Journal of Applied Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"In vitro evaluation of phage cocktail efficiency against multiple aquaculture bacterial pathogens.","authors":"João Duarte, Carla Pereira, Ricardo Calado, Adelaide Almeida","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag190","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate whether combining phages with different properties enhances antibacterial efficacy against individual strains and enables the simultaneous control of multiple bacterial species belonging to different genera.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Our phage collection was screened for phages active against Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Four phages were selected: AH-1, ECA2, phSE-5, and vB_VpS_LMAVpSH, originally isolated using A. hydrophila, S. Typhimurium, E. coli, and V. parahaemolyticus as hosts, respectively. An initial phage cocktail (CK3) was prepared, excluding phage SH, which was later included in a modified cocktail (CK4). Phage efficacy was evaluated in vitro (in nutrient-rich media and synthetic seawater) against bacterial strains individually and against mixed cultures of the four bacteria, for 12 h at 25°C. Both cocktails were associated with greater bacterial reduction compared with individual phage treatments, alongside reduced bacterial regrowth under the tested conditions. Although efficacy decreased in nutrient-limited conditions, phages still inhibited bacterial growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study provide experimental evidence of phage-bacteria interactions in multispecies systems and offer proof-of-concept evidence supporting further evaluation of phage cocktail approaches under aquaculture-relevant conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148591785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory role of RamA and RamR in AcrAB-TolC-mediated carbapenem resistance in carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae.","authors":"Ruixuan Yu, Jiaming Tian, Chunrong Hu, Ying Chen, Yong Wang, Shuyue Zhang, Xinran Zhou, Yuehan Gu, Yanjun Fu","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag191","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-hvKP), which possesses both high pathogenicity and drug resistance, has become a major clinical challenge. The role of AcrAB-TolC efflux pump in its resistance mechanism has attracted increasing attention. This study aimed to clarify the role of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump in carbapenem resistance of CR-hvKP, confirm the role of AcrB in the function of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, and reveal the regulatory mechanism of RamA and RamR. This study provides a theoretical basis for the treatment and prevention of CR-hvKP infections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-eight non-repetitive clinical CR-hvKP isolates were analyzed. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using broth microdilution. Efflux pump activity was evaluated by comparing MICs before and after addition of CCCP. The Carbapenemase Nordmann-Poirel (Carb NP) test excluded carbapenemase-mediated resistance. PCR was used to detect virulence (iucA, rmpA, rmpA2, iroB, Peg344) and efflux pump (acrA, acrB, tolC) genes. Bioinformatics tools (KaKs_Calculator and Datamonkey) and RT-qPCR identified and quantified acrB expression. Gene knockout and overexpression, combined with MIC testing and a Galleria mellonella infection model, assessed effects on resistance and virulence. RT-qPCR evaluated RamA and RamR expression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>acrB was identified as a major contributor to efflux-mediated resistance. Its expression decreased by 65% in the ramA knockout strain and increased by 40% in the ramR knockout strain. AcrB-positive strains significantly reduced larval survival.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AcrB appears to be a major component of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system contributing to carbapenem resistance and potentially influencing virulence in CR-hvKP. RamA and RamR significantly regulate AcrB expression and modulate efflux-associated resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148603400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal-free peptones support bacteriophage propagation for therapeutic use without altering bactericidal activity or genomic integrity.","authors":"Daniel R Laucirica, Phoebe G Carr, Mitchell G Hedges, Andrew Vaitekenas, Zlatibor Velickovic, Stephen M Stick, Samuel T Montgomery, Anthony Kicic","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag174","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Bacteriophage (phage) propagation has traditionally relied on bacterial culture media containing animal-derived ingredients; however, safety concerns with animal-derived materials for production of phages for therapeutic use limit their acceptability. We compared animal-free and traditional media formulations, and evaluated effects on phage yield, bactericidal activity, and genomic characteristics, hypothesizing no significant differences would be observed.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Phages targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 8) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1) were propagated in solid and liquid media containing animal-free (AF) or animal-derived (LB) peptones. Kinetic assays were used to assess phage suppression of host bacterial growth. Whole genome sequencing of phages and their bacterial hosts propagated in AF or LB broth was used to observe genomic differences between media formulations. In a mock therapeutic phage screen, spot tests, efficiency of plating (EOP), and kinetic assays were performed against non-host bacterial targets. Animal-free peptone did not impact phage yield, with both AF and LB phage stocks growing to high titers (≥108 PFU mL-1). Kinetic assay results showed similar suppression indices for AF and LB-grown phages. Comparisons of phage and bacterial genome annotations showed no major differences arising from media formulation. Spot test, EOP, and kinetic assay results in phage susceptibility tests were similar between AF and LB phages.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest animal-free peptones do not alter phage yield, bactericidal activity, or genomic characteristics, supporting use of animal-free medium for medicinal phage manufacture. This is one of the first studies to systematically combine phenotypic and genomic assessment of phages and hosts across animal-free and traditional media.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148436738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmid-driven evolution of a multi-drug resistant ETEC/ExPEC hybrid E. coli associated with neonatal septicemia in lambs, a challenge for veterinary diagnostics.","authors":"Maud de Lagarde, Ghyslaine Vanier, Julie-Hélène Fairbrother, Marie-Lou Gauthier, Dominique Fournier, Fabian Guiraud, John Morris Fairbrother, David Roy","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag186","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Precise characterization of Escherichia coli isolates plays a crucial role in the treatment and prevention of diseases in animal production. The classical diagnostic approach to define pathotypes of E. coli relies on detection of virulence genes. However, by targeting a limited set of genetic markers, routine Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based approaches may hinder the detection of atypical pathogenic isolates, especially in bacteria with high genomic plasticity.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Genomic approaches were used to characterize a hybrid ETEC/ExPEC E. coli strain isolated from lambs submitted for necropsy over the course of six months, during an investigation of persistent neonatal mortality. Most lambs submitted for necropsy showed lesions suggestive of a septicemia. Routine PCR analysis detected genes encoding two ETEC-associated toxins but none of the ExPEC-associated virulence genes commonly targeted in routine diagnostics. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed a diverse set of virulence genes, consistent with the hybrid nature of the strain. Genes encoding toxins were located on plasmids, while ExPEC-associated virulence factors were found to be chromosomally encoded. Genomic analyses revealed rapid antimicrobial resistance evolution, driven by plasmid acquisition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case highlights how horizontal gene transfer promotes the development of hybrid pathotype and facilitates resistance genes acquisition, compromising traditional diagnostic approaches and treatment. ExPEC strains are particularly difficult to identify due to their diverse and ill-defined virulence markers, which are not always targeted by standard genotyping tests. Emergence of atypical E. coli strains such as those with hybrid pathotypes reinforces the need for more comprehensive methods such as WGS in veterinary diagnostics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148562043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactobacillus plantarum protects broilers against Salmonella Typhimurium infection via modulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and gut microbiota.","authors":"Lei Wang, A Min, Mengen Xu, Xiaohu Zhang, Fazul Nabi, Bo Li, Jiakui Li","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag163","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) infection in broilers threatens food security and public health, and antibiotic overuse causes serious side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects and mechanism of Lactobacillus plantarum (LW) isolated from Tibetan chickens against ST infection in broilers.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Eighty 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20 per group): control (CC), LW supplementation (LW), ST infection (ST), and ST + LW treatment (PR). Broilers in LW and PR groups were orally administered 1 × 10⁸ CFU ml-1 LW from day 4 to day 21, and those in ST and PR groups were challenged with 1 × 10⁸ CFU ml-1 ST from day 15 to day 18. Results showed that LW significantly alleviated ST-induced growth retardation, oxidative stress, and intestinal histological injury. Meanwhile, LW inhibited NF-κB pathway to reduce intestinal inflammation, upregulated tight junction proteins to enhance intestinal barrier function, increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bacilli to optimize gut microbiota, and maintained taurine levels to regulate taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LW effectively protects broilers from ST infection via regulating intestinal immunity, barrier function, gut microbiota, and metabolism. LW can be used as a safe and effective probiotic to prevent ST infection in poultry, thus reducing food safety risks and ensuring public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148421363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surfactin induces proteomic reprogramming and cell membrane damage in Fusarium graminearum.","authors":"Liang Chen, Yunxiang Sun, Qiuhua Xin, Xixi Xu","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag184","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To investigate the antifungal activity of surfactin against Fusarium graminearum and to elucidate its underlying mechanism of action through comparative proteomic analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Antifungal effects of surfactin on F. graminearum were evaluated by assessing hyphal growth inhibition, fungal biomass reduction, and membrane integrity disruption. Surfactin treatment markedly suppressed hyphal development and significantly decreased fungal biomass. In addition, membrane integrity assays demonstrated substantial damage to the fungal cell membrane following exposure to surfactin. Comparative proteomic analysis further revealed pronounced alterations in the intracellular protein expression profile of F. graminearum, indicating that surfactin induces extensive proteomic reprogramming associated with antifungal stress responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Surfactin exhibits potent antifungal activity against F. graminearum by impairing fungal growth and disrupting cell membrane integrity. Proteomic findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying surfactin-mediated antifungal action and identify potential protein targets for future studies aimed at developing effective strategies for controlling Fusarium head blight (FHB).</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148535980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring multi-omics alterations in a rat model of infantile anorexia and the therapeutic mechanisms of Lipi compound-composed Chinese medicine.","authors":"Li Leng, Jingjing Chen, Jinlan Zuo, Zhu Chen, Kun Cao, Liwen Zhang, Chun Li, Limei Hu, Tiqun Zhou, Qiyan Liu, Lin Liu, Peng Yu, Xue Wu","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag150","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aims to elucidate the microbial and metabolic mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and the Lipi compound-composed Chinese medicine in alleviating infantile anorexia.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>The study conducted comprehensive analyses with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics to compare microbial composition and diversity among control, anorexia, S. boulardii treatment, and Lipi compound-composed Chinese medicine treatment groups. Furthermore, network pharmacology was employed to identify active compounds and their target genes in the Lipi compound-composed Chinese medicine. The S. boulardii treatment group showed a partial recovery in microbial species richness and significant changes in metabolites, suggesting its role in modulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profile. The Lipi compound-composed Chinese medicine treatment group demonstrated significant improvements in microbial diversity and metabolic profiles, with key genera such as Corynebacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Allobaculum showing substantial recovery. Moreover, the Lipi compound-composed Chinese medicine showed a superior ability to restore ghrelin levels compared to S. boulardii. Notably, key target genes such as CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and PLA2G4A were closely associated with the therapeutic effects of the Chinese medicine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both S. boulardii and the Lipi compound-composed Chinese medicine alleviated infantile anorexia by modulating gut microbiota and host metabolism, but the Lipi formula showed superior efficacy in restoring microbial diversity, ghrelin/GHSR signalling, and linoleic acid metabolism. These findings identify the Lipi compound-composed Chinese medicine as a more effective microbiota-targeted intervention and provide mechanistic support for its further development in the treatment of infantile anorexia.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148390434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clonal diversity and shifting lineages of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter among healthy food handlers in Japan.","authors":"Kairi Miyaji, Natsuki Ohata, Mamoru Noda, Moritaka Hatta, Tatsuya Nakayama","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag199","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are leading causes of foodborne illnesses, including human enteritis and diarrhea, in many countries. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter is increasing in both developing and developed countries, with fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter recognized as a priority pathogen among antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Surveillance of Campylobacter antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is conducted worldwide because of its public health importance. In this study, we characterized the antimicrobial resistance patterns and genomic diversity of C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from food handlers in Japan.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Surveillance was conducted on 106 Campylobacter isolates from food handlers between 2008 and 2023. Species identification by 16S rRNA sequencing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing of selected isolates were performed to characterize phenotypic and genotypic features, compare AMR profiles, and assess phylogeny. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) identified 36 sequence types (STs), including three novel STs and 10 clonal complexes (CCs). Among C. jejuni, CC21 (20.6%) was the most prevalent, followed by CC353 (2.8%). In C. coli, CC828 (4.7%) was the most prevalent. The AMR profiles and resistance determinants were as follows: quinolones (68.2%); mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (gyrA T86I); tetracyclines (40.2%); acquisition of tet(O) and macrolides (2.8%); and mutations in the 23S rRNA gene (A2075G). ST4526 (8.4%), reported only in Japan, was the most prevalent; however, it has not been detected since 2021, suggesting recent ST diversification.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study characterized the AMR profiles and genetic backgrounds of non-clinical human-derived Campylobacter strains isolated from food handlers.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiviral potential of selenium-enriched Bacillus pumilus: Inhibition of PCV2 replication via alleviation of oxidative stress.","authors":"Changsheng Chen, Yongwang Liu, Xiaoyan Zheng, Sichao Mao, Xinyi Xu, Xingxiang Chen","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag175","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>In recent years, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has emerged as one of the most economically significant viral pathogens affecting the global swine industry, leading to substantial economic losses. Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress facilitates PCV2 infection and replication, whereas alleviating oxidative stress can attenuate this process. Notably, glutathione and selenium play pivotal roles in the antioxidant response. Accordingly, we selected a glutathione-producing strain of Bacillus pumilus for selenium enrichment and investigated its inhibitory effects on PCV2 replication. This study aims to provide experimental evidence for the development of microecological preparations with antiviral activity.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>In this study, microbial colony counting, analysis of the biological characteristics of bacteria, histopathological analysis, biochemical indicator analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting were used to evaluate the effects of the selenium-enriched Bacillus pumilus composite probiotic on PCV2 replication in a mouse model. The results demonstrated that this Bacillus pumilus strain exhibited high glutathione production, favorable biological characteristics, and strong selenium-enriching capacity. The composite probiotic preparation modulated the JAK/STAT(Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) signaling pathway and elevated the phosphorylation levels of JAK1, STAT1, and STAT2. This further upregulated the expression of key antiviral effector genes Mx1 and Oas1 in the mouse spleen, thereby inhibiting PCV2 replication in vivo.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, selenium-enriched, glutathione-producing Bacillus pumilus exhibits antiviral potential. It suppresses in vivo PCV2 replication via alleviating oxidative stress, which provides the theoretical basis and experimental support for the development of novel antiviral microecological preparations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148421391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic use in fabric care products-assessing the current landscape and evaluating areas for development.","authors":"Rebecca Pearman, Neil J Lant, Katherine Latimer, Nazarmohammed Momin, Angela Sherry","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxag166","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxag166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Probiotics have been used in human health for over 45 years. More recently, micro-organisms have been incorporated into cleaning formulations creating a new category: Microbial-based cleaning products (MBCP). The peer-reviewed literature on MBCP remains limited; however, manufacturers commonly attribute efficacy to three principal mechanisms: secretion of extracellular enzymes, competition with other micro-organisms for nutrients and space, and production of antimicrobial agents such as antimicrobial peptides. Fabric care MBCP (e.g. probiotic-containing laundry detergents) represent a relatively recent commercial development and are currently available from a limited number of manufacturers. In laundry applications, probiotics are proposed to be delivered to fabric surfaces during the wash cycle and deposited onto textiles via agitation in the wash liquor. This contrasts with hard-surface cleaners, in which probiotics are applied directly (e.g. by spray, mop or sponge). Further experimental work is required to define conditions that maximize deposition and retention of probiotics on textiles and establish cleaning performance. Given that clothing soils often differ from hard-surface soils, strains intended for fabric care MBCP should be selected to favour germination and enzyme production relevant to laundry soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}