International Journal of Biomaterials最新文献

{"title":"Tribology of Coated 316L SS by Various Nanoparticles.","authors":"Dhiaa J Aldabagh, Thair L Alzubadi, Akram F Alhuwaizi","doi":"10.1155/2023/6676473","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/6676473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nanocoating of biomedical materials may be considered the most essential developing field recently, primarily directed at improving their tribological behaviors that enhance their performance and durability. In orthodontics, as in many medical fields, friction reduction (by nanocoatings) among different orthodontic components is considered a substantial milestone in the development of biomedical technology that reduces orthodontic treatment time. The objective of the current research was to explore the tribological behavior, namely, friction of nanocoated thin layer by tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and vanadium (V) manufactured using plasma sputtering at 1, 2, and 3 hours on substrates made of 316L stainless steel (SS), which is thought to be one of the most popular alloys for stainless steel orthodontic archwires. The friction of coated 316L SS archwires coated with Ta, Nb, and V plasma sputtering is hardly mentioned in the literature as of yet.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An oscillating pin-on-plate tribological test using a computerized tribometer was performed by applying a load of 1 N for 20 minutes under the dry condition at room temperature (25°C) to understand their role in the tribological behavior of the bulk material. Ta and Nb were found to reduce the friction of their SS substrate significantly (45 and 55%, respectively), while V was found to deteriorate the friction of its substrate. Moreover, sputtering time had no substantial role in the friction reduction of coatings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nanocoating of 316L SS bulk material by Nb and Ta with a 1-hour plasma sputtering time can enhance dramatically its tribological behavior. Higher coating hardness, smaller nanoparticle size, intermediate surface coating roughness, and lower surface binding energy of the coatings may play a vital role in friction reduction of the coated 316L SS corresponding to SS orthodontic archwires, predicting to enhance orthodontic treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2023 ","pages":"6676473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10465258/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10500918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Gum Tragacanth Composite Film Incorporated with Betel Leaf Extract as a Versatile Biomaterial for Wound Dressing.","authors":"Luong Ngoc Diem, Selorm Torgbo, Indranil Banerjee, Kunal Pal, Udomlak Sukatta, Prapassorn Rugthaworn, Prakit Sukyai","doi":"10.1155/2023/9630168","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/9630168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, nanocomposite film was fabricated using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as nanofiller in a polymer matrix of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gum tragacanth (GT) via solution casting. CNCs were extracted from sugarcane bagasse using a steam explosion technique followed by acid hydrolysis. Initial analysis of CNCs by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed nanosized particles of 104 nm in length and 7 nm in width. Physical and chemical characteristics of neat PVA, PVA/GT, and PVA/GT/CNC films with varying concentrations of CNCs (from 2% to 10%) were analyzed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, mechanical test, and swelling test. The SEM analysis showed cluster formation of CNCs in the polymer matrix at high concentration. The developed films were transparent. FTIR spectrometry analysis confirmed the chemical functional groups of the various components in the film. The presence of GT and CNCs in the polymer matrix improved the characteristics of films as evident in the prolonged stability for 7 days and increased mechanical properties. The highest elastic modulus of 1526.11 ± 31.86 MPa and tensile strength of 80.39 MPa were recorded in PVA/GT/CNC2 film. The swelling ability, however, decreased from 260% to 230%. Cytotoxicity analysis of the PVA/GT/CNC film showed that it is nontoxic to mouse fibroblast cells L929 with 95% cell viability. Films loaded with betel leaf extract exhibited excellent antibacterial activities against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> DMST 8840 and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> TISTR 781 with 28.20 ± 0.84 mm and 23.60 ± 0.55 mm inhibition zones, respectively. These results demonstrate that PVA/GT/CNC loaded with the betel leaf extract could act as promising and versatile wound dressings to protect the wound surface from infection and dehydration.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2023 ","pages":"9630168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10359141/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9918954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bond Strength of Reinforced Autopolymerized Acrylic Resin to Denture Base Resin","authors":"N. Aimjirakul, Chavinee Apimanchindakul, B. Mahardawi, Pheeradej Na Nan, Suwit Wimonchit, N. Wongsirichat","doi":"10.1155/2023/8898843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8898843","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of applying short E-glass fiber (SEG) and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UWPE) filler on the shear bond strength between the repaired surface of the rapid heat-cured and the reinforced autopolymerized acrylic resin. Fifty-six circular (15 × 3.3 mm2) rapid heat-cured resins were made and assigned equally to seven different groups. These were later bonded to fifty-six circular-reinforced autopolymerized acrylic resin specimens. Every test group included a control group, along with applying 1% and 2% SEG, 0.5% SEG/UWPE, 1% SEG/UWPE, and 1% and 2% UWPE. The universal testing machine was utilized to conduct the shear bond strength test. The repaired surface of these samples was assessed. Besides, the mode of failure was visualized under stereo microscope. The shear bond strength of all experimental groups was significantly higher than that of the control group. Group 3 with the addition of 1% SEG demonstrated the highest significance (12.86 MPa). The mode of failure for most of specimens was a mixed failure. Thus, it is indicated that enhancing the resin with 1% short E-glass fiber significantly improves the shear bond strength between repaired surface of the rapid heat-cured acrylic resin denture base and the reinforced autopolymerized acrylic resin.","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41693768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Coating of Orthodontic Archwires with Chlorhexidine Hexametaphosphate Nanoparticles.","authors":"Zahraa Mohammed Al-Fadhily, Mehdi Abdul-Hadi","doi":"10.1155/2023/9981603","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2023/9981603","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A solution of CHX-HMP nanoparticles with an overall concentration of 5 mM for both CHX and HMP was prepared, characterized (using atomic force microscope and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy), and used to coat orthodontic stainless steel (SSW) and NiTi archwires (NiTiW). The coated segments were characterized (using scanning electron microscopy SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and field emission SEM) and subjected to the elusion assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After having their composition validated, the average size of the CHX-HMP NPs was assessed to be 51.21 nm, and the analysis revealed that the particles had both chlorine and phosphorus. After 30 minutes in the coating solution, NPs deposited on the surface of the SSW and NiTiW. A continuous release of soluble CHX in artificial saliva was detected from both SSW and NiTiW as long as the experiment lasted for 28 days without reaching a plateau. However, the release from coated NiTiW was significantly more than coated SSW at 7, 14, and 28 days. While at day 21, the release from coated SSW was slightly greater than that from the coated NiTiW.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Orthodontic stainless steel and NiTi archwires can be successfully coated with CHX-HMP NPs and give sustained release of CHX along the examined period.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2023 ","pages":"9981603"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10033215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9197814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical Modelling with the Exact Solution of Three Different Bioheat Conduction Models of a Skin Tissue Shocked by Thermoelectrical Effect.","authors":"Eman A N Al-Lehaibi","doi":"10.1155/2023/3863773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3863773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research deals with the temperature increment and responsiveness of skin tissue to a continuous flow of surface heat induced by a constant-voltage electrical current. The exact analytical solution for the dual-phase-lag (DPL) of bioheat transfer has been obtained. It is used to confine the variables to a limited domain to solve the governing equations. The transition temperature reactions have been measured and investigated. The figures provide a comparison of the Pennes, Tzou models, and Vernotte-Cattaneo models. The numerical results demonstrate the values of the voltage, resistance, electric shock time, and dual-phase-lag time parameters which have significant influences on the distributions of the dynamic and conductive temperature rise through the skin tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2023 ","pages":"3863773"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10365921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9875176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whitening Effect of <i>Juglans regia</i> Dry Husk Extract on Primary and Permanent Teeth.","authors":"Ola Hameed Turki,&nbsp;Zainab Juma Jafar","doi":"10.1155/2023/1037661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1037661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Walnut is a common member of the family <i>Juglandaceae</i>. Recently, the evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the parts of walnut has received increased interest. Many reasons are responsible for teeth discolouration because teeth can absorb ingredients from tea, coffee, and food. Stains from these ingredients could stay in the porous enamel layer. Traditional whitening chemicals have some side effects, the most common of which is tooth sensitivity and mild or moderate gingival irritation. The aims of this comparative experimental study were to evaluate the whitening effect of <i>Juglans regia</i> dry husk extract and compare it with that of traditional prophylactic pumice. Forty human teeth were collected. Amongst these teeth, 20 were permanent, and the other 20 were primary. Each group was randomly divided into a study group (treated with dry husk extract) and a control group (treated with traditional pumice). Tooth colour was measured with Easy VitaShade Advanced 4.0, and the readings of lightness, chroma, and hue (<i>a</i>^<i>∗</i> represents the green to red axis and <i>b</i>^<i>∗</i> represents the blue to yellow axis) were documented for each tooth before and after polishing. A statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (version 22; Chicago, Illinois, USA). Data were analysed using Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon sum rank, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, and the level of significance was set to 0.05. A normality test was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and it showed that the colour variables were not normally distributed. With regard to tooth lightness, significant differences were observed in the primary and permanent teeth and <i>Juglans regia</i> exerted a much better whitening effect than pumice at <i>p</i> < 0.05. This study supports the use of <i>Juglans regia</i> dry husk extract in dentistry as a natural product with a whitening effect. It has utilisation potential in dentistry due to its beneficial properties and highly active components.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2023 ","pages":"1037661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10382244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9912582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Obtained from Insects in Pine Planting.","authors":"Yerlan Zhatkanbayev,&nbsp;Zhanna Zhatkanbayeva,&nbsp;Zhanar Iskakova,&nbsp;Ainagul Kolpek,&nbsp;Almas Serikov,&nbsp;Nazira Moldagulova,&nbsp;Gaziza Danlybayeva,&nbsp;Ainur Sarsenova,&nbsp;Sandugash Anuarbekova","doi":"10.1155/2023/8175405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8175405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agrogels, a hydrogel applied in the soil that collects water during irrigation or rainfall and distributes moisture to plant roots during drought, are a solution to water shortage concerns. Extending the release of low molecular weight chemicals has the potential to minimise mineral fertiliser losses as well as water and soil pollution. Thus, the aim of the research is to obtain chitosan from insect chitin, to synthesize a hydrogel based on chitosan with included mineral and organic fertilisers, and to report on experiments with agrogels in the field. In this study, chitosan was obtained from the adult beetles <i>Zophobas morio</i>. IR spectroscopy was used to examine chitosan. The existence of absorption lines typical of primary amines was demonstrated. In one step, a technique for the manufacture of chitosan-based hydrogels containing embedded mineral fertilisers was established. Hydrogel has a swelling coefficient of 60 g/g. Agrogels were evaluated while planting spruce seedlings on \"Semei Ormany\" LLP experimental locations. The survival rate of seedlings was found to be 40% higher in the experimental group than in the control group.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2023 ","pages":"8175405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10072961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9640137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Biological Properties of UHMWPE Biocomposite for Orthopedic Applications.","authors":"Tamara R Kadhim,&nbsp;Jawad K Oleiwi,&nbsp;Qahtan A Hamad","doi":"10.1155/2023/4219841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4219841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone plates are essential for bone fracture healing because they modify the biomechanical microenvironment at the fracture site to provide the necessary mechanical fixation for fracture fragments. The objective of this study was to determine cell availability, antibacterial activity, and wettability through a contact angle test. However, biocomposites that involve UHMWPE reinforced with n-HA and n-TiO₂ particles at different fractions (0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5%) and 5% from carbon and Kevlar fibers were fabricated by hot pressing technique. In vitro studies revealed good cell viability on the surface of the hybrid biocomposite even after 72 hr. The UHMEPE nanocomposite reinforced with carbon showed better cell attachment for fibroblasts than other UHMWPE nanocomposite materials reinforced with Kevlar fiber. The results of the contact angle measurements indicated that the incorporation of nanoparticles and the fiber reinforcement increased the wettability due to the hydrophilic character of nanobiocomposite, and also (UHMWPE-4.5% wt. TiO₂-CF) biocomposite was the best wettability (∼48% as compared to neat UHMWPE). Antibacterial experiments involving Gram-positive bacteria, <i>Staphylococcus aureus,</i> confirm excellent bactericidal property for (UHMWPE-4.5% wt. TiO₂-CF) biocomposite. Thermal analysis of the produced nanocomposites revealed that they had higher melting and crystallinity temperatures than pure UHMWPE.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2023 ","pages":"4219841"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9851776/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10581275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrogel-Based Hyaluronic Acid-Chitosan-<i>Allium sativum</i> Extract for Intraperitoneal Antiadhesion Application.","authors":"Prihartini Widiyanti,&nbsp;Yolanda Citra Ayu Priskawati","doi":"10.1155/2023/5172391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5172391","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peritoneal Adhesion is a severe case that frequently occurs in patients after laparotomy surgery. Adhesions are pathological attachment that usually appears between the omentum, intestine, and abdominal wall. Several barriers are made to prevent adhesions, including liquid barriers such as sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) but are fast absorbed-time hydrogel. The solid barrier has weakness of difficulty in covering all parts of the wound surface. The study aims to synthesize degradable hydrogel from N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan (NOCC), Aldehyde-Hyaluronic Acid, and the addition of <i>Allium sativum</i> (garlic oil). The best sample with the concentration of A-HA/NOCC 30 : 10 g/ml was obtained. The composite hydrogel of NOCC/AHA/<i>Allium sativum</i> has susceptible antimicrobial properties. <i>In vitro</i> cytotoxicity assay showed that hydrogel is nontoxic. The degradation time is for two weeks. The in vivo evaluation in a mouse model with an abrasion defect side was done to identify the effectiveness of the NOCC/AHA/<i>A. sativum</i> as antiperitoneal adhesion. Seven days after surgery, the observation of adhesion was performed. Based on all assay results, it can be resumed that the NOCC/AHA/<i>A. sativum</i> hydrogel possibly acts as an innovation to prevent postoperative intraperitoneal adhesion.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2023 ","pages":"5172391"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10005870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9470551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Bulletproof Vests Made from COPEFB Fiber: Implications on Mechanical, Electrical, and Physical Resistance.","authors":"Siti Nikmatin,&nbsp;Irmansyah Irmansyah,&nbsp;Endah Kinarya Palupi,&nbsp;Rofiqul Umam","doi":"10.1155/2023/9475956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9475956","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research aims to examine the characteristics of bulletproof vests from corncob oil palm empty fruit bunch (COPEFB) biocomposite, where mechanical, electrical, and physical resistance tests have been successfully conducted. The variations in the diameter of the twisted thread used to make the basic material for bulletproof vests include 1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm, and 10 mm, which were tested for their mechanical, electrical, and physical properties. To identify which biocomposite is good at damping bullets, an impact and a firing test were carried out to determine the kinetic energy and the depth of the bullet, respectively. The results showed that the impact value improved with an increase in the diameter of the twisted yarn used. The largest and the lowest impact values were 1.157 kJ and 0.277 kJ on the epoxy sample with a twisted thread diameter of 10 mm and 1 mm, respectively. It was also discovered that the biocomposite samples made from 6 mm to 10 mm twisted threads were the best samples, impermeable to bullets. This was due to the excess natural fiber content which improved the flexibility and absorption of kinetic energy from the high rate of projectile bullets. According to the results of the firing test, some samples are translucent, while others cannot be penetrated by bullet projectiles. The projectile went inside, and the composite was damaged. All the high filler loading samples were translucent to bullets, while some of the low loading samples were translucent and impermeable to bullets. Based on these results, biocomposite samples made of 6 mm and 10 mm twisted yarn are the best samples that are impermeable to bullets.</p>","PeriodicalId":13704,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biomaterials","volume":"2023 ","pages":"9475956"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10247317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9609829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}