Journal of Functional Biomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the Characteristics of Digital Light Processing 3D-Printed Magnesium Calcium Phosphate for Bone Regeneration.","authors":"Peng Zhang, Meiling Zhang, Yoo-Na Jung, Seong-Won Choi, Yong-Seok Lee, Geelsu Hwang, Kwi-Dug Yun","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, particularly digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing, have enabled the customization of bone substitutes with specific shapes that match bone defect sizes and geometries. Magnesium calcium phosphate (MCP) has gained considerable attention due to its strong mechanical properties, degradability, and ability to promote bone regeneration. In this study, we prepared MCP samples with five different molar ratios via DLP 3D printing. We analyzed the physicochemical properties of these five groups, including phase compositions and microstructures, which were examined using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Additionally, we assessed the effects of MCP on material density and shrinkage. Biaxial flexural strength and degradation rate were evaluated; biological properties were examined through WST-8 analysis and alkaline phosphatase activity assays. Among the tested samples, MCP1/1 exhibited the highest strength. A higher proportion of magnesium phosphate in MCP corresponded to an increased degradation rate. Cell response observations in the WST-8 assay indicated that cell proliferation was better in the MCP1/1 group than in the other groups on days 4 and 7 of culturing. Alkaline phosphatase activity assays demonstrated that MCP1/1 exhibited higher activity than calcium phosphate. Our findings suggest that MCP1/1 can be used effectively in bone-tissue-engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144012248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Micromorphology of Experimental Composites Doped with Bioactive Glass After Different Storage Times.","authors":"Leonardo Svellenti, Moritz Tanner, Andrea Gubler, Matej Par, Thomas Attin, Phoebe Burrer, Tobias T Tauböck","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the surface micromorphology of bioactive glass-modified resin composite materials after storage in simulated body fluid for different periods of time and ultrasonic cleaning.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A resin composite material (Heliomolar Flow, Ivoclar Vivadent) was modified by incorporating 10 or 20 wt% of bioactive glass 45S5. The unmodified conventional composite (0 wt% bioactive glass) served as the control. Surface morphology of light-cured composite specimens was examined by profilometry both before and after storage in simulated body fluid (SBF; pH = 7.4, t = 37 °C) for 0, 3, 7, or 30 days, and surface roughness (Ra) was recorded. After storage, ultrasonic cleaning (UC) of the specimens was performed for 10 min in an ultrasonic bath filled with deionized water, and the profilometric measurements were subsequently repeated. In addition, the surfaces of specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Directly after specimen preparation, the Ra values of the composites modified with bioactive glass were similar to those of the conventional composite (0 wt% bioactive glass). A longer immersion in SBF and higher added concentrations of bioactive glass led to an increase in surface roughness. SEM examination revealed that precipitates were formed on the surfaces of specimens containing bioactive glass after exposure to SBF for at least 7 days. The density of these precipitates increased with exposure time and added bioactive glass content. After subsequent ultrasonic cleaning, a significant Ra reduction was observed for specimens containing 10 and 20 wt% bioactive glass and stored for 30 days (<i>p</i> < 0.001). For the resin composite material doped with 20 wt% bioactive glass particles, UC revealed a significant Ra reduction at all time points.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The increase in the surface roughness of bioactive glass-modified composites after storage in SBF might be partly attributed to precipitate formation on their surfaces. After ultrasonic cleaning, surface roughness was still increased, indicating poorer surface quality compared to conventional composite.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Assessment of the Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of Composites for Indirect Restoration to Enamel and Dentin.","authors":"Viktoria Petrova, Janet Kirilova, Sevda Yantcheva","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) of two types of composites for indirect restoration, luted to enamel and dentin with self-adhesive cement. Moreover, it aimed to evaluate the impact of thermocycling on bond strength. Sixteen flat enamel and dentin surfaces of human molars were cemented to equal flat specimens of the laboratory composite Signum ceramis and the CAD/CAM block Cerasmart. Half of the specimens of the group underwent thermocycling. After that, the samples were cut into 80 beams for µTBS analysis. The data were analyzed using Levene's test and the independent sample t-test. The micro-tensile bond strength tests revealed that thermocycling significantly reduced the adhesive bond. Dentin bonds better to conventional laboratory composites. Enamel bonds are better than composite blocks for milling.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Dynamics of Laser-Irradiated Trilayer Bonded-Zirconia Structures.","authors":"Mitchell Tharp, Jaccare Jauregui-Ulloa, Grace Mendonça De Souza, Susana Salazar Marocho","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to assess the thermal dynamics of supporting structures during laser-assisted debonding of bonded yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic. We tested the hypothesis that the heat transfer to dentin analog material and composite resin resembles that of dentin. Thirty sintered YSZ (ZirCAD, Ivoclar, Schann, Liechtenstein) slabs (4 mm diameter, 1 mm thickness) were air particle abraded, followed by two coats of Monobond Plus (Ivoclar). The slabs were bonded to exposed occlusal dentin, NEMA G10 dentin analog, or composite resin cylinders using Multilink Automix (Ivoclar) dual-cured cement. The bonded YSZ specimens (n = 10/group) subjected to irradiation with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (Waterlase MD, Biolase, Foothill Ranch, CA, USA) at 7.5 W, 25 Hz, with 50% water and air for 15 s. Heat transfer during laser irradiation was monitored with an infrared camera (Optris PI 640, Optris GmbH, Berlin, Germany) at 0.1-s intervals. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, which showed no significant differences in mean temperature between zirconia and cement layers across the substrates (composite resin, G10, dentin) (<i>p</i> = 0.0794). These results suggest flexibility in substrate choice for future thermal dynamics studies under laser irradiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144063825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Nano-Sustained-Release Factors for Bone Scaffolds.","authors":"Haoran Jiang, Meng Zhang, Yang Qu, Bohan Xing, Bojiang Wang, Yanqun Liu, Peixun Zhang","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on nano-sustained-release factors for bone tissue scaffolds has significantly promoted the precision and efficiency of bone-defect repair by integrating biomaterials science, nanotechnology, and regenerative medicine. Current research focuses on developing multifunctional scaffold materials and intelligent controlled-release systems to optimize the spatiotemporal release characteristics of growth factors, drugs, and genes. Nano slow-release bone scaffolds integrate nano slow-release factors, which are loaded with growth factors, drugs, genes, etc., with bone scaffolds, which can significantly improve the efficiency of bone repair. In addition, these drug-loading systems have also been extended to the fields of anti-infection and anti-tumor. However, the problem of heterotopic ossification caused by high doses has led to a shift in research towards a low-dose multi-factor synergistic strategy. Multiple Phase II clinical trials are currently ongoing, evaluating the efficacy and safety of nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Despite significant progress, this field still faces a series of challenges: the immunity risks of the long-term retention of nanomaterials, the precise matching of multi-factor release kinetics, and the limitations of the large-scale production of personalized scaffolds. Future development directions in this area include the development of responsive sustained-release systems, biomimetic sequential release design, the more precise regeneration of injury sites through a combination of gene-editing technology and self-assembled nanomaterials, and precise drug loading and sustained release through microfluidic and bioprinting technologies to reduce the manufacturing cost of bone scaffolds. The progress of these bone scaffolds has gradually changed bone repair from morphology-matched filling regeneration to functional recovery, making the clinical transformation of bone scaffolds safer and more universal.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic Action, Drug Delivery, Biodegradability, and Wound Regeneration Characteristics of Surgical Sutures and Cutting-Edge Surgical Suture Manufacturing Technologies.","authors":"Hye-Ree Han","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(1) Background: With the emergence of various super bacteria, interest in antibacterial properties, drug delivery, and wound regeneration is increasing in the field of surgical materials. There are many studies on surgical sutures, but not many recent ones that have studied structurally subdivided functions. Accordingly, various studies on surgical sutures were classified based on the main functions that are considered important, and studies were conducted by categorizing the latest production technology into 3D printing and electrospinning. (2) Methods: Data from the literature (n = 1077) were collected from databases such as PubMed, Harvard.edu, MDPI, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ACS, Nature, and IOP Publishing. The selected 103 papers were divided into two main groups: cutting-edge characteristics of surgical sutures and the latest technologies for manufacturing surgical sutures. (3) Results: Cutting-edge characteristics of surgical sutures were divided into four major categories: antibacterial, drug delivery, biodegradability, and wound regeneration, and examined in depth. In addition, the final technologies for manufacturing surgical sutures were divided into electrospinning and 3D printing. (4) Conclusions: The results of this study can contribute to the development of multifunctional surgical sutures that promote wound regeneration through antibacterial properties, drug elution, and biodegradability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Biomechanical Effects of Mandible Arch Types in All-on-4 and All-on-5 Dental Implant Design: A 3D Finite Element Analysis.","authors":"Sema Nur Sevinç Gül, Fahri Murat, Abdullah Tahir Şensoy","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluates the biomechanical effects of different implant configurations in various mandibular arch types using finite element analysis (FEA). Stress distribution and deformation patterns were analyzed under different loading conditions in square, U-shaped, and V-shaped arches. The results indicate that increasing the number of implants generally reduces cortical bone stress, particularly in U and V arches, while implant-level stress tends to increase. Under molar loading, cortical bone stress in the square arch decreased by 16.9% (from 90.61 MPa to 75.27 MPa) with the All-on-5 system, while implant stress in the V arch dropped by 46.26% (from 142.35 MPa to 76.5 MPa). Additionally, the cantilever effect in All-on-4 configurations resulted in higher stress on the prosthesis and implants, particularly in V arches. While the All-on-5 system provided better load distribution, the study highlights the importance of optimizing implant positioning based on mandibular anatomy. Despite limitations such as the use of static forces and standardized arch types, these findings offer valuable insights into the biomechanical performance of full-arch implant rehabilitations, supporting future clinical applications and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into Sinus-Lift Bone Grafting Materials: What's Changed?","authors":"Anida-Maria Băbțan, Claudia N Feurdean, Anca Ionel, Willi A Uriciuc, Radu Chifor, Chambon Antoine Bernard Jaques, Bianca A Boșca, Aranka Ilea","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sinus-lift (SL) is a pre-prosthetic procedure with the objective of increasing bone height to achieve implant insertion primary stability in implant-supported prostheses. The biomechanical properties of SL augmentation materials are influenced by their origin, manufacture, bioactive substances addition, receiver, and surgical procedure. This systematic review provides insights into state-of-the-art SL biomaterials, focusing on autologous bone grafting as the gold standard.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study followed the PRISMA flow diagram, searching WoS (Web of Science), Embase, Cochrane, and PubMed databases using the search terms «sinus lift» OR «sinus augmentation» OR «bone graft» OR «bovine» OR «porcine» OR «autologous» OR «allogenic» OR «xenogeneic» OR «alloplastic» OR «hydroxyapatite» OR «β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)» OR «equine» OR «PRF».</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The highest bone gain was provided by Bioglass at 42%. Articles written between 2014 and 2024 in English or French, containing human studies and with full text available, were included. Participants were required to be in good general health, without acute, chronic, or congenital diseases, or substance abuse (drugs, alcohol, or nicotine). SL surgery was performed using the lateral approach, with no Schneiderian membrane perforation or postoperative complications. The network meta-analysis was conducted using the R statistical computing environment. To assess the inconsistency between direct and indirect evidence, we used a net heat plot. To evaluate heterogeneity across studies, we used the chi-squared-based Q-test and I² statistic. A significance level of 0.05 was applied throughout all analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Allogeneic bovine bone and hydrox yapatite demonstrated the lowest resorption rates. Significant differences were found for residual graft and connective tissue between allogenous bovine bone (ABB) + AlB vs. β-TCP + PRF (<i>p</i> = 0.028); ABB + AlB vs. β-TCP (<i>p</i> = 0.034); ABB + AlB vs. BCP (<i>p</i> = 0.037). Meta-analysis showed that the overall heterogeneity was 51.8% (6.9-75%; <i>p</i> = 0.019), with significant heterogeneity within designs (<i>p</i> = 0.007) and no significant heterogeneity between designs (<i>p</i> = 0.39). AB had a better bone regeneration ratio compared to many of the other interventions, but only two passed the threshold of significance: A1B and B-TCP + AB.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A grafting material's superiority is determined by its new bone formation ratio, connective tissue integration, residual graft content, and bone resorptionratio. Although autologous bone grafting has exhibited superior bone regeneration compared to other biomaterials, it was not favored due to its unpredictable connective tissue concentration and bone resorption ratio. Additionally, autologous bone exhibited the fastest metabolic turnover among all grafting materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144021642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Thermal Atmospheric Plasma Enhances Biological Effects of Fluoride on Oral Biofilms.","authors":"Anushri Warang, Isha Deol, Sarah Fakher, Linfeng Wu, Liang Hong, Shaoping Zhang, Qingsong Yu, Hongmin Sun","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was an assessment of the anti-biofilm properties of fluoride non-thermal atmospheric plasma (FNTAP) generated using argon and hydrocarbon fluoride gas 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (TFE). These properties were evaluated by measuring the destruction and recovery of in vitro dual-species biofilms of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> and <i>Streptococcus sanguinis</i> exposed to FNTAP at 5 or 10 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) or argon non-thermal atmospheric plasma (ArNTAP) for 1 or 2 min, using resazurin-based reagent viability assays, colony forming units (CFU), culture media pH and live/dead staining. Both ArNTAP and FNTAP resulted in significant immediate reductions in bacterial load as compared to the control. Although ArNTAP did not significantly reduce biofilm regrowth, FNTAP treatment showed a bacterial load reduction of more than 5 log units of biofilm regrowth. FNTAP treatments significantly reduced the acidification of the culture medium after recovery incubation, indicating reduced living bacteria, with a pH of 6.92 ± 0.02 and 6.90 ± 0.03, respectively, for the 5 sccm and 10 sccm FNTAP treatments, as compared to a pH of 5.83 ± 0.26 for the ArNTAP treatment, and a significantly acidic pH of 4.76 ± 0.04 for the no-treatment groups. Our results suggest that FNTAP has exceptional anti-biofilm effects, and future directions of our research include the assessment of potential applications of FNTAP in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evaluation of Restored Proximal Contact Areas with Four Direct Adherent Biomaterials: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Elena-Cristina Marcov, Mihai Burlibașa, Narcis Marcov, Florentina Căminișteanu, Andreea Angela Ștețiu, Mircea Popescu, Radu-Cătălin Costea, Raluca Mariana Costea, Liliana Burlibașa, Andi Ciprian Drăguș, Maria Antonia Ștețiu, Dana Cristina Bodnar","doi":"10.3390/jfb16040128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to compare the interproximal contact tightness of lateral teeth after restoring adjacent proximal walls with four types of direct adherent biomaterials. Distal and mesial boxes were prepared on 160 artificial right first and second upper molars. Each set of 40 pairs of boxes was restored using one bulk biomaterial: Equia Forte Fil HT (GC), Cention^® Forte (IVOCLAR VIVADENT), Admira Fusion x-tra (VOCO), or 3M^TMFiltek^TM One Bulk Fill. The mean difference in the passing-through force varied from sound to restored surfaces immediately after application, as well as at 7 and 14 days after: Equia Forte Fil HT-4.07 ± 0.01, 4.08 ± 0.01, and 4.11 ± 0.01; Cention^® Forte-3.30 ± 0.01, 3.50 ± 0.01, and 3.56 ± 0.01; Admira Fusion x-tra-4.10 ± 0.01, 4.13 ± 0.01, and 4.13 ± 0.01; 3M^TMFiltek^TM One Bulk Fill-4.08 ± 0.01, 4.09 ± 0.01, and 4.07 ± 0.01 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The passing-through force of the restored contact areas showed significantly higher values when compared to those for the sound surfaces, and among them, all biomaterials presented similar values, except for Cention^® Forte. The potential clinical relevance of this study relates to better knowing the most appropriate restorative material for large proximal caries on adjacent surfaces from the outset of the treatment protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12027826/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143968819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}