Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Unique Behavior Profiles That Specify Mental Distress in Autism.","authors":"Eric V Strobl","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07518-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07518-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), particularly those with limited speech, may not communicate internal distress. Clinicians therefore often infer distress from observable aberrant behaviors, whose clinical significance may differ from that in typically developing (TD) individuals. We identified aberrant behavior profiles (ABPs) that differentially track symptom dimensions across ASD and TD groups, and between minimally verbal ASD (MV-ASD) and fluently verbal ASD (FV-ASD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We pooled three NIMH Data Archive studies with CASI-5 severities (12 domains) and Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) items (58 behaviors). After adjusting for age and sex, we applied Differentially Supervised Varimax to derive ABPs and tested group differences with permutation testing and false discovery rate control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In ASD, a disruptive/hyperactive ABP related more strongly than in TD to ADHD-hyperactive and oppositional defiant severity and to generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and specific phobia. Emotional reactivity aligned with obsessions, somatization, and depressive severity, whereas withdrawal/self-injury aligned with social and separation anxiety. Preoccupation aligned with schizophrenia-related severity, whereas hypoactivity/depressed mood aligned with post-traumatic stress and specific phobia; in MV-ASD, passive withdrawal/hypoactivity related more strongly to obsessions, somatization, and depressive severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Clinicians can use ABPs to guide next steps: match a patient's predominant behavior pattern to an ABP, then prioritize targeted history, caregiver probing, and symptom measures in the linked domains. For example, prominent withdrawal with self-injury should trigger focused screening for social and separation anxiety, whereas marked emotional reactivity should trigger assessment for obsessive symptoms, somatic distress, and depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profile of Behavioral Comorbidities in Children With Fragile X Syndrome.","authors":"Walter E Kaufmann, Paul S Horn","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07525-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07525-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Fragile X syndrome (FXS) presents with a variety of behavioral comorbidities. Although multiple publications have reported detailed characterizations for some of them, many gaps of knowledge still remain. Therefore, we characterized the eight most common behavioral comorbidities (i.e., clinician identified behavioral concerns) in children evaluated in specialty FXS clinics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed the pediatric FORWARD clinic-based natural history study database (1,072 males, 338 females), using multiple statistical techniques including chi-square analyses, polychoric and polyserial correlations, and Mann-Whitney tests to determine frequency, co-occurrence, and behavioral scale profiles of children with eight behavioral comorbidities and functional impairment (approximately half of those affected). DSM-5 criteria were only used for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) identification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Attention problems and Anxiety were the two most common and mildest comorbidities, while disruptive behavior (IAAS) . Co-occurrence of impairing behavioral comorbidities were reported for 69% of children, with 39% of them presenting with more than two comorbidities and overall greatest impairment. Comorbidity co-occurrence was influenced by frequency, but strength of association was relatively independent. Strong correlations were found for two distinctive co-occurrences in non-FXS populations: Attention problems-Hyperactivity and Anxiety-Mood disturbances. Although scale scores aligned with other severity parameters, comorbidity-scale correlations reflected relevance of evaluated behaviors. Surprisingly, all behavioral comorbidities were strongly correlated with the Sensory problems scale.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The reported profiles of impairing behavioral comorbidities could assist clinicians in early identification of behavioral symptoms and in refining their management in children with FXS and, perhaps also, other neurodevelopmental disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammatory Cytokines as Biologic Signatures of the Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Omega Fatty Acids on Autism-Related Behaviors and Features Among Young Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Sarah A Keim, Joseph Rausch, Daniel L Coury, Lisa M Robinette, Paige L Taylor, Lin Sun, Kelly A McNally, Lynette K Rogers","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07523-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10803-026-07523-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Evidence for the efficacy of dietary omega fatty acid supplementation as a supportive intervention for autism is mixed. Mechanisms by which supplementation may offer benefit are unclear. Inflammation may contribute to autism-related behaviors and features. This double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluated inflammatory cytokines as biologic signatures of the effect of daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 and omega-6-rich fish and borage oil (\"omega 3-6\") versus placebo in children ages 2 - < 7 years recently diagnosed with autism.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children were randomized to omega 3-6 or placebo for 90 days. Cytokines were measured in plasma, and autism-related behaviors and features were assessed by caregiver report and direct assessment. Linear mixed models followed intent-to-treat and evaluated the effect of omega 3-6 supplementation on the change in cytokines. Pearson correlation coefficients estimated associations between change in cytokines and change in autism-related behaviors and features. Exploratory analyses examined moderation by sex, age, gastrointestinal symptoms, and overweight.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 98 children randomized, 96 were included in this analysis. Omega 3-6 had no overall effect on cytokines or autism-related behaviors and features (e.g., group difference in change for PDDBI autism composite = 0.1, 95% CI= -10.9, 11.1). Changes in cytokines were generally uncorrelated with changes in autism-related behaviors and features. Some sex-specific effects were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study offered little support for inflammation serving as a mechanism for the effect of omega 3-6 fatty acids on autism-related behaviors and features among young children. Suggestive sex-specific effects should be replicated in a larger trial.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registry: </strong>Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04312932 registered March 16, 2020.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148955904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Search of Subtypes of Children With Developmental Disabilities Using the WISC-V: A Latent Profile Analysis.","authors":"Jordyn L Esprit, Eric A Youngstrom, Soo Youn Kim, Megan Norris, Ann Levine, Eric M Butter, Kevin G Stephenson","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07506-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07506-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Identifying subtypes within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has often been attempted to better understand the significant heterogeneity within the spectrum. Profiles of cognitive functioning have frequently been investigated as possible subtype definitions, but most studies have relied on relatively small sample sizes and higher-functioning samples, and few have used advanced statistical techniques to obtain estimates of underlying profiles of IQ in ASD. The purpose of this study was to use latent profile analysis to identify possible subgroups of children with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disabilities using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-5th Edition (WISC-V) across a range of ability levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used latent profile analysis with a clinical sample of 727 youth (ages 6-16) referred for neurodevelopmental evaluations. We also completed a multigroup bifactor confirmatory factor analysis of the clinical sample compared to the WISC-V standardization sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We did not find distinct cognitive profiles based on the WISC-V index scores; results indicated a continuum of the g factor of intelligence instead of distinct patterns of strengths and weaknesses across IQ subscales. A multigroup bifactor confirmatory factor analysis revealed partial strong invariance when comparing the two clinical groups to the WISC-V standardization sample, but full strong invariance within the neurodevelopmental groups and substantive explained variance of the processing speed index above and beyond FSIQ.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Alternative methods and measurements are needed to identify potential cognitive subtypes of children with autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. Processing speed (but not other WISC-V indexes) may be of unique clinical interpretability above and beyond FSIQ.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148955990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"National Trends in Education and Employment Outcomes for Canadians With Developmental Disabilities and Autism: Findings From the 2017 and 2022 Canadian Survey on Disability.","authors":"Alexandra Minuk, Kenneth Fyie, Christiane Roth, Jennifer D Zwicker","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07489-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07489-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study analyzed the demographic characteristics, educational attainment, and employment outcomes of Canadians with developmental disabilities (DD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using the 2017 and 2022 Canadian Survey on Disability (CSD) cycles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were derived from the 2017 and 2022 CSD datasets and their respective Census linkages. The primary outcomes of interest were employment status and educational attainment. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic, educational, and employment characteristics for individuals with DD and ASD compared to those with any disability and without disabilities. Logistic regression models were employed to estimate the odds of employment among individuals with DD and ASD relative to the comparison groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While education and employment outcomes improved for Canadians with DD and ASD between 2017 and 2022, disparities remain compared to those with other disabilities and without disabilities. Analysis also revealed notable differences in the education and employment experiences of Canadians with DD and ASD, such as access to accommodations and supports in both environments. Several demographic and contextual variables were identified as significant predictors of employment for individuals with disabilities, including disability type.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite progress in education and employment outcomes for Canadians with DD and ASD, structural and systemic barriers continue to limit their full participation in society, highlighting areas for policy action.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parent's AI Coach (PaiCoach): A Single-Case Experimental Study of an AI-Supported Parent Coaching System for Autistic Children.","authors":"Yusuf Akemoğlu, Zhaohui Li, Qingxiao Zheng, Emily Brooke Roberts, Samar Pratap Singh, Jinjun Xiong","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07519-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07519-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) may enhance the scalability and immediacy of parent coaching by providing automated, performance-based feedback within naturalistic routines. In this study, we examined the effects of Parent's AI Coach (PaiCoach), an AI-supported parent coaching system, on parent implementation of evidence-based practices in improving autistic children's communicative responsiveness during shared book reading.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants included four mother-child dyads with minimally verbal autistic children between 45 and 56 months of age. A concurrent multiple-baseline across participants single-case experimental design was used. Primary dependent variables included parent implementation fidelity and child communicative responsiveness. Visual analysis and Tau-U effect sizes were used to examine functional relations between the introduction of PaiCoach and changes in parent and child outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Visual analysis showed functional relations between the introduction of PaiCoach and increases in parent implementation fidelity with corresponding improvements in children's responsiveness. Through human validation, we show that PaiCoach adopts 68.6% of AI-generated analyses without modification, whereas 31.4% required some expert editing. Social validity and usability findings indicate high parent satisfaction with PaiCoach and its good usability. Overall, findings provide preliminary evidence for the feasibility of AI-assisted parent coaching and the continued importance of human oversight in current AI-supported systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Flexibility and SAMU DIS-FIT Physical Fitness Parameters in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Fatih Mirze, Cihat Demirel","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07521-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07521-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to examine the relationships among flexibility and other components of physical fitness in adults with intellectual disabilities and to determine whether these relationships differ by sex, age, and level of disability. This study sought to clarify the role of flexibility within the construct of physical fitness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 106 adults aged 18-40 years. Participants' physical fitness levels were assessed in terms of body composition, motor performance, musculoskeletal fitness, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Flexibility was measured using the Sit-and-Reach Test and the Functional Shoulder Rotation Test. Parametric or non-parametric tests were applied according to distribution; non-normally distributed parameters are described as median (interquartile range).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Men outperformed women on the Timed Up and Go Test, Handgrip Test, Timed Stand Test, 30-s Sit-Up Test and 6-min Walk Test, whereas the sexes did not differ in body composition or in either flexibility measure. Participants aged 19-29 years and participants with mild intellectual disability showed more favorable values than older participants and those with moderate intellectual disability, respectively, across most parameters. Both flexibility measures were negatively associated with the Timed Up and Go Test and positively associated with muscular performance and the 6-min Walk Test; the Functional Shoulder Rotation Test was additionally negatively associated with body composition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings indicate that flexibility is an important and multidimensional component of physical fitness in adults with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, flexibility should be addressed alongside other physical fitness components through a holistic assessment and intervention approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Item-Level Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder Measures: A MIMIC Model Analysis of ADOS-2 and ADI-R in a Referred Pediatric Sample.","authors":"Jeremy J Cottle, Zachary Enos Arnold, Kristi C Guest, Sylvie Mrug, Anne E Brisendine, Snehal Khatri, Sarah E O'Kelley","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07527-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07527-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The current study aimed to examine item-level sex differences in the diagnostic measures of ASD traits for children and adolescents referred for an ASD evaluation. By including all those referred for an ASD evaluation, the study aimed to include females who may be mis- or under-diagnosed by current ASD diagnostic procedures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sample included 458 children and adolescents who were referred for an ASD evaluation at a tertiary care clinic. In this sample, 118 individuals (25.8%) were female, 282 (61.6%) were diagnosed with ASD, and the average age was 6.67 years (SD = 3.65). Multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) models were used to examine differential item functioning on the ADOS-2 and ADI-R.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated differential item functioning on a small proportion of ADI-R items (e.g., Circumscribed Interests, Inappropriate Facial Expressions, Imaginative Play, Spontaneous Imitation of Actions) across content areas, whereas there were no item-level sex differences identified on the ADOS-2.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest nuanced sex differences in ASD trait presentation among children and adolescents presenting with concern for ASD, as measured by standard diagnostic assessment tools. Future research should continue to explore detailed patterns of sex differences in trait measurement using precise sampling and incorporating additional diagnostic instruments, as a well-informed understanding of sex differences in ASD trait presentation and measurement is critical for addressing the existing sex bias in ASD research and clinical settings. This understanding will help ensure appropriate ASD characterization, identification, and diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Examination of First Responder Gains Following an Autism Training Based on Personal and Professional Characteristics.","authors":"Bridgett Kiernan, Micah O Mazurek, Rose E Nevill","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07520-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07520-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Autistic people are likely to encounter first responders, which frequently results in ineffective or even harmful experiences for autistic people. Trainings have been developed to improve first responders' efficacy with responding to situations involving autistic people and their families. The present study examines the impact of professional and personal characteristics on participants' confidence, self-efficacy, and knowledge in providing first response to autistic people following an autism training.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examined pre- and post- training measures completed by participants compared baseline, outcome, and change scores across participant groups, identifying the influence of professional role, personal relationships, and other demographic characteristics on training gains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings show that, regardless of professional role and personal relationship status, participants improved across outcomes following the training. Law enforcement officers entered training with higher self-efficacy and saw less improvement overall. Those with a close and a distal personal relationship showed higher baseline confidence and self-efficacy, and participants with a close personal relationship had higher outcome confidence scores as well. Participants without a personal relationship saw more change in confidence than those with a close or a distal relationship to autism.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the autism training improved participant confidence, self-efficacy, and knowledge in responding to situations involving autistic people, regardless of their professional role or relationship to autism. Ensuring that all providers are trained or re-trained, regardless of their personal relationship, goal, or other demographic, is an important step towards improving efficacy of first response for autistic people.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148944854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the Physical Restraint Disparity Increase With Age in Autistic Youth?","authors":"Ferah Hira, Serdar Hira","doi":"10.1007/s10803-026-07530-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07530-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>McGaughey et al. reported age-stratified differences in physical restraint among autistic youth presenting to a pediatric emergency department and interpreted the findings as evidence of a progressively increasing disparity across development. We note that separate statistical significance tests within age groups do not establish that the magnitude of the association differs between age groups. In particular, the wide confidence interval in the youngest group indicates imprecision rather than evidence that no disparity is present. A direct autism spectrum disorder-by-age interaction is required to evaluate whether age modifies the association between autism spectrum disorder and physical restraint. Because the analysis does not follow the same individuals over time, the findings also represent population-level age heterogeneity rather than a within-person developmental trajectory. The study provides important evidence of overall restraint inequity, while the proposed age-dependent progression should remain hypothesis-generating until formally tested.</p>","PeriodicalId":15148,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148930019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}