effect of CORT was seen only in 2-day-old but not 7, 14, 28, and 56-day-old memories. GRs located in BLA seem to play an important role in the LMR of young memory, as with increasing the age of memories, they become less sensitive to manipulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9998033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overshadowing, but not relative validity, between the elements of an outcome during human associative learning","authors":"Martyn Quigley ,&nbsp;Mark Haselgrove","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Overshadowing and relative validity constitute two phenomena that inspired the development of the Rescorla-Wagner model in 1972. They demonstrate that cues will interact with one another for an association with the presence or absence of an outcome. Here, three experiments sought to explore whether these two effects extended to outcomes using a food allergist paradigm with human participants. In Experiment 1 (overshadowing) participants received trials in which a cue was followed by a compound of two outcomes (A-O1O2). Test trials revealed that participants learned less about the A-O2 association than they did between a control cue C, which had been paired with O2 in isolation (C-O2) in training – thus demonstrating an outcome overshadowing effect. In Experiment 2 (relative validity) participants received true discrimination trials, in which A was paired with an O1O3 compound and B was paired with an O2O3 compound, and pseudo discrimination trials, in which C and D were paired on 50% of the trials with an O4O6 compound and on the remaining trials with an O5O6 compound. Consequently, O3 is less well predicted by A and B relative to O1 and O2, whereas O6 is equally well predicted by C and D relative to O4 and O5. Despite the relative validity of A and B for O3 being less than the relative validity of C and D for O6, the ratings of A and B for O3 were the same as C and D for O6. This failure to observe an outcome relative validity effect was reproduced in Experiment 3, which replicated Experiment 2, but with an adjustment made to the number of training trials given to participants. These results are discussed in terms of a real-time development of the Rescorla-Wagner model provided by Wagner (1981).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9998016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rescorla-Wagner model, prediction error, and fear learning","authors":"Joanna Oi-Yue Yau,&nbsp;Gavan P. McNally","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Rescorla-Wagner model remains one of the most important and influential theoretical accounts of the conditions under which Pavlovian learning occurs. Moreover, the experimental approaches that inspired the model continue to provide powerful behavioral tools to advance mechanistic understanding of how we and other animals learn to fear and learn to reduce fear. Here we consider key features of the Rescorla-Wagner model as applied to study of fear learning. We review evidence for key insights of the model. First, learning to fear and learning to reduce fear are governed by a common, signed prediction error. Second, this error drives variations in effectiveness of the shock US that are causal to whether and how much fear is learned or lost during a conditioning trial. We also consider behavioral and neural findings inconsistent with the model and which will be essential to understand and advance understanding of fear learning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9935232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twice-exceptionality: new perspectives for research","authors":"Thomas Nickl-Jockschat","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107774","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9945974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired fear memory in a rat model of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism is reversed by chronic exercise","authors":"Emily J. Jaehne ,&nbsp;Emily J. Antolasic ,&nbsp;Kerstin C. Creutzberg ,&nbsp;Veronica Begni ,&nbsp;Marco A. Riva ,&nbsp;Maarten van den Buuse","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism is associated with reduced activity-dependent BDNF release in the brain and has been implicated in fear and anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Exercise has been shown to have benefits in affective disorders but the role of BDNF Val66Met remains unclear. Male and female BDNF Val66Met rats were housed in automated running-wheel cages from weaning while controls were housed in standard cages. During adulthood, all rats underwent standard three-day fear conditioning testing, with three tone/shock pairings on day 1 (acquisition), and extinction learning and memory (40 tones/session) on day 2 and day 3. Expression of BDNF and stress-related genes were measured in the frontal cortex. Extinction testing on day 2 revealed significantly lower freezing in response to initial cue exposure in control Met/Met rats, reflecting impaired fear memory. This deficit was reversed in both male and female Met/Met rats exposed to exercise. There were no genotype effects on acquisition or extinction of fear, however chronic exercise increased freezing in all groups at every stage of testing. Exercise furthermore led to increased expression of Bdnf in the </span>prefrontal cortex of females and its isoforms in both sexes, as well as increased expression of </span>FK506 binding protein 51 (Fkpb5) in females and decreased expression of Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (Sgk1) in males independent of genotype. These results show that the Met/Met genotype of the Val66Met polymorphism affects fear memory, and that chronic exercise selectively reverses this genotype effect. Chronic exercise also led to an overall increase in freezing in all genotypes which may contribute to results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9946474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of predictive and incentive value manipulation on sign- and goal-tracking behavior","authors":"Cristina E. María-Ríos ,&nbsp;Christopher J. Fitzpatrick ,&nbsp;Francesca N. Czesak ,&nbsp;Jonathan D. Morrow","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an appetitive reward, two different types of conditioned approach responses may develop: a sign-tracking response directed toward the neutral cue, or a goal-tracking response directed toward the location of impending reward delivery. Sign-tracking responses have been postulated to result from attribution of incentive value to conditioned cues, while goal-tracking reflects the assignment of only predictive value to the cue. We therefore hypothesized that sign-tracking rats would be more sensitive to manipulations of incentive value, while goal-tracking rats would be more responsive to changes in the predictive value of the cue. We tested sign- and goal-tracking before and after devaluation of a food reward using lithium chloride, and tested whether either response could be learned under negative contingency conditions that precluded any serendipitous reinforcement of the </span>behavior that might support instrumental learning. We also tested the effects of blocking the predictive value of a cue using simultaneous presentation of a pre-conditioned cue. We found that sign-tracking was sensitive to outcome devaluation, while goal-tracking was not. We also confirmed that both responses are Pavlovian because they can be learned under negative contingency conditions. Goal-tracking was almost completely blocked by a pre-conditioned cue, while sign-tracking was much less sensitive to such interference. These results indicate that sign- and goal-tracking may follow different rules of reinforcement learning and suggest a need to revise current models of associative learning to account for these differences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10511988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}