B. Taylor, Xuan Lin, Xunyuan Zhang, Hoon Kim, M. He, V. Ryan
{"title":"BEOL challenges for 14nm node and beyond","authors":"B. Taylor, Xuan Lin, Xunyuan Zhang, Hoon Kim, M. He, V. Ryan","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251662","url":null,"abstract":"Scaling the BEOL into 14nm includes challenges in both the material selection and the integration. Metallization-induced degradation of the ULK is an issue regardless of dielectric choice, or the PVD vs. ALD selection, and options for possible recovery of characteristics are numerous. In barrier/liner/seed decisions, the integration choices play into material selection, and the deposition technique's impact upon microstructure, and hence reliability, is significant. For plating, conventional processes may not allow the high fill speeds necessary, and aspect ratio constraints are driving processes to new areas. Finally, we will also address how CPI is changing as interconnect evolves.","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"338 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133987790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of advanced patterning options, 193nm and EUV, on local interconnect performance","authors":"M. Stucchi, Z. Tokei, S. Demuynck, Y. Siew","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251594","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to predict the performance of local interconnects, manufactured by advanced patterning options as double patterning and EUV lithography. Electrical wire parameters as resistance, capacitance, RC delay and coupling between adjacent wires are extracted by simulation from scaled 2-D interconnect models, calibrated with dimensions and electrical parameters measured on simple test structures. CD and overlay variations of each patterning option are estimated from experimental and ITRS data and are included in the models. The extracted wire parameters allow the comparison between the patterning options and indicate the optimal choice for the next technology nodes.","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131073489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tengfei Jiang, Suk-kyu Ryu, Qiu Zhao, J. Im, H.-Y Son, Kwang-yoo Byun, Rui Huang, P. Ho
{"title":"Measurement and analysis of thermal stresses in 3-D integrated structures containing through-silicon-vias","authors":"Tengfei Jiang, Suk-kyu Ryu, Qiu Zhao, J. Im, H.-Y Son, Kwang-yoo Byun, Rui Huang, P. Ho","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251570","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, experimental measurements and numerical analysis of the thermal stresses in TSV structures are presented. The stresses are measured using the micro-Raman spectroscopy and the precision bending beam technique. Together, the two methods provide a complementary approach for characterizing thermomechanical behaviors of the TSV structures. The effect of plasticity on the stresses is discussed, and the measured stress behavior is used to analyze the keep-out zone (KOZ) for active devices near the TSVs.","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124324861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyuniun Choi, S. Choi, M. Yeo, Sung-Dong Cho, Dong-Cheon Baek, Jongwoo Park
{"title":"An experimental study on the TSV reliability: Electromigration (EM) and time dependant dielectric breakdown (TDDB)","authors":"Hyuniun Choi, S. Choi, M. Yeo, Sung-Dong Cho, Dong-Cheon Baek, Jongwoo Park","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251574","url":null,"abstract":"TSV is the key component in fabricating 3-D ICs which can bring lower power consumption, higher integration density and shorter interconnection length. Very few works on EM and TDDB of TSV have been done. Thus, TSV macros with BEOL and backside metal were designed and tested adventurously with EM and TDDB reliability perspective. For EM, the void, however, was found at Cu/SiN interface between TSV bottom and backside metal not at TSV itself due to unexpectedly strong reliability of TSV. And also the TDDB occurred at IMD not at TSV dielectric oxide layer. As a result, the minimum level of reliability of TSV has been obtained experimentally in silicon data at least although the reliability of TSV itself has not been assessed exactly. The guide lines for making reliability macros and testing conditions are suggested also by further investigation.","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117069618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of thermal cycling on the signal integrity and morphology of TSV isolation liner- SiO2","authors":"C. Okoro, Y. Obeng","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251582","url":null,"abstract":"This study is focused on understanding the effect of thermal cycling on the signal integrity characteristics of TSV isolation liner (SiO2). The use of radio frequency (RF) signals is found to be a good metrology tool for the detection of discontinuities in the SiO2 isolation liner. Signal degradation is found to scale with the attained number of thermal cycles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed that void formation and growth in the SiO2 isolation liner is the root cause for this observed trend. Therefore the life time of TSVs will be significantly affected by the SiO2 isolation liner, thus, their understanding, engineering and optimization will be essential for prolonged high performance TSVs.","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115492270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Kojima, M. Shimada, Y. Akimoto, M. Shimojuku, H. Furuyama, S. Obata, K. Higuchi, Y. Sugizaki, H. Shibata
{"title":"A fully integrated novel Wafer-Level LED package (WL2P) technology for extremely low-cost solid state lighting devices","authors":"A. Kojima, M. Shimada, Y. Akimoto, M. Shimojuku, H. Furuyama, S. Obata, K. Higuchi, Y. Sugizaki, H. Shibata","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251634","url":null,"abstract":"Reduction of cost has become the most important challenge for solid state lighting. We proposed a novel Wafer-Level LED Packaging (WL2P) technology, which enables both extremely low cost and small size for future solid state lighting. Where a conventional package needs individual assembly steps, resulting in high fabrication cost, we carried out from growth of the GaN layer, over formation of Inter Layer Dielectric (ILD), wiring for solder pad to printing the phosphor layer on a whole wafer in our WL2P. Thus, for the first time a fully integrated wafer-level process was successfully applied to light emitting diode (LED) devices. It was clearly demonstrated that our WL2P has an excellent thermal resistance as low as 24.2K/W in the 0.6×0.3mm size prototype structure because of the direct connection of Cu wiring to the light emitting layer and a maximum injection power density was as high as 1157W/cm2 in a difference of 50°C between junction temperature and ambient temperature on the aluminum based printed wiring board (PCB)","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115702463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Peng, J. Fan, L. Zhang, H. Li, D. F. Lim, C. Tan
{"title":"Ultrafine pitch (6-µm) evolution of Cu-Cu bonded interconnects in 3D wafer-on-wafer stacking","authors":"L. Peng, J. Fan, L. Zhang, H. Li, D. F. Lim, C. Tan","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251659","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we successfully demonstrate ultrahigh density (>; 106 cm-2) Cu-Cu interconnects of 6-μm pitch using wafer-on-wafer thermo-compression bonding. This is a significant improvement from our previous achievement of 15-μm pitch. In addition, we integrate Cu sealing frame with excellent helium leak rate to the bonded structures to promote the overall bond reliability. On top of that, temporary passivation of Cu surface using self-assembled monolayer (SAM) enhances the resistance against oxidation and particle contamination. Finally, thermal cycling test confirmed the thermal stability of the Cu-Cu daisy chain structure up to 1,000 cycles. Hence, this work opens up new opportunity for wafer level integration of Cu-Cu bonding with state-of-the-art TSV technology, enabling future ultrahigh density 3D IC applications.","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114089071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Yang, F. Chen, B. Li, H. Shobha, S. Nguyen, A. Grill, W. Ye, J. Aubuchon, M. Shek, D. Edelstein
{"title":"In-situ metal/dielectric capping process for electromigration enhancement in Cu interconnects","authors":"C. Yang, F. Chen, B. Li, H. Shobha, S. Nguyen, A. Grill, W. Ye, J. Aubuchon, M. Shek, D. Edelstein","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251568","url":null,"abstract":"Co films with various thicknesses were selectively deposited as Cu capping layers by a chemical vapor deposition technique. Both in-situ and ex-situ Co/SiC(N,H), metal/dielectric, capping processes were evaluated and shown comparable parametrics to the control reference, which contains only SiC(N,H) cap layer. A dependence of Cu electromigration (EM) resistance on the deposited Co thickness was observed from the ex-situ capping process. Without increasing the Co cap thickness, further EM lifetime enhancement was achieved from the in-situ capping process. Selectivity of the Co metal deposition was also confirmed with time-dependent dielectric breakdown test results.","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"32 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126186158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sapp, R. Quon, C. O’Connell, R. Geer, K. Maekawa, K. Sugita, H. Hashimoto, A. Gracias, I. Ali
{"title":"Thermo-mechanical and electrical characterization of through-silicon vias with a vapor deposited polyimide dielectric liner","authors":"B. Sapp, R. Quon, C. O’Connell, R. Geer, K. Maekawa, K. Sugita, H. Hashimoto, A. Gracias, I. Ali","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251638","url":null,"abstract":"A study using a vapor deposited polyimide (VDP) dielectric liner to electrically isolate through-silicon vias (TSVs) has demonstrated electrical and thermo-mechanical performance superior to sub-atmospheric chemically vapor deposited (SACVD) tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) liner in 5 μm × 50 μm TSVs. The VDP liner is continuous and highly conformal, with a worst-case coverage of 85% relative to the target deposition thickness. Moreover, the material integrates through TSV metallization, anneal, and polish. Electrically, VDP provides lower inter-via capacitance than the more conventional SACVD TEOS liner. Mechanically, blanket film stress of VDP measured as a function of temperature shows no hysteresis up to 400°C and a stress delta during cycling of only 45 MPa. The delta is an order of magnitude lower than SACVD TEOS. The thermo-mechanical behavior of VDP also results in a lower residual stress in the silicon area surrounding the structure, which enables a smaller keep-away zone for TSVs and effectively increases the density of transistors in silicon for 3D integrated systems.","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126745431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hirai, Y. Akiyama, K. Koga, H. Kawakami, K. Nakatani, M. Tada
{"title":"Integration of a low-k organic polymer material (k=2.3) for reducing both resistance and capacitance","authors":"M. Hirai, Y. Akiyama, K. Koga, H. Kawakami, K. Nakatani, M. Tada","doi":"10.1109/IITC.2012.6251579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IITC.2012.6251579","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrated an integration of a non-progen organic polymer (k=2.3) developed by Sumitomo Bakelite Co. Ltd. H2/He plasma damage recovery process which was developed for organic materials achieved 5% capacitance reduction with keeping enough TDDB reliability. The mechanism was presumed by chemical analysis. Moreover, the TDDB lifetime was not degraded even without a barrier metal, indicating this polymer could enable resistance reduction for its Cu diffusion barrier performance. This polymer would reduce both resistance and capacitance.","PeriodicalId":165741,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE International Interconnect Technology Conference","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126276008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}