Reynard Blasa, B. Mattis, D. Martini, Sidi Lanee, C. Petteway, Sangki Hong, Kangsoo Yi
{"title":"High density backside tungsten TSV for 3D stacked ICs","authors":"Reynard Blasa, B. Mattis, D. Martini, Sidi Lanee, C. Petteway, Sangki Hong, Kangsoo Yi","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970020","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we will discuss a method of fabricating a 0.8um and 1.2um diameter, 10um deep tungsten through-silicon-vias (TSV) from the backside of a 200mm silicon wafer at 4um and 2um pitches. These high-density tungsten TSVs connect to a thin copper backend, such as a metal 1 layer (M1) which can be as thin as 1000Å. We've applied this technology on a CMOS wafer from a high volume foundry and inserted our TSV-last module to enable wafer stacking, which is one aspect of 3D integration. Early tests on 1.2um diameter TSV, 4um pitch, 50000-element chain indicate wafer level yields of > 90% @ < 3 Ohms per contact. This process successfully demonstrates a high density, backside tungsten TSV integration with encouraging via chain yield. The process flow outlined in this paper can be utilized to enable 3D integration for two or more wafers from different foundries or different technology nodes.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121064767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Randy Widialaksono, Rangeen Basu Roy Chowdhury, Zhenqian Zhang, J. Schabel, S. Lipa, E. Rotenberg, W. R. Davis, P. Franzon
{"title":"Physical design of a 3D-stacked heterogeneous multi-core processor","authors":"Randy Widialaksono, Rangeen Basu Roy Chowdhury, Zhenqian Zhang, J. Schabel, S. Lipa, E. Rotenberg, W. R. Davis, P. Franzon","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970036","url":null,"abstract":"With the end of Dennard scaling, three dimensional stacking has emerged as a promising integration technique to improve microprocessor performance. In this paper we present a 3D-SIC physical design methodology for a multi-core processor using commercial off-the-shelf tools. We explain the various flows involved and present the lessons learned during the design process. The logic dies were fabricated with GlobalFoundries 130 nm process and were stacked using the Ziptronix face-to-face (F2F) bonding technology. We also present a comparative analysis which highlights the benefits of 3D integration. Results indicate an order of magnitude decrease in wirelengths for critical inter-core components in the 3D implementation compared to 2D implementations.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"445 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123873042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low cost polyimide liner formation with vacuum-assisted spin coating for through-silicon-vias","authors":"Yangyang Yan, Ziyue Zhang, Zhiqiang Cheng, Lingfeng Zhou, Zhiming Chen, Yingtao Ding","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970040","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional (3-D) integration with through-silicon-vias(TSVs) has been laid high expectations in overcoming further miniaturization obstacles faced by conventional 2-D integrated circuits (ICs) and solving compatibility problems of system integration among heterogeneous chips. We have proposed a simple but feasible process named “vacuum-assisted spin coating” for the fabrication of high aspect-ratio TSVs with polyimide (PI) liners at low cost to reduce its parasitic capacitance while increase its thermomechanical reliability. In this paper, the mechanism of the technique, liner thickness controllability, impacts of PI liner on TSV keep-out zone (KOZ), and its adaptability to “via-last”3-D integration paradigm were addressed. Minimum step coverage of PI liner after the second coating procedure showed an increase from 32.9% to 47.6%, indicating more conformal PI liners were obtained. A 3-D finite element analysis was also employed to check KOZ of TSVs with PI/SiO2 liners on P-type Si with [100] and [110] device alignment. By employing PI liners, KOZ sizes were seen a reduction of 24.2% and 25.8% on [100] and [110] direction, respectively.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125326236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Mattis, L. Soirez, Catherine Bullock, D. Martini, Sara Jensen, J. Levy, Adam Jones
{"title":"Front-side mid-level Tungsten TSV integration for high-density 3D applications","authors":"B. Mattis, L. Soirez, Catherine Bullock, D. Martini, Sara Jensen, J. Levy, Adam Jones","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970008","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a front-side process integration method to insert high-density 1.2um diameter Tungsten (W) Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) into advanced-node logic wafers after metal-4. This late-TSV-middle approach offers the ability to build 3D technology into commercially available 90nm-node CMOS, while avoiding many of the challenges associated with TSV-last integrations. We also demonstrate a TSV-reveal process compatible with small-diameter W TSVs.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124537398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Patil, A. Panigrahi, Satish Bonam, C. H. Kumar, Om Krishan Singh, S. Singh
{"title":"Improved noise coupling performance using optimized Teflon liner with different TSV structures for 3D IC integration","authors":"S. Patil, A. Panigrahi, Satish Bonam, C. H. Kumar, Om Krishan Singh, S. Singh","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970021","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, performance of noise coupling is studied using conventional SiO2 liner and Teflon AF1600 liner over different TSV structures (using only liner and liner surrounded by p+ guard ring). We have taken an optimized liner thickness of 0.15 μm and remaining metal filler as Cu for the entire simulation purpose. Our result confirms significant improvement in noise coupling using liners made up of Teflon AF1600 as compared to the conventional SiO2 liners in case of both proposed TSV structures. Also, Teflon AF1600 offers improved noise coupling performance than conventional SiO2 as liner in both proposed TSV structures at higher frequency. So Teflon AF1600 can be an ideal contender as a liner material for via last process of TSV fabrication.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121667107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Murugesan, J. Bea, T. Fukushima, M. Motoyoshi, Tetsu Tanaka, M. Koyanagi
{"title":"Improving the integrity of Ti barrier layer in Cu-TSVs through self-formed TiSix for via-last TSV technology","authors":"M. Murugesan, J. Bea, T. Fukushima, M. Motoyoshi, Tetsu Tanaka, M. Koyanagi","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970017","url":null,"abstract":"With in the process temperature limit of less than 400 °C for via last technology, a simple method to improve the barrier ability of Ti layer in through Si via (TSV) has been studied. After annealing the TSV structures in vacuum at temperatures up to 400 °C, we did observe a tremendous improvement in leak current characteristics for SiO2 dielectric. It was found that the self-formed TiSix at the interface between Cu and SiO2 during the sputter deposition of Ti barrier layer was converted into an amorphous TiOx and SiOx upon vacuum annealing. This simple vacuum annealing of Cu-TSVs is a promising approach for using Ti as barrier layer in via-last 3D-integration.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121951134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Panigrahi, Satish Bonam, Tamal Ghosh, S. Vanjari, S. Singh
{"title":"Low temperature CMOS compatible Cu-Cu thermo-compression bonding with constantan alloy passivation for 3D IC integration","authors":"A. Panigrahi, Satish Bonam, Tamal Ghosh, S. Vanjari, S. Singh","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970019","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we report low temperature wafer level Cu-Cu thermo-compression bonding using an ultra-thin Copper — Nickel based alloy layer, constantan as passivation layer. Major bottlenecks in achieving low temperature and low pressure bonding are surface oxidation and roughness. Constantan alloy on Cu surface has a dual role of preventing Cu surface from oxidation and reduces the surface roughness. Passivation reduces the bonding temperature as it prevents copper surface from oxidation. In this endeavor, constantan alloy passivation thickness was optimized by varying thickness of constantan layer on Cu surface and studied the effect of surface roughness by performing AFM analysis. Simultaneously surface passivation was studied using Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profiling. The optimum constantan passivation thickness is found to be 2 nm for achieving wafer level Cu-Cu bonding at temperature as low as 150 ˚C at constant contact force of 4.5 kN (5 bar). Our optimized result yielded a very good bond strength of 152 MPa which compared well with the available literatures.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133145278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subin Kim, Youngwoo Kim, Kyungjun Cho, Jinwook Song, Joungho Kim
{"title":"Design and analysis of on-interposer active power distribution network for an efficient simultaneous switching noise suppression in 2.5D IC","authors":"Subin Kim, Youngwoo Kim, Kyungjun Cho, Jinwook Song, Joungho Kim","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970006","url":null,"abstract":"Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) occurs when clock synchronized core circuits switch simultaneously. Furthermore, a huge amount of the SSN generated by simultaneous switching current (SSC) with high power distribution network (PDN) impedance at anti-resonance can cause electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems and logic failure. In multi-core processors, the spectrum of SSC is varied by power management techniques such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). However, conventional PDN cannot respond to these various SSC spectrum due to its passive characteristics. In this paper, an externally controllable on-interposer decoupling capacitance scheme, namely on-interposer active PDN, is proposed to efficiently suppress the SSN in 2.5D IC. The proposed scheme designed on the active silicon interposer can shift the frequency of the PDN anti-resonance peak with on-interposer decoupling capacitors controlled by external switching operation based on monitored SSN voltage. To verify the proposed scheme, it is modeled and analyzed in the frequency and time domain simulations. We have demonstrated that an efficient SSN suppression is achieved by obtaining the optimum on-interposer decoupling capacitance and the maximum ratio of the SSN suppression was 31.3%.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127880895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suraj Singh, A. Panigrahi, Om Krishan Singh, S. Singh
{"title":"Analysis of graphene and CNT based finned TTSV and spreaders for thermal management in 3D IC","authors":"Suraj Singh, A. Panigrahi, Om Krishan Singh, S. Singh","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970000","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we demonstrate the effect on the heat management by adding both fin to Thermal Through Silicon Vias (TTSV) and heat spreaders to the conventional Three Dimensional Integrated Circuit (3D IC) structure. Various effects such as thermal cooling and its impact on distribution of potential across IC at different conditions have been simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics with various architectures such as: (1) 3D IC structure with no fins and spreaders, (2) TTSV with fins and spreaders made of graphene, and (3) TTSV with fins and heat spreaders made of Carbon Nanotube (CNT). Our result yielded, CNT being better thermal cooling material compared to graphene of order greater than 100 K. Furthermore, finned structure with heat spreaders added an extra cooling advantage of the order greater than 400 K. But performance of graphene with fin structure is better as per signal integrity point of view. Conclusively thermal management can be improved efficiently with the above proposed 3D IC structures.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131581497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. D. Vos, Lan Peng, A. Phommahaxay, Joost Van Ongeval, Andy Miller, E. Beyne, F. Kurz, Thomas Wagenleiter, M. Wimplinger, T. Uhrmann
{"title":"Importance of alignment control during permanent bonding and its impact on via-last alignment for high density 3D interconnects","authors":"J. D. Vos, Lan Peng, A. Phommahaxay, Joost Van Ongeval, Andy Miller, E. Beyne, F. Kurz, Thomas Wagenleiter, M. Wimplinger, T. Uhrmann","doi":"10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/3DIC.2016.7970002","url":null,"abstract":"As the density of 3D interconnects is increasing exponentially when scaling to lower levels of the interconnect wiring, in most cases 3D interconnect pitches of 5 μm and below will be required. Dielectric wafer to wafer bonding with via last integration can offer these interconnect densities. Wafer-to-wafer alignment and its impact on via last alignment are discussed. By taking into account current alignment tolerances, via last diameters of 1μm enable 2μm pitch TSV interconnection densities. For further scaling the TSV pitch, lower wafer to wafer bonding alignment tolerance are required. Today the best wafer-to-wafer overlay accuracy is around 400nm, but developments are ongoing to reduce this tolerance further to 200nm.","PeriodicalId":166245,"journal":{"name":"2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference (3DIC)","volume":"520 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132686892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}