Journal of Functional Biomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Efficacy of Two Hemostatic Agents in Post-Extraction Bleeding Control Following Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.","authors":"Giovanna Pesce, Suelen Cristina Sartoretto, Rodrigo Figueiredo de Brito Resende, Madelaine Torres da Silva, Jose Mauro Granjeiro, Massimo Del Fabbro, Carlos Fernando Mourão, Monica Calasans-Maia","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090305","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adequate bleeding control is crucial in surgical procedures. Surgifoam and Hemospon are absorbable hemostatic sponges made from lyophilized porcine gelatin, commonly used in oral surgery. This clinical study aimed to evaluate bleeding control, soft tissue healing, and postoperative pain in dental sockets after mandibular third molar extractions filled with Surgifoam and Hemospon. Twenty-five volunteers requiring extractions of both left and right lower third molars participated in this randomized, double-blind, split-mouth study. After extraction, each socket was randomly filled with Hemospon (test group) or Surgifoam (control group). Postoperative pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) on days 1, 2, 3, and 7. Bleeding at 30 and 60 min (Souto and Mühlemann scales) and soft tissue healing at 7 and 14 days (Brancaccio scale) were evaluated using Fisher's exact test. Bleeding scores at 30 min predominantly showed no bleeding (score 0) in 80% of participants using Surgifoam, compared to 60% in the Hemospon group. No significant differences in bleeding were observed between groups (<i>p</i> > 0.05), and both showed a similar reduction over time. Soft tissue healing was revealed at 14 days complete healing (score 0) in 90% of participants in both groups. No significant differences between Hemospon^® and Surgifoam^® were observed (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Postoperative pain evaluation showed highly variable scores on the first day (median: 2; range: 1-6) for both Surgifoam^® and Hemospon^®. By the seventh day, pain levels significantly reduced (median: 0), with no significant differences observed between the groups at any time point (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that Hemospon and Surgifoam are equally effective in bleeding control, healing, and pain control after third molar surgery. This research aims to guide surgeons on the clinical aspects of using these specific hemostatic sponges in post-extraction procedures for posterior molars and seeks to direct future clinical studies involving these materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal Magnesium Alloy Extracts Modulate MicroRNA Expression in RAW264.7 Cells: Implications for Bone Remodeling.","authors":"Viviana Costa, Lavinia Raimondi, Daniele Bellavia, Angela De Luca, Pasquale Guglielmi, Angela Cusanno, Luca Cattini, Lia Pulsatelli, Matteo Pavarini, Roberto Chiesa, Gianluca Giavaresi","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080303","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080303","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Magnesium (Mg) alloys, particularly Mg AZ31, have emerged as promising biomaterials for orthopedic applications due to their biodegradability and favorable mechanical characteristics. Among these, the Mg AZ31+SPF alloy, subjected to hydrothermal (HT) treatment, has demonstrated enhanced bioactivity. Our previous research established that this surface modification supports the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by modulating both canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways, including those implicated in osteogenesis, hypoxic response, exosome biogenesis, and lipid metabolism. In the present study, we extended our investigation to assess the effects of Mg AZ31+SPF+HT and Mg AZ31+SPF extracts on murine pre-osteoclasts (RAW 264.7 cells) over 3- and 6-day treatment periods. The primary objectives were to evaluate biocompatibility and to investigate potential impacts on osteoclastogenesis induction and miRNA expression profiles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;To assess cytocompatibility, metabolic activity, DNA integrity, and morphological alterations in RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated. Osteoclast differentiation was quantified using TRAP staining, alongside the assessment of osteoclastogenic marker expression by qRT-PCR and ELISA. The immunomodulatory properties of the extracts were examined using multiplex BioPlex assays to quantify soluble factors involved in bone healing. Additionally, global miRNA expression profiling was performed using a specialized panel targeting 82 microRNAs implicated in bone remodeling and inflammatory signaling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Mg AZ31+SPF+HT extract exhibited high biocompatibility, with no observable adverse effects on cell viability. Notably, a significant reduction in the number of TRAP-positive and multinucleated cells was observed relative to the Mg AZ31+SPF group. This effect was corroborated by the downregulation of osteoclast-specific gene expression and decreased MMP9 protein levels. Cytokine profiling indicated that Mg AZ31+SPF+HT extract promoted an earlier release of key cytokines involved in maintaining the balance between bone formation and resorption, suggesting a beneficial role in bone healing. Furthermore, miRNA profiling revealed a distinct regulatory signature in Mg AZ31+SPF+HT-treated cells, with differentially expressed miRNAs associated with inflammation, osteoclast differentiation, apoptosis, bone resorption, hypoxic response, and metabolic processes compared to Mg AZ31+SPF-treated cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Collectively, these findings indicate that hydrothermal treatment of Mg AZ31+SPF (resulting in Mg AZ31+SPF+HT) attenuates pre-osteoclast activation by influencing cellular morphology, gene and protein expression, as well as post-transcriptional regulation via modulation of miRNAs. The preliminary identification of miRNAs and the activation of their regulatory networks in pre-osteoclasts exposed to hydrothermally treated Mg ","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-Responsive Drug Delivery System Based on Piezoelectric Catalytic Mechanisms.","authors":"Kaixi Cui, Tianzheng Li, Yifei Ma, Chuanjin Zhang, Ke Zhang, Chao Qi, Kaiyong Cai","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080304","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrasound-responsive nanomaterials represent a promising approach for achieving non-invasive and localized drug delivery within tumor microenvironments. In this study, we developed a piezocatalysis-assisted hydrogel system that integrates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with stimulus-responsive drug release. The platform combines piezoelectric barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles with a ROS-sensitive hydrogel matrix, forming an ultrasound-activated dual-function therapeutic system. Upon ultrasound irradiation, the BTO nanoparticles generate ROS-predominantly hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂)-through the piezoelectric effect, which triggers hydrogel degradation and facilitates the controlled release of encapsulated therapeutic agents. The composition and kinetics of ROS generation were evaluated using radical scavenging assays and fluorescence probe techniques, while the drug release behavior was validated under simulated oxidative environments and acoustic fields. Structural and compositional characterizations (TEM, XRD, and XPS) confirmed the quality and stability of the nanoparticles, and cytocompatibility was assessed using 3T3 fibroblasts. This synergistic strategy, combining piezocatalytic ROS generation with hydrogel disintegration, demonstrates a feasible approach for designing responsive nanoplatforms in ultrasound-mediated drug delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387753/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Osteogenic Response to an Osteochondral Scaffold Modified with BMP-2 or Strontium-Enriched Amorphous Calcium Phosphate in a Co-Culture In Vitro Model.","authors":"Stefania Pagani, Manuela Salerno, Janis Locs, Jana Vecstaudza, Laura Dolcini, Milena Fini, Gianluca Giavaresi, Giuseppe Filardo, Marta Columbaro","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080302","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: A trilayered collagen/collagen-magnesium-hydroxyapatite (Col/Col-Mg-HA) scaffold is used in clinical practice to treat osteochondral lesions, but the regeneration of the subchondral bone is still not satisfactory. <b>Objective</b>: The aim of this study was to test, in vitro, the osteoinductivity induced by the addition of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) or amorphous calcium phosphate granules with strontium ions (Sr-ACP), in order to improve the clinical regeneration of subchondral bone, still incomplete. <b>Methodology</b>: Normal human osteoblasts (NHOsts) were seeded on the scaffolds and grown for 14 days in the presence of human osteoclasts and conditioned medium of human endothelial cells. NHOst adhesion and morphology were observed with transmission electron microscopy, and metabolic activity was tested by Alamar blue assay. The expression of osteoblast- and osteoclast-typical markers was evaluated by RT-PCR on scaffolds modified by enrichment with BPM-2 or Sr-ACP, as well as on unmodified material used as a control. <b>Results</b>: NHOsts adhered well to all types of scaffolds, maintained their typical morphology, and secreted abundant extracellular matrix. On the modified materials, <i>COL1A1</i>, <i>SPARC</i>, <i>SPP1</i>, and <i>BGLAP</i> were more expressed than on the unmodified ones, showing the highest expression in the presence of BMP-2. On Sr-ACP-enriched scaffolds, NHOsts had a lower proliferation rate and a lower expression of <i>RUNX2</i>, <i>SP7</i>, and <i>ALPL</i> compared to the other materials. The modified scaffolds, particularly the one containing Sr-ACP, increased the expression of the osteoclasts' typical markers and decreased the <i>OPG/RANKL</i> ratio. Both types of scaffold modification were able to increase the osteoinductivity with respect to the original scaffold used in clinical practice. BMP-2 modification seemed to be more slightly oriented to sustain NHOst activity, and Sr-ACP seemed to be more slightly oriented to sustain the osteoclast activity. These could provide a concerted action toward better regeneration of the entire osteochondral unit.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative in Vitro Evaluation of Marginal Sealing in Class I Composite Restorations Using Fifth- and Seventh-Generation Adhesives.","authors":"Serban Talpos Niculescu, Ioana Veja, George-Dumitru Constantin, Ioana Elena Lile, Christos Armeniakos, Ioana Roxana Munteanu, Tareq Hajaj","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080301","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A major challenge in adhesive dentistry, often leading to restoration failure, is microleakage. This in vitro comparative study was designed to assess microleakage at the tooth-composite interface. The investigation aimed to compare the sealing efficacy of two commonly used adhesive systems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Standardized Class I cavities were prepared on 20 extracted human molars and randomly divided into two groups (n = 10 each). Group A was treated with a fifth-generation total-etch adhesive (OptiBond™ Solo Plus, Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA), and Group B received a seventh-generation self-etch adhesive (Adhese® Universal VivaPen®, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein). All restorations were completed using Herculite XRV composite resin. Microleakage was evaluated using dye penetration analysis after immersion in 2% methylene blue for 10 days, followed by longitudinal sectioning and microscopic measurement at 500× magnification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The fifth-generation adhesive group showed a mean microleakage of 0.2503 ± 0.1921 mm, while the seventh-generation group recorded 0.2484 ± 0.1764 mm. Statistical analysis using an independent t-test revealed no significant difference between the groups (<i>p</i> = 0.696).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both adhesive systems demonstrated comparable performance in minimizing microleakage under standardized conditions. Although the total-etch group exhibited slightly lower numerical values, the difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that both adhesive approaches can be clinically effective when applied appropriately.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Zinc and Magnesium Compounds and Nano-Hydroxyapatite on the Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activity of Alginate and Gelatin Scaffolds for Osteochondral Defects.","authors":"Anna Morawska-Chochół, Agnieszka Urbaś, Witold Reczyński, Ewelina Kwiecień, Magdalena Rzewuska","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080300","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Composite scaffolds based on a hydrogel matrix modified with hydroxyapatite, magnesium, or zinc compounds are promising for filling and regenerating osteochondral defects due to the specific biological properties of these modifiers. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of hydroxyapatite, nano-hydroxyapatite, magnesium chloride, and zinc oxide on mechanical properties, swelling ability, behavior in a simulated biological environment (ion release, stability, bioactivity), and antibacterial effects. Furthermore, the influence of the hydrogel matrix (alginate, gelatin, alginate/gelatin) on the selected properties was also assessed. The results showed that the addition of ZnO improved the mechanical properties of all types of matrices most effectively. Additionally, zinc ions were gradually released into the environment and partially incorporated into the formed apatite. The released zinc ions increased the inhibition zones of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> growth; however, this effect was observed only in scaffolds with an alginate matrix. This indicates that hydrogel plays a key role in antibacterial effects, beyond the contribution of antibacterial additives. No effect of magnesium on bacterial growth inhibition was observed despite its rapid release. Magnesium ions promoted efficient secretion of apatite during incubation, although it was not stable. The addition of nano-HAP significantly increased the stability of the apatite precipitates.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Biomaterials for Regenerative Dentistry.","authors":"Nicholas G Fischer","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080298","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regenerative dentistry hopes to restore oral health by replacing diseased or damaged tissues with biologically functional, integrated counterparts [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Characteristics of Nanoclay-Infused Cavit Temporary Filling Material: In Vitro Study.","authors":"Bahareh Nazemi Salman, Ayda Notash, Ali Ramazani, Shaghayegh Niaz, Seyed Mohammadrasoul Naeimi, Shayan Darvish, Ionut Luchian","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080299","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In pediatric endodontic procedures, final crown placement is often delayed, requiring the use of temporary filling materials to seal the access cavity. Given the importance of antibacterial properties in temporary restorations and the known antimicrobial effects of nanoclay particles, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of a nanoclay-infused temporary dressing against cariogenic and residual intracanal bacteria. A commercial temporary material (CAVISOL, Tehran, Iran) was blended with nanoclay (SOUTHERN, Gonzalez, TX, USA; average size 95 nm), using eugenol as a wetting agent. The antibacterial effects on <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i> were assessed using disc diffusion, well diffusion, and microtiter plate assays after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C (six material groups, three bacterial strains, three replications for each antibacterial test). Statistical analyses were performed using Shapiro-Wilk and ANOVA tests (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The results showed that formulations containing 60% and 80% nanoclay significantly inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria, outperforming pure Cavit (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The most substantial inhibition was observed in <i>E. coli</i>, while <i>S. mutans</i> exhibited the least susceptibility (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These findings suggest that incorporating nanoclay into temporary fillings may enhance efficacy to increase the success rate of pediatric endodontic treatments, although further physicochemical and clinical evaluations are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biliary Injuries Repair Using Copolymeric Scaffold: A Systematic Review and In Vivo Experimental Study.","authors":"Salvatore Buscemi, Giulia Bonventre, Andrea Gottardo, Mariano Licciardi, Fabio Salvatore Palumbo, Giovanni Cassata, Luca Cicero, Giulia Lo Monte, Roberto Puleio, Attilio Ignazio Lo Monte","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080297","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Common bile duct (CBD) treatments are often associated with complications, limiting long-term efficacy. To overcome these issues, polymeric grafts have been suggested as promising alternatives, since they are highly customizable, biocompatible, and may reduce side effects frequency. <b>Methods:</b> A systematic review was conducted, interrogating MEDLINE and Cochrane Library. Next, an in vivo study involved 20 pigs, which underwent a former controlled biliary injury. To repair the defect, a <i>α,β-Poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-DL-Aspartamide</i> (<i>PHEA</i>)-<i>Polylactic-acid</i> (<i>PLA</i>)-<i>Polycaprolactone</i> (<i>PCL</i>) scaffold was implanted. The animals were sacrificed at one and three months for gross and histological examinations, to assess tissue integration and healing outcomes. <b>Results:</b> The systematic review highlighted that such scaffolds have shown promising results in CBD regeneration, both in single and joined applications. These findings were confirmed by the in vivo study, where the use of such scaffolds-particularly, the planar ones-led to safe and complete bile duct regeneration. Histological analysis revealed lymphomonocytic infiltrates and neovascularization, while microscopic examination showed progressive scaffold degradation accompanied by biliary tissue regeneration. <b>Conclusions:</b> Experimental results are consistent with the literature, confirming the potential of such polymeric scaffolds in aiding complete CBD regeneration and being reabsorbed shortly after. Still, further studies are needed to fully validate their translational application. <b>PROSPERO ID</b>: CRD420251115056.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Drilling Protocol on Primary Implant Stability Depending on Different Bone Qualities and Implant Macro-Designs, Lengths, and Diameters.","authors":"Milan Stoilov, Ramin Shafaghi, Lea Stoilov, Helmut Stark, Michael Marder, Norbert Enkling, Dominik Kraus","doi":"10.3390/jfb16080296","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16080296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Primary implant stability is a critical factor for successful osseointegration and long-term implant success. This study investigates the impact of drilling protocol modifications on primary stability, considering different bone qualities and implant macro-designs, lengths, and diameters.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Three implant designs-two parallel-walled and one tapered-were tested with diameters ranging from 3.4 to 5.2 mm and lengths from 7.5 to 14.5 mm. Implants were placed in polyurethane foam blocks simulating different bone densities (10, 15, 25, and 35 PCF). A standard drilling protocol was used in all groups, with modifications based on bone quality: overpreparation in dense bone and underpreparation in softer bone. Primary stability was evaluated using insertion torque (IT). The optimal IT range was defined as 25-50 Ncm, based on clinical guidelines for immediate loading. The influence of drilling protocol adaptations on stability parameters was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Insertion torque was primarily influenced by bone density and implant diameter, with implant length playing a minor role. In dense bone (D1, D2), underpreparation improved torque values, especially in smaller implants, while overpreparation reduced them. The highest torques occurred with 5.2 mm implants, sometimes exceeding 80 Ncm. Standard protocols did not consistently achieve optimal torque across implant types. In soft bone (D3), underpreparation-particularly with tapered implants-was modestly beneficial. In very soft bone (D4), none of the protocols reliably reached the desired torque range.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adapting drilling protocols to bone density improves insertion torque, especially with wider implants and in denser bone. Underpreparation is generally more effective than overpreparation. However, in very soft bone, neither implant geometry nor drilling adaptations reliably achieve optimal primary stability, highlighting the need for additional strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12387697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144956684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}