IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

{"title":"Nondestructive Ultrasound Molecular Imaging With Higher Order Singular Value Decomposition","authors":"Gonzalo Collado-Lara;Geraldi Wahyulaksana;Hendrik J. Vos;Klazina Kooiman","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3578895","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3578895","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound molecular imaging (UMI) uses targeted microbubbles (MBs) to detect disease-associated biomarkers. For UMI, distinguishing the acoustic signals produced by bound MBs from those by free MBs and tissue is critical. Currently, the main approach, known as differential targeted enhancement (DTE), is time-intensive and requires MB destruction. Here, we introduce a novel, rapid, and nondestructive UMI technique utilizing higher order singular value decomposition (HOSVD). HOSVD decomposes the signals of an acoustic contrast sequence, separating them owing to their nonlinear content and temporal coherence. The nonlinear separation enables distinction between tissue and MBs, while the temporal separation enables distinction between free and bound MBs. From the HOSVD output, we defined a bound MB indicator <inline-formula> <tex-math>$chi $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, which indicates the presence of bound MBs. In our in vitro experiments, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$chi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> was lower for free MBs and tissue (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.04~pm ~0.03$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) compared to bound MBs (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.31~pm ~0.11$ </tex-math></inline-formula> without free MBs, decreasing with concentration down to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.11~pm ~0.07$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$20times 10^{{3}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> free MBs/mL). In addition, the molecular signal determined from <inline-formula> <tex-math>$chi $ </tex-math></inline-formula> correlated well with a DTE ground truth acquisition. The method was compared to other nondestructive techniques such as low-pass filtering and normalized singular spectrum area, demonstrating an average molecular signal enhancement of 12 dB. Furthermore, when used as a binary classifier, our method achieved a detection of up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.81times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> more true positives while reducing false positives by up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.78times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. These findings suggest that HOSVD could pave the way to rapid, nondestructive UMI.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 8","pages":"1095-1107"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11030728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Image Quality Metrics to Optimize the Design of Integrated Medical Ultrasound ADCs","authors":"Nikola Radeljic-Jakic;Adriaan J. Flikweert;Nuriel N. M. Rozsa;Hendrik J. Vos;Michiel A. P. Pertijs","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3577258","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3577258","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging handheld and wearable ultrasound devices enable diagnosis and long-term monitoring outside clinical settings. They require a low-power, highly complex, locally integrated system to process the RF data. The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a critical building block in the receive chain of these systems as it enables digital beamforming and image reconstruction. However, the ADCs currently used in cart-based imaging systems are bulky and consume too much power to be integrated into battery-powered devices. This article investigates how the area and power consumption of the commonly used successive approximation register (SAR) ADC can be reduced without negatively affecting B-mode and color-Doppler image quality. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation study was performed in which RF data acquired with a phased-array transducer in Field II were digitized using a model of a nonideal ADC. Five different nonidealities were applied to four commonly used SAR-ADC architectures. B-mode and color-Doppler images were reconstructed from the digitized RF data. The impact of the nonidealities on the image quality was evaluated by means of three image quality metrics (IQM): peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The effectiveness of error correction and ways of calibration are also discussed. The results show that both B-mode imaging and color-Doppler imaging are inherently resilient to nonidealities, particularly capacitor mismatch, leading to relaxed ADC requirements and paving the way for more practical in-probe digitization.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 8","pages":"1065-1078"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144247684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Resolution Ultrasound Molecular Imaging with Incremental Burst Sequence: in vitro and in vivo validation.","authors":"Yi Huang, Feifei Zhao, Yanjun Xie, F William Mauldin, Alexander L Klibanov, John A Hossack","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3576337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3576337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) enables super-resolution ultrasound (SRUS) imaging of microvasculature, while ultrasound molecular imaging (USMI) characterizes molecular signatures using microbubbles (MBs) targeted to specific biomarkers. Although the co-localization of SRUS and USMI has been demonstrated previously, USMI resolution is limited by ultrasound diffraction-based effects and does not match the super-resolved microvasculature. This study introduces the Incremental Burst Sequence (IBS) method to induce the population of polydisperse targeted MBs to burst progressively, achieving MBs spatial separation and enabling high-resolution USMI (HR-USMI) localization. IBS method employs interleaved imaging and bursting pulses, with transmit voltages of bursting pulses incrementally increased to produce a gradual rise in the acoustic pressure. IBS is first validated optically in vitro using a cellulose tubing phantom, and MB remaining count during IBS is measured. Thereafter, in vivo validation is performed in a murine tumor model, and the intra-tumoral targeted MB signal intensity is measured during IBS. Furthermore, high frame-rate data for SRUS and IBS data for HR-USMI are acquired from a single bolus injection of MBs to generate composite images with high-resolution molecular signatures superimposed on the tumor microvasculature. Both in vitro and in vivo results validate the technical feasibility of the proposed IBS method. In addition, we demonstrate that higher bursting pulse repetitions lead to a faster disruption of the MB population during IBS. Finally, HR-USMI signals localized within a 50 μm × 50 μm grid are aligned with microvessels resolved better than 100 μm, presenting a combination of molecular signatures and anatomical structures at fine resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144225357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing 3-D Radio Frequency Data in Quantitative Acoustic Microscopy Using Quantum-Driven Prior at 250 MHz and 500 MHz","authors":"Sayantan Dutta;Jonathan Mamou","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3576239","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3576239","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative acoustic microscopy (QAM) uses ultrahigh-frequency ultrasound (>200 MHz) to create 2-D maps of acoustic and mechanical properties of tissue at microscopic resolutions (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$lt 8 ~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m). Despite significant advancements in QAM, the spatial resolution of current systems, operating at 250 and 500 MHz, may remain insufficient for certain biomedical applications. However, developing a QAM system with finer resolution by using higher-frequency transducers is costly and necessitates skilled operators, and these systems are more sensitive to the outside environment (e.g., vibrations and temperature). This study extends a resolution enhancement framework by proposing a generalized 3-D approach for processing QAM radio frequency (RF) data. The framework utilizes a quantum-based adaptive denoiser, DeQuIP, implemented as a regularization-prior (RED-prior) to enhance QAM maps. Key contributions include temporal hyperparameter optimization, accelerated algorithm integration, and application of quantum interaction theory. DeQuIP employs quantum wave functions, derived from the acquired data, as adaptive transformations that function as an RED-prior. This enables the framework to generate a temporally tailored regularization functional, allowing accurate modeling of complex physical phenomena in ultrasound propagation and providing a significant advantage over traditional regularizations in QAM imaging. The effectiveness of the proposed framework in enhancing resolution is demonstrated through both qualitative and quantitative analyses of experimental 2-D parameter maps obtained from 250- and 500-MHz QAM systems, alongside comparisons with a standard framework. Our framework demonstrates superior performance in recovering fine and subtle details, enhancing the spatial resolution of QAM maps by 38.2%–39.5%, surpassing the state-of-the-art framework, which achieved only 13.4%–26.1% improvement, and shows notable visual improvements in spatial details when compared to histology images.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 8","pages":"1119-1133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microvascular Ultrasound Imaging in the Neonatal Brain: From Advanced Doppler to Super-Resolution","authors":"Laura May Davis;David Q. Le;Santiago Martinez-Correa;Misun Hwang","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3573143","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3573143","url":null,"abstract":"In imaging the neonatal brain, overcoming the diffraction limit of conventional ultrasound is required to achieve images of sufficient spatial resolution. Super-resolution imaging uses ultrasound localization microscopy to image inert microbubble contrast at high frame rates, allowing exquisite detail and flow information on intracranial vessels. While currently more common in research settings, super-resolution imaging is beginning to see selective clinical use. In contrast, advanced Doppler techniques, which do not require contrast, offer flow imaging far better than that of conventional Doppler and are readily available in the clinical setting. We discuss the pros and cons of both modalities and the promising applications of both in the clinical setting with a series of case examples.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 7","pages":"879-888"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Figure-of-Merit 36Y-Cut LiNbO3 Lamb Wave Resonators With Dissipation Loss Optimization","authors":"Yushuai Liu;Xuankai Xu;Jiawei Li;Tao Wu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3575500","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3575500","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we present the development of high figure-of-merit (FOM) symmetric Lamb wave (S0) mode resonators using 36Y-cut single-crystal lithium niobate (LiNbO3) thin films. This study enhances the quality factor (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${Q}_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) through optimization of anchor dimensions and in-plane rotated angle (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>). A periodic relationship between <inline-formula> <tex-math>${Q}_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> was observed, which is attributed to the anisotropic viscosity coefficient (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ eta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of the S0 mode in 36Y-cut LiNbO3. A method of acoustic delay lines (ADLs) for evaluating <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ eta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> related to the anisotropic intrinsic loss mechanism is proposed on this platform. In this method, the experimental results indicate an inverse correlation between <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ eta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$ {Q}_{s} $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Notably, our findings explicitly demonstrate that the condition for minimal acoustic loss does not universally correspond to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$text {PFA}=0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, emphasizing the necessity of a quantitative <inline-formula> <tex-math>$eta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> analysis. Our optimized resonator exhibits an electromechanical coupling coefficient (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}_{t}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) of 12.3% and a significant <inline-formula> <tex-math>${Q}_{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 2273 at 323.6 MHz, resulting in an FOM of approximately 280. The reported platform can potentially deliver high-performance radio frequency (RF) applications.Index Terms— Acoustic propagating angle, high figure-of-merit (FOM), lamb wave resonators, lithium niobate.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 8","pages":"1021-1028"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Film-based Cell Culture Device and In Vitro Setup for Ultrasound Modulation.","authors":"Lok Yin Nicholas Chan, Sarina Grewal, Shusei Kawara, Jiho Kim, James J Choi, Sophie V Morse","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3569498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3569498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conventional ultrasound in vitro systems, such as petri dishes and well plates often introduce acoustic reflections and pressure accumulation, compromising the reliability and reproducibility of experimental results. Custom sonication vessels and setups, while addressing some of these issues, often involve complicated assembly processes and can be compatible only with specific experimental setups. To address these limitations, we developed an easy-to-use 3D-printed device that utilizes parafilm on the top and bottom, enabling the device chamber to be optimized for quick assembly, contamination prevention and ultrasound wave propagation. Pressure field mapping with a needle-hydrophone confirmed a predictable ultrasound pressure distribution within the device. In addition to parafilm, Mylar and polystyrene films were tested showing minimal interference when measuring the pressure field. Rat-derived primary astrocytes and microglial cells, as well as immortalized human embryonic kidney-derived HEK293t cells, were cultured directly onto pre-coated Mylar films, which exhibit superior optical and acoustic transparency. These cell types were selected due to their wide range of potential applications, especially in the emerging field of ultrasound modulation and sonogenetics. Cell viability was assessed using trypan blue exclusion and the results demonstrate the feasibility of seeding cells onto Mylar film. The device maintained sterility with no leakage, confirming its efficacy and reliability for cell culture experiments. This novel 3D-printed device provides more control over the ultrasound parameters delivered to cells. Its adaptable design supports flexible modifications, allowing researchers to tailor it to specific experimental needs, thereby improving the accuracy and reproducibility of in vitro ultrasound modulation studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-responsive mammalian cell synthetic biology.","authors":"Filip Ivanovski, Vid Jazbec, Nina Varda, Roman Jerala, Mojca Beneina","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3570813","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3570813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sonogenetics is developing into a powerful tool in synthetic biology. The coupling of ultrasound with genetically engineered effectors enables non-invasive and precise control of cellular and molecular processes. Building on established techniques such as optogenetics, it overcomes the limits of tissue penetration and invasiveness, making it a promising tool for both research and therapeutic applications. Recent advances in acoustic contrast agents, such as microbubbles and gas vesicles, have improved the mechanical effects of ultrasound on cells, extending its application to various biological systems. This review highlights recent advances and challenges, such as standardization of parameters and understanding of underlying mechanisms, and outlines future directions for ultrasound-guided cellular control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144077788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Layer-Wise Speed-of-Sound Estimation and Beamforming of Segmented Media","authors":"Pat De la Torre;Di Xiao;Alfred C. H. Yu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3565273","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3565273","url":null,"abstract":"Speed-of-sound (SoS) is a fundamental acoustic property of tissues that is essential for ultrasound image beamforming. The SoS can also act as a quantitative biomarker for pathology in tissue. Typically, the beamforming SoS is assumed to be 1540 m/s for human imaging, but it may be imprecise for imaging scenarios with inhomogeneous tissue. In this work, we present a novel framework for multilayer SoS estimation and propose a SoS-aware (SoSA) beamformer to realize high-quality ultrasound imaging. Our framework consists of three core steps: segmentation of the media layers, sequential estimation of each layer’s SoS assuming intra-layer homogeneity, and SoSA beamforming based on the estimated SoS map. We validated our algorithm in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo in comparison to through-transmission SoS measurements. Across 126 stacked agar phantom experiments (pairwise combinations of six staircase phantoms with different SoS values), the average SoS estimation error of our framework was 4.9 m/s over the top layers and 1.6 m/s over the bottom layers. In nine stacked bovine and porcine sample experiments, we achieved an average error of 2.7 m/s with an improved point target lateral resolution of 32.5% compared to conventional beamforming with a nominal SoS of 1540 m/s. When indirectly evaluated over five human calves, our algorithm achieved a mean error of 7.9 m/s for the average calf SoS. Also, in human quadriceps imaging scenarios, our proposed framework showed image quality enhancements with improved visibility of the fascicle structure. Overall, our new technique improves ultrasound image resolution and allows more accurate SoS estimates to be derived for tissue health diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 6","pages":"732-743"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10980109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143965397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of High-Order Modes in Resonators Based on Aperiodically Poled Piezoelectric Film Stacks","authors":"Natalya F. Naumenko","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3565505","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3565505","url":null,"abstract":"Aperiodically poled piezoelectric film (APPF) stacks have recently been proposed as an extension of periodically poled piezoelectric film (P3F) structures, a promising platform for the expansion of radio frequency (RF) filters into centimeter- and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands. Variations in the thicknesses between the layers of the APPF stacks enable the generation of higher order modes typically absent in P3F structures and provide additional options for the design of high-frequency filters. In this study, a simple model is proposed to optimize the thickness ratio in a three-layered structure for the generation or suppression of any mode. Its validity was confirmed by the rigorously simulated admittance functions of the resonators based on optimal structures and comparison with experimental data. The coupling coefficients of modes A1–A11 laterally excited in the 128°YX LN-based three-layered stacks were calculated as functions of the continuously varying thickness ratios. These dependencies can be used for the selection of APPF stacks with simultaneous enhancement of the primary mode and suppression of the undesired modes. In the analyzed lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) plates of thickness 600 nm, the electromechanical coupling coefficients of the modes A5 and A7 generated at the frequencies 14.6 and 20.4 GHz increased from 2.4% to 17% and from 1.2% to 9.9%, respectively, when the inverted middle layer of the optimal thickness was introduced, whereas the nearest modes were suppressed. The appearance of spurious symmetric modes in the previously reported experimental P3F structures was explained, and the geometry of the stacks required to avoid these spurious modes is described.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 7","pages":"987-995"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}