Journal of Functional Biomaterials最新文献

{"title":"A Critical Review of Commercial Collagen-Based Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration: Functional Properties and Clinical Evidence from Infuse^® Bone Graft.","authors":"Niki Karipidou, John Paul Muller Gorley, Chrysoula Katrilaka, Chris Manglaris, Anastasios Nektarios Tzavellas, Maria Pitou, Angeliki Cheva, Nikolaos Michailidis, Eleftherios E Tsiridis, Theodora Choli-Papadopoulou, Amalia Aggeli","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090313","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review article provides a comprehensive evaluation of Infuse^® and InductOs^®, two ground-breaking recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2)-based bone graft products, focusing on their tissue-level regenerative responses, clinical applications, and associated costs. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that rhBMP-2 induces strong osteoinductive activity, effectively promoting mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and vascularized bone remodeling. While generally well-tolerated, these osteoinductive effects are dose-dependent, and excessive dosing or off-label use may result in adverse outcomes, such as ectopic bone formation or soft tissue inflammation. Histological and imaging analyses in craniofacial, orthopedic, and spinal fusion models confirm significant bone regeneration, positioning rhBMP-2 as a viable alternative to autologous grafts. Notably, advances in delivery systems and scaffold design have enhanced the stability, bioavailability, and targeted release of rhBMP-2, leading to improved fusion rates and reduced healing times in selected patient populations. These innovations, alongside its proven regenerative efficacy, underscore its potential to expand treatment options in cases where autografts are limited or unsuitable. However, the high initial cost, primarily driven by rhBMP-2, remains a critical limitation. Although some studies suggest overall treatment costs might be comparable to autografts when factoring in reduced complications and operative time, autografts often remain more cost-effective. Infuse^® has not substantially reduced the cost of bone regeneration and presents additional safety concerns due to the rapid (burst) release of growth factors and limited mechanical scaffold support. Despite representing a significant advancement in synthetic bone grafting, further innovation is essential to overcome limitations related to cost, mechanical properties, and controlled growth factor delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470532/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Caffeine on Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Implications for Regenerative Applications.","authors":"Axel Alejandro Lugo-Sanchez, Patricia Alejandra Chavez-Granados, Carlos A Jurado, Ziyad Allahem, Jorge Emmanuel Ramirez-Lopez, Christian Andrea Lopez-Ayuso, Benjamin Aranda-Herrera, Abdulrahman Alshabib, Rene Garcia-Contreras","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090314","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Periodontal therapy remains a complex task in dentistry as current methodologies often tend to induce tissue repair rather than regeneration. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in multiple natural sources, which has been reported to have multiple beneficial effects, such as promoting adipogenic differentiation, a key factor in tissue regeneration. Unfortunately, it has also been reported to decrease cell viability and reduce osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, both of which play an important role in regenerative medicine. In this study, we aimed to find a non-cytotoxic dose of purified caffeine over dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) that could provide its beneficial effects over adipogenesis, while reducing the negative effect upon osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Additional experiments were conducted to determine its impact upon the expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes, and antibacterial assays to assess a potential antibacterial effect. The results attested that purified caffeine at a dose of 8.03 μM holds no viability reduction effect, nor has any impact on the expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes, promotes adipogenic differentiation, and does not negatively affect osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation, with any antibacterial effect against <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. These findings suggest that purified caffeine at a dose of 8.03 μM has the potential to aid in the field of regenerative dentistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470397/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun Biomaterials for Scarless Acne Wound Healing: Advances and Prospects.","authors":"Jiahui Chen, Liping Zhou, Zhongci Hang, Xiaochun Bian, Tong Huo, Bing Peng, Haohao Li, Yongqiang Wen, Hongwu Du","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090316","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acne vulgaris is a chronic disease that occurs in the pilosebaceous units and ranks eighth in the global prevalence of all diseases. In its severe forms such as pustules, cysts, and nodules, acne can lead to permanent scarring and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, which are often difficult to reverse in the short term and significantly affect patients' psychological well-being and social interactions. Although a variety of pharmacological treatments are available, including retinoids, antibiotics, anti-androgens, benzoyl peroxide, and corticosteroids, the high recurrence rate and limited efficacy in scar prevention highlight the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Electrospinning technology has recently gained attention for fabricating nanofibrous patches with high porosity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. These patches can offer antibacterial activity, absorb exudates, and provide mechanical protection, making them promising platforms for acne wound care. This review first outlines the pathophysiology of acne and the biological mechanisms underlying scar formation. We then present an overview of electrospinning techniques, commonly used polymers, and recent advancements in the field. Finally, we explore the potential of electrospun nanofibers loaded with mesenchymal stem cells or exosomes as next-generation therapeutic systems aimed at promoting scarless acne healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digitally Designed Bone Grafts for Alveolar Defects: A Scoping Review of CBCT-Based CAD/CAM Workflows.","authors":"Francesco Puleio, Giuseppe Lo Giudice, Gaetano Marenzi, Rosaria Bucci, Riccardo Nucera, Roberto Lo Giudice","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090310","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This scoping review aimed to systematically map the literature on digital workflows for the design and fabrication of customized bone grafts in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The review focused on the integration of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), computer-aided design (CAD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques for the production of personalized bone blocks. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Ovid MEDLINE identified 151 records published between 2015 and 2025; after duplicate removal, screening, and full-text assessment, 16 articles were included. Six additional seminal studies published before 2015 were considered through manual search to provide historical background. The included studies consisted of case reports, case series, prospective clinical investigations, and preclinical experiments. Customization strategies involved synthetic hydroxyapatite scaffolds, CAD/CAM-milled allogeneic blocks, xenogeneic blocks, and digitally guided autogenous grafts. Four studies provided direct clinical documentation of customized CAD/CAM bone blocks, while the others offered complementary evidence on digital design, scaffold adaptation, or preclinical validation. Outcomes included graft adaptation, volumetric stability, implant survival, and limited histological analyses. Despite promising short-term results, no study has yet described the complete clinical workflow from CBCT acquisition to milling and implantation of a biological autologous or xenogeneic block in humans. This review underscores both the feasibility and the limitations of current approaches, highlighting the absence of fully validated digital-to-biological protocols as the main gap to be addressed in future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeding of Dermal Substitutes with Glucose-Pretreated Nanofat Accelerates In Vivo Vascularization and Tissue Integration.","authors":"Valeria Pruzzo, Francesca Bonomi, Ettore Limido, Andrea Weinzierl, Yves Harder, Matthias W Laschke","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090311","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The exposure of endothelial cells to high glucose concentrations promotes angiogenesis. The present study investigated whether this pro-angiogenic effect of glucose is suitable to improve the capability of nanofat to vascularize implanted dermal substitutes. Nanofat was processed from white adipose tissue originating from green fluorescent protein (GFP)⁺ C57BL/6J donor mice and incubated for 1 h in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution with or without (control) a high level of glucose (30 mM). The pretreated nanofat was seeded onto dermal substitutes, which were analyzed by intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry in dorsal skinfold chambers of GFP^- C57BL/6J mice to assess their vivo performance over a period of 14 days. A high level of glucose-pretreated nanofat did not induce a stronger immune response when compared to the control. However, it improved the vascularization of the implants, as shown by a significantly higher density of blood-perfused microvessels in the border zones (~3.6-fold increase) and more CD31⁺/GFP⁺ microvessels (~3-fold increase) inside the implants. Accordingly, high glucose-pretreated nanofat levels also enhanced the tissue integration of the dermal substitutes, as indicated by the deposition of more type I collagen (~2.9-fold increase). These findings suggest that the short-term exposure of nanofat to a high level of glucose represents a promising and clinically feasible strategy to enhance its regenerative properties when seeded onto dermal substitutes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Dimensional Objective Evaluation of the Changes in the Alveolar Ridge Before and After Horizontal Bone Augmentation Along with Implant Placement Using Intraoral Digital Scanning: A Prospective Study.","authors":"Naoki Kitamura, Kikue Yamaguchi, Kaiya Himi, Kota Ishii, Motohiro Munakata","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090312","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Implant treatment in the aesthetic regions of the jaw often requires hard and soft tissue augmentation to ensure optimal prosthetic outcomes. Radiological evaluation with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and visual inspection of intraoral photographs are effective for assessing hard tissues but are limited in evaluating soft tissues. This study aimed to objectively evaluate volumetric and dimensional changes of the alveolar ridge, including both hard and soft tissues, following simultaneous horizontal bone augmentation and implant placement using intraoral digital scanning. Intraoral digital scans were obtained at baseline (T0) and at 2 (T1), 6 (T2), and 12 weeks (T3) post-surgery. Scans were superimposed using dedicated imaging software to measure volumetric and cross-sectional changes. Volumetric gain was significant at T1 but decreased significantly from T1 to T2 (<i>p</i> = 0.0006) and from T1 to T3 (<i>p</i> = 0.0002). Cross-sectional analysis showed significant increases in ridge width at T1 at all measured levels, accompanied by a significant vertical decrease at the alveolar crest from T1 to T2 (<i>p</i> = 0.0056) and T3 (<i>p</i> = 0.0106).These findings indicate that horizontal augmentation provides initial volumetric gain but is followed by substantial reduction at the crest, suggesting that rigid fixation may enhance stability; however, controlled clinical trials are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Intraoral Scanning at the Subgingival Finish Line Affect the Accuracy of Interim Crowns?","authors":"Young-Tak Son, Keunbada Son, Ji-Min Lee, Kyu-Bok Lee","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090309","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This in vitro study evaluated the internal surface trueness and the marginal and internal fit of interim crowns fabricated from intraoral scanner (IOS; i500, MEDIT, Seoul, Republic of Korea) data, considering variations in subgingival finish line depth and the use of gingival retraction. A right maxillary first molar was prepared using a milled ceramic abutment, with subgingival finish line depths set at 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mm from the gingival crest. All specimens were scanned with an IOS, both with and without gingival retraction. Interim crowns were designed from the scan data and produced via three-dimensional (3D) printing. Internal surface trueness was measured using 3D inspection software (Geomagic Control X version 2022.0.0; 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA), while marginal and internal fit were assessed with the silicone replica technique. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test (α = 0.05). In the absence of gingival retraction, internal surface trueness and crown fit decreased significantly with increasing finish line depth (<i>p</i> < 0.05). At a 1.00 mm depth without retraction, internal trueness reached 100.1 ± 44.5 µm and marginal fit was 189.1 ± 42.2 µm, both exceeding clinical thresholds. With gingival retraction, trueness and fit remained stable across all depths (<i>p</i> > 0.05). At 1.0 mm depth, trueness was 82.0 ± 61.8 µm and marginal fit was 95.2 ± 22.9 µm, both within clinically acceptable limits. A significant correlation was observed between marginal trueness and overall fit when retraction was not performed (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These results demonstrate that increasing subgingival finish line depth can significantly reduce intraoral scanning accuracy, resulting in suboptimal interim crown adaptation when gingival retraction is omitted. To achieve clinically acceptable internal trueness and marginal fit, gingival displacement with a retraction cord is recommended during intraoral scanning for subgingival prosthesis fabrication.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion and Tack-Curing of Light-Cured Veneer Luting Agents.","authors":"Aikaterini Petropoulou, Maria Dimitriadi, Spiros Zinelis, Ioannis Papathanasiou, George Eliades","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090307","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Light attenuation and excess handling of light-cured luting agents create problems in bonding veneer restorations. The aim of the present study was to assess the curing capacity of light-cured veneer luting agents (VLA) [Choice 2 (CH2), G-Cem Veneer (GCV), Panavia LC Veneer (PNV), PermaCem LC Veneer (PMS), and Variolink Esthetic LC (VEV)] under lithium disilicate veneers, in the presence or absence of touch-cure primers (Adhese Universal Bond DC for VEV, G Premio Bond + DCA Activator for GCV, and V5 Tooth Primer V5 for PNV) and to evaluate material setting under two tack-curing irradiation modes (contact, distant). The methods used were ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and Vickers hardness (VHN) tests (<i>n</i> = 5/product and test). According to the results, all materials cured under the ceramic demonstrated significantly lower DC% from the controls, with a ranking of VEV, CH2 > GCV, PMS, PNV. The primers improved DC% by 4-13% only in the veneer groups. Tack-curing in contact mode demonstrated conversion and hardness values ranging from 37% to 78% and 31% to 57% of the controls respectively, corresponding to a vitreous state. For the distant mode, very low conversion values were found (0-7% of the controls), with untraceable indentations. It can be concluded that low translucency veneers reduce conversion of VLAs, which can be improved by using touch-cure activators. Tack-curing, as instructed, creates vitrified materials, resulting in difficult removal of set excess, which implies the need for better standardization of the procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Caries Preventive Effects of Nanomaterials with Phototherapy: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Veena Wenqing Xu, Iris Xiaoxue Yin, John Yun Niu, Chun-Hung Chu","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090308","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the types, properties, and potential applications of nanomaterials in phototherapy for caries prevention. This scoping review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). Two researchers independently searched English-language publications in Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science on 25 February 2025. Publications that reported nanomaterials in phototherapy for caries prevention are included. They screened 229 publications and included 38 publications. These 38 publications were categorised into three groups: nanomaterials in photodynamic therapy (25/38, 66%), nanomaterials in photothermal therapy (9/38, 24%), and nanomaterials in combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy (4/38, 10%). Nanomaterials in photodynamic therapy generate reactive oxygen species under light, causing oxidative damage that kills microbes. In photothermal therapy, nanomaterials convert light energy into heat, inducing protein denaturation and membrane rupture, which eliminate microbes. These nanomaterials were incorporated into dental materials like adhesives and topical anti-caries agents. Among the 38 publications, 29 were laboratory studies, 8 were animal studies, and 1 was a human trial. Studies showed that some nanomaterials inhibit cariogenic microbes under light. However, most of the studies were laboratory or animal studies. More human trials are essential to translate their use into clinical care. This review underscores the potential of nanomaterials in phototherapy-leveraging photodynamic and photothermal mechanisms to eliminate caries-causing microbes-as a promising, minimally invasive strategy for caries prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12471128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Cyclic Loading on the Removal Torque of Unique Subperiosteal Implant Screws.","authors":"Ádám Vörös, Klaudia Kulcsár, Dávid Pammer, Ibolya Zsoldos","doi":"10.3390/jfb16090306","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jfb16090306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the investigation, the effect of screw tightening torque on the potential loosening of screws under load was examined in the case of custom-made subperiosteal implants. The study focused on the connection screws between the implant components, testing the commonly applied tightening torques of 15 Ncm and 30 Ncm. Mastication was simulated using a custom-designed, PLC-controlled testing device, which allowed for the reproduction of variable numbers, forces, and speeds of bite cycles. With this device, six different scenarios were tested, including 500, 2000, and 10,000 bite cycles, under both constant and variable bite forces. A caliper was used to record potential length changes of the screws, force sensors measured the bite forces, and calibrated torque screwdrivers were used to verify the loosening torques. Based on the analysis of the measured data, it was concluded that for the M1.8 screws tested, a tightening torque of 15 Ncm does not provide sufficient resistance against loosening, whereas 30 Ncm offers adequate stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":15767,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Functional Biomaterials","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12470481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}