Neurobiology of Learning and Memory最新文献

{"title":"Mechanisms for punishment learning and decision-making: A Special Issue.","authors":"Philip Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108108","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":" ","pages":"108108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145329705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute exercise after motor practice enhances generalized skill learning, corticospinal excitability and intermuscular coherence in older adults","authors":"Jonas Rud Bjørndal ,&nbsp;Lasse Jespersen ,&nbsp;Rasmus Dam Wiedemann ,&nbsp;Eva Rudjord Therkildsen ,&nbsp;Anke Ninija Karabanov ,&nbsp;Jesper Lundbye-Jensen","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While high-intensity aerobic exercise after motor practice enhances learning in young adults, its effects on older adults remain unknown. This study investigates whether high-intensity exercise after motor skill practice enhances memory consolidation and motor learning in older adults (aged 65–75 years). Participants practiced a visuomotor-pinch-task with repeated sequence-structure, before being randomly assigned to an exercise (EXE, n = 20) or control (CON, n = 20) group. Motor performance was assessed at baseline, immediately after practice, and in delayed retention tests performed 24-hours and 7-days later. Performance was also assessed in a task variant with random target-structure at immediate and delayed retention. Electromyography was recorded from first dorsal interosseous and abductor pollicis brevis muscles, for intermuscular coherence analysis. Corticospinal and cortical excitability was assessed by single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex at baseline, after practice, and again after the EXE or CON intervention. No between-group differences were observed during skill acquisition (before randomization). From immediate to delayed retention tests (24-hours and 7-days) EXE showed higher retention in the random target-structure variant compared to CON, while no differences were observed in the sequential task. Both groups demonstrated increased corticospinal excitability after practice. EXE led to prolonged increases in intermuscular coherence and corticospinal excitability compared to CON, and changes in corticospinal excitability were associated with total learning effects from baseline to day7. These results demonstrate that acute exercise prolongs practice-dependent increases in corticospinal excitability during early memory consolidation. The study provides insights into the potential of exercise to enhance motor learning and neuroplasticity in older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145308450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mechanisms of memory traces storage and interaction in snails: Role of DNA methylation and protein synthesis","authors":"Vladimir P. Nikitin ,&nbsp;Svetlana V. Solntseva ,&nbsp;Pavel V. Nikitin","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the storage and interaction of different memory traces remains an important, yet underexplored, topic in neurobiology. We addressed this using grape snails trained to reject two food-conditioned stimuli (CS). Our results indicate that memory storage mechanisms for distinct CS are independent, as selective impairment of memory reconsolidation with an NMDA receptor antagonist affected only one CS. When both CS reconsolidations were simultaneously disrupted, the snails developed amnesia, which manifested as anterograde amnesia on late amnesia stage, where repeated training failed to induce long-term memory formation. Intriguingly, shortened retraining in the presence of a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor facilitated memory recovery for one CS while preserving amnesia for the other, suggesting that latent memory traces are maintained via DNA methylation. Moreover, training to new food type aversion under a DNMT inhibitor induced spontaneous memory recovery for an old CS memory, which was tested the next day after training. This recovery did not occur during new training in the absence of the DNMT inhibitor. It was also found that a protein synthesis inhibitor administered before new training suppressed the restoration of old memory, whereas an inhibitor administered after new training, but not before it, prevented the formation of new memory. These findings demonstrate that independent molecular and epigenetic mechanisms preserve memory traces within the same neuronal ensemble and that new information can reactivate latent memories through specific protein synthesis and DNA methylation processes, offering fresh insights into memory storage and reconsolidation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of neural plasticity genes’ expression in fish brain reveals the basis of individual differences in learning","authors":"Elia Gatto ,&nbsp;Elisa Samorì ,&nbsp;Elena Frigato ,&nbsp;Cristiano Bertolucci ,&nbsp;Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Individual differences in cognition have been historically recognized in humans, and recent evidence suggests that such variation is widespread across the animal kingdom. Despite its importance for individuals’ behaviour and fitness, the biological roots of cognitive variation remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that variation in brain gene expression is important in determining individual cognitive differences. To test this, we focused on 6 neural plasticity genes and examined fish, which exhibit the largest cognitive variation reported for vertebrates. Zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) exposed to visual discrimination tasks showed substantial variation in their performance, with some learning over 7 times faster than others. Expression of two genes positively predicted learning performance. However, expression levels of most genes were related at the individual level, suggesting that multi-gene expression patterns may be more relevant than single gene variation. Principal component analysis identified two axes of multi-gene expression variation: the first loaded by all genes except neurotrophin <em>bdnf</em>, the second mainly loaded by <em>bdnf</em> and <em>neurod1</em> expression. Only the latter component significantly predicted learning performance in a visual discrimination task, indicating that individual variation in <em>bdnf</em> expression and with lesser extend <em>neurod1</em> are critical for learning. Our study bridges the gap between cognitive differences and molecular mechanisms underlying brain function, providing foundation for new understanding what makes individual unique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145280874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are the principles of Pavlovian conditioning in insects conserved with those in mammals?","authors":"Makoto Mizunami","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pavlovian conditioning, in which a relatively insignificant stimulus (the conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with a biologically significant stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus, US), is a ubiquitous form of associative learning found in many animal phyla. Modern theories in mammals suggest that the prediction error, i.e., the discrepancy between the predicted unconditioned stimulus (US) and the actual US, drives conditioning, and that the conditioned response (CR) to the conditioned stimulus (CS) is flexibly guided by the expectation of the US. These theories were proposed to overcome limitations of conventional theories, which assume that contingency or correlation between the CS and US is sufficient to account for the achievement of conditioning and that the strength of the CS-US association is enough to determine the magnitude of the CR. It remained unclear, however, whether the modern theories account for Pavlovian conditioning in invertebrates. Here, I address this issue by reviewing recent studies in insects. It has been demonstrated that the error correction learning rule achieves the conditioning in crickets, and the production of the CR is guided by the current value of the US in fruit flies, crickets, and honey bees. From these findings, I conclude that the principles of Pavlovian conditioning in insects are, in essence, conserved with those in mammals. A crucial question to be addressed is how sophisticated forms of Pavlovian conditioning, comparable to those achieved in large-scale neural networks in mammalian brains, are accomplished by small-scale neural networks in insects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary auditory cortex activity during early retrieval supports later extinction learning","authors":"Nicole B. Cook ,&nbsp;Sadie May Wasberg ,&nbsp;Tempestuous G. Henneghan ,&nbsp;Pedro M. Ogallar ,&nbsp;Manuel M. Ramos-Alvarez ,&nbsp;Isabel A. Muzzio","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emotional flexibility—the ability to update threat associations when contingencies change—is essential for adaptive behavior, yet the underlying cortical mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we used chemogenetic inhibition of primary auditory cortex (A1) principal neurons to test whether activity in this region during early or long-term fear memory retrieval is required for remote memory consolidation and/or subsequent extinction learning. We hypothesized that since extinction involves competition between threat and safety representations, weighting memory traces in the same cortical region could facilitate extinction acquisition. Male and female C57BL/6J mice underwent auditory fear conditioning with a white noise conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with a foot shock unconditioned stimulus (US). Mice received intraperitoneal injections of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), the chemogenetic ligand, prior to early (day 1) or long-term (day 15) retrieval. All mice were also tested on day 30 to assess the effects of early or late inhibition on remote recall in the absence of CNO. Early or late inhibition did not produce memory impairments at any retrieval time point. However, early inhibition delayed extinction acquisition and impaired extinction memory. Conversely, long-term inhibition had no significant effect on subsequent extinction. In males, extinction memory deficits were associated with elevated freezing during remote retrieval, whereas females showed greater behavioral variability. These findings suggest that disrupting cortical activity during early retrieval impairs extinction learning, underscoring a key role for A1 in emotional flexibility. More broadly, they support the idea that cortical integration of threat and safety associations is essential for appropriately weighting emotional responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145070014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescent stress exposure induces persistent, sex-specific cognitive deficits","authors":"Abigail Yap Flores,&nbsp;Nolee V. Bugarin,&nbsp;Adolfo Torres,&nbsp;Adeline Cheng,&nbsp;Pascale Fung,&nbsp;Donya Mohammadi,&nbsp;Madeline F. Winters,&nbsp;Gyorgy Lur","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to stress or adversity during adolescence has been shown to produce both short-term and long-lasting effects on cognitive functions. Diminished learning and memory, reduced attention, and impaired decision making in adulthood are some of the most prevalent consequences of experiencing severe adversity during childhood. In addition, numerous long-term effects of stress have been shown to be sex dependent. Yet, longitudinal studies that comprehensively assess the lasting cognitive effects of adolescent stress in both sexes remain scarce. Here, we exposed male and female mice to multiple concurrent stressors repeated over ten days during early- to mid-adolescence. After reaching adulthood, mice were trained in a sensory discrimination task, where we measured learning rates, delayed response performance, and sensitivity to distractors. We found a significant reduction of learning speed in stressed female mice, but not in males. In contrast, stressed males showed weaker delayed discrimination performance and substantial sensitivity to distractors. Our data indicates that these effects may be driven by increased propensity to respond, rather than reduced sensory sensitivity. Overall, we found marked sex differences in the long-term cognitive effects of adolescent exposure to stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transplantation of medial ganglionic eminence cells rescues early-life stress-induced social and cognitive impairments in postnatal mice","authors":"Lanyan Lin,&nbsp;Yongxing Lai,&nbsp;Ainong Mei,&nbsp;Yan Chen,&nbsp;Fan Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the critical window of early development, exposure to stress has been demonstrated to impair brain function, thereby elevating the likelihood of subsequent social and cognitive impairments. In our study, we have developed a reliable mouse model of early life stress that emulates prevalent stressors in the human population, utilizing early maternal-infant separation coupled with a four-week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Subsequent to this intervention, we transplanted GABAergic progenitor cells into the hippocampus with the aim of mitigating the social and cognitive deficits observed in postnatal mice. Our findings reveal that mice subjected to early stress display significant social and cognitive impairments, characterized by deficits in communication, cognitive developmental delays, repetitive behaviors, and anxiety-related affective disorders. The transplantation of GABAergic progenitor cells into the hippocampus of these stressed mice has been shown to enhance neurogenesis, increasing the population of GABAergic neurons and augmenting the expression of key synaptic proteins, including Reelin, Fyn, PSD95, and SYN.Our results highlight the potential of medial ganglion cell transplantation into the hippocampus to ameliorate the social and cognitive deficits triggered by early life stress. This approach holds significant promise for the therapeutic intervention of psychobehavioral disturbances stemming from early stress exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How environmental enrichment influences conditioned taste aversion: A case of behavioral tagging","authors":"Beatriz Gutiérrez-Vera,&nbsp;Gerardo R. Perera-Murcia,&nbsp;Martha L. Escobar","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) has demonstrated a remarkable ability to modulate cognitive processes. These effects have been associated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein recognized for regulating synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. Previous research from our group revealed that exposure to EE prior to the acquisition of a strong form of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) weakens the aversive response by restoring BDNF levels in the insular cortex (IC), a region in the temporal lobe involved in multimodal sensory integration and learning and memory processes. The behavioral tagging model offers a framework to explain how salient or novel events can strengthen weak memory traces encoded within critical time windows before or after the novel experience. However, to date, the effect of brief exposure to an enriched environment at the critical timeframe between the acquisition phase and the aversion test has not been fully clarified. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment on the strength of CTA memory, when the EE is presented during the period spanning from acquisition to aversion test. To do so, Wistar rats were exposed to environmental enrichment for seven days between the acquisition session and the CTA aversion test. Our results show for the first time that a brief exposure to an enriched environment can strengthen the aversive response of a weak CTA. Our results also show that the response strengthening is accompanied by a reduction in BDNF levels in the IC. These findings present evidence that an aversive memory response can be modified through innovative and complex behavioral manipulation, highlighting enriched environments as potential modulators of aversive memory within critical periods of memory processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145041021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling Pavlovian biases in depressed and healthy young adults","authors":"Jake R. Embrey ,&nbsp;Kelly G. Garner ,&nbsp;Julyani Salim ,&nbsp;Poppy Watson","doi":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pavlovian stimuli signalling potential punishment and reward have powerful effects on instrumental behaviours. For example, a cue associated with punishment will suppress well-learned instrumental responses. However, the degree to which Pavlovian stimuli interfere with the <em>learning</em> of instrumental responses is less well studied. In the current set of studies we investigated the effect of Pavlovian stimuli on instrumental learning and the extent to which depressive symptomatology moderated this relationship. We conducted two experiments using a sample of healthy adults and leveraged computational modelling to estimate learning parameters and the moderating role of depression on these learning parameters. In line with previous literature, participants found it more difficult to learn to make instrumental go and no-go responses in the presence of incongruent cues—for instance, making a “go” response for a cue which signalled punishment, and vice versa. Contrary to expectation we did not observe a reliable relationship between performance and depression scores; while Experiment 1 observed a relationship between depression and model-derived learning rates, these results were not replicated in Experiment 2. We discuss both the theoretical and practical implications of these findings in the General Discussion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19102,"journal":{"name":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108092"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}