IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control最新文献

{"title":"High-Overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonators and Comb Filters Using Epitaxial ε-Ga₂O₃ Films on 4H-SiC","authors":"Yuping Fu;Yujia Tu;Tiecheng Luo;Zhipeng Zhang;Chenhong Huang;Junmin Zhou;Xinbo Zou;Zimin Chen;Yanli Pei;Gang Wang;Xing Lu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3594846","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3594846","url":null,"abstract":"This work demonstrates novel high-overtone bulk acoustic resonators (HBARs) with only top electrodes using an epitaxial ε-Ga2O3 piezoelectric film grown on conductive 4H-SiC substrates. The device exhibits a broad frequency response spanning 1–8 GHz, with a free spectral range (FSR) of 18.6 MHz between adjacent modes. Key performance metrics include an f⋅Q product exceeding <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.2times 10^{{14}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Hz at 70 K and over <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.5times 10^{{13}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> Hz at 300 K, along with excellent temperature stability characterized by a low temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) of −15.46 ppm/°C. The acoustic parameters of ε-Ga2O3 are extracted, including a density of 5001.7 kg/m3, an elastic constant <inline-formula> <tex-math>${ C}_{{33}}^{D} $ </tex-math></inline-formula> of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.82times 10^{{11}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> N/m2, a longitudinal acoustic wave velocity of 7596 m/s, and an intrinsic electromechanical coupling coefficient <inline-formula> <tex-math>${k}_{t}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 7.9%. Evaluation of the theoretical f⋅Q limit and acoustic impedance mismatch reveals substantial potential for further performance enhancement. In addition, a comb filter was demonstrated by laterally coupling two ε-Ga2O3 HBARs, achieving over 275 equidistant passbands across an over 5 GHz bandwidth. These results highlight the promise of ε-Ga2O3-based HBARs for advanced radio frequency (RF) applications. Leveraging its excellent piezoelectric and electronic properties, ε-Ga2O3 enables monolithic integration of acoustic devices with on-chip electronics, paving the way for compact, high-performance RF systems.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1312-1322"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144764862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Single SAWR Sensor System to Monitor Both Dynamic Strain and Temperature","authors":"Shane Winters;Mauricio Pereira da Cunha","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3593192","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3593192","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic strain and temperature are critical physical quantities to be monitored in industrial environments to assure safe operational conditions and to diagnose for required maintenance. Dynamic strain and temperature feedback signals are particularly important for equipment and structural health monitoring (SHM) applications in aerospace, automotive, power generation, and advanced manufacturing. Challenges presented by dynamic strain sensing include sensor adhesion, packaging, stability, and temperature cross-sensitivity. Surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR) sensors have demonstrated the ability to function under a variety of industrial/harsh environmental conditions for monitoring quantities, such as temperature, strain, vibration, gases, and neutron flux. SAWR sensors have the added benefits of being compact in size and capable of wireless and battery-free operation. In further exploring the versatility of SAWR devices and sensors, this article reports on the utilization of a single SAWR device that can simultaneously measure temperature and dynamic strain using a power spectral technique. Since the SAWR sensitivity to dynamic strain is also dependent on temperature, using the inherent temperature sensing capability of the SAWR itself offers an excellent method for selecting the appropriate strain sensor calibration curve. Once the temperature is known and the appropriate strain calibration curve is selected, real-time tracking of the strain magnitude can then be obtained from the relative amplitude of the SAWR dynamic strain spectral components to the main resonant peak. To demonstrate this method, SAWRs were initially calibrated for temperature and dynamic strain from room temperature (RT) to 190 °C and subjected to 500 Hz dynamic strain test signals ranging from 11 to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$26~mu varepsilon $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. The accuracy of the SAWR-measured temperature remains within 2 °C of a reference thermocouple for temperatures greater than 100 °C, resulting in an overall strain discrepancy of less than 4% when compared to a commercial strain gauge.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1293-1301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144730143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3590527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3590527","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 8","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11098482","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Soft Encapsulation on the Receive Performance of PMUTs for Implantable Devices","authors":"Andrada I. Velea;Raphael Panskus;Benedikt Szabo;Vera A.-L. Oppelt;Lukas Holzapfel;Cyril B. Karuthedath;Abhilash T. Sebastian;Thomas Stieglitz;Alessandro S. Savoia;Vasiliki Giagka","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3592740","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3592740","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound (US) is a promising modality for wirelessly powering implantable devices, requiring encapsulated receivers to ensure long-term stability. Traditional hermetic packaging often limits acoustic transmission, making polymer-based encapsulation a more suitable alternative. This study investigates how implant-grade polymers, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), parylene-C, and medical-grade silicones (MED-1000 and MED2-4213), affect the receive performance of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs). Simulations and measurements between 1 and 7 MHz show that all tested materials exhibit transmission coefficients above 94% at nanometer- and micrometer-scale thicknesses, confirming their acoustic transparency. The results show that although coated PMUTs are acoustically well matched with the surrounding water medium, the added mechanical load of the coating can hinder membrane motion and reduce the energy transferred to the PMUTs. Modeling and experimental data demonstrate that stiffer coatings, such as parylene-C, lead to a reduced sensitivity when similar thicknesses are used. Likewise, residual stress in materials like MED-1000 can also degrade the performance. These effects are not evident from acoustic transmission measurements alone, underscoring the need to assess both acoustic and mechanical properties when selecting encapsulation materials. In general, softer materials offer excellent acoustic performance for PMUT encapsulation, while stiffer materials must be applied in thinner layers to avoid impairing PMUT function.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1282-1292"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep-Learning-Driven High Spatial Resolution Attenuation Imaging for Ultrasound Tomography (AI-UT)","authors":"Mingrui Liu;Zhengchang Kou;James W. Wiskin;Gregory J. Czarnota;Michael L. Oelze","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3592578","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3592578","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic attenuation can be used to characterize tissue properties of the human breast. Both quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and ultrasound tomography (USCT) can provide attenuation estimation. However, limitations have been identified for both approaches. In QUS, the generation of attenuation maps involves separating the whole image into different data blocks. The optimal size of the data block is around 15–30 pulse lengths, which dramatically decreases the spatial resolution for attenuation imaging. In USCT, the attenuation is often estimated with a full wave inversion (FWI) method, which is affected by background noise. To achieve a high-resolution attenuation image with low variance, a deep learning (DL)-based method was proposed. In the approach, RF data from 60 angle views from the QTI Breast Acoustic CT (BACT) scanner were acquired as the input and attenuation images as the output. To improve image quality for the DL method, the spatial correlation between speed of sound (SOS) and attenuation were used as a constraint in the model. The results indicated that by including the SOS structural information, the performance of the model was improved. With a higher spatial resolution attenuation image, further segmentation of the breast can be achieved. The structural information and actual attenuation values provided by DL-generated attenuation images were validated with the values from the literature and the SOS-based segmentation map. The information provided by DL-generated attenuation images can be used as an additional biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1173-1186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11095819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144707347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Compact 2-D Matrix Array Comprised of Hexagonal Transducer Elements for Fast Volumetric Ultrasound Imaging","authors":"Hugues Favre;Merijn Berendsen;Rick Waasdorp;David Maresca","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3591315","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3591315","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in 4-D ultrasound imaging open new perspectives in biomedical research by reducing the long-standing challenge of operator dependency. Extensive research efforts are focused on developing next generation of 2-D transducer arrays for 4-D imaging. Here, we present a compact 2-D array design based on hexagonal-shaped transducer elements. We demonstrate that 2-D hexagonal arrays provide an optimal compact sampling, resulting in lower grating lobe levels and an improved imaging quality compared to conventional square-shaped transducer element arrays. A prototype array made of hexagonal transducer elements is presented, and its characterization is provided, demonstrating its imaging capabilities.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1272-1281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11087650","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144682554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Singular Value Decomposition-Based Hyperecho Suppression for Diagnostic Power Doppler Ultrasound Image Processing","authors":"Yongchao Wang;Yang Liu;Xingzhao Liu;Ye Zhang;Weicheng Li;Yaokun He;Jianbo Tang","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3590025","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3590025","url":null,"abstract":"The power Doppler (PD) ultrasound imaging provides high-quality, noninvasive visualization of blood flow and has the potential to be used for circulation screening. However, its application in human arterial imaging remains challenging due to the presence of complex hyperechoic moving structures (HMSs). In this study, we propose an adaptive singular value decomposition (SVD) filtering strategy for HMS suppression. The proposed method used a k-means clustering algorithm directly on prebeamformed IQ data to segment HMS and non-HMS regions, followed by an adaptive SVD filtering strategy tailored to each tissue type. Compared to the existing SVD filtering methods, the proposed approach can effectively suppress the HMS artifacts. In addition, the human carotid artery imaging experiments demonstrate significant improvement in HMS suppression throughout cardiac cycles and across various imaging locations. With such capability, we believe that the proposed strategy will be a useful tool in applying PD for the 3-D imaging of human blood vessels.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1213-1221"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extending the Transmit and Receive Bandwidths of Dual-Frequency Transducers Toward Clinical Acoustic Angiography: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies","authors":"Kathlyne Jayne B. Bautista;Emmanuel Cherin;Jianhua Yin;Elvira C. Vazquez Avila;F. Stuart Foster;Christine E. M. Demore;Paul A. Dayton","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586556","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586556","url":null,"abstract":"The acoustic angiography leverages the superharmonic response of microbubbles against linear tissue to generate 3-D maps of microvasculature. This contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging approach uses dual-frequency (DF) transducers that transmit at frequencies less than 5 MHz and receive at frequencies three times or greater than the fundamental frequency to selectively detect microbubble signals. Previous iterations of the hardware were designed mainly to image preclinical models. In pilot clinical imaging studies, these transducers suffered from poor microbubble sensitivity and shallow imaging depths. Here, we investigate multiple DF transducers operating at varying transmit frequencies less than 2 MHz and center receive frequencies ranging from 7 to 18 MHz designed for deeper imaging and greater bubble sensitivity than earlier generation devices. We assess the superharmonic imaging (SpHI) performance of these transducers in vitro and in vivo by characterizing contrast sensitivity and resolution. We demonstrate improvements in sensitivity at lower transmit (<1 MHz) and receive (<10 MHz) frequencies, measuring contrast signal enhancement up to 31.8 dB. At these lower frequencies, we also achieve imaging depths up to 50–55 mm—the deepest application of acoustic angiography to date. These advances in imaging sensitivity and depth address the primary barriers to the clinical translation of acoustic angiography.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1222-1234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Volume Acquisition Rate Nonlinear Imaging Enables Robust 3-D Ultrasound Localization Microscopy","authors":"YiRang Shin;Bing-Ze Lin;Matthew R. Lowerison;Qi You;Pengfei Song","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3589815","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3589815","url":null,"abstract":"3-D ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) enables comprehensive mapping of microvascular networks by providing micrometer-scale spatial resolution while avoiding projection errors inherent to 2-D ULM imaging. Current 3-D ULM techniques are based on linear pulse sequences combined with spatiotemporal filtering to distinguish microbubble flow from tissue signals. However, singular-value decomposition (SVD)-based filtering demonstrates poor performance in highly mobile organs, suppressing small vessels with slow blood flow along with tissue signals. While imaging based on nonlinear multipulse sequences can isolate microbubble signals regardless of tissue motion, achieving the high-volume acquisition rates required for 3-D ULM remains technically challenging. Here, we present Fast3D-amplitude modulation (AM) imaging, a 3-D nonlinear imaging sequence that achieves a high-volume acquisition rate (225 Hz) using a single 256-channel ultrasound system with a multiplexed 2-D matrix array. We also introduce a motion rejection algorithm that leverages localized microbubble positions to reject respiratory-induced motion artifacts. Fast3D-AM imaging achieved a superior contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) than Fast3D, exhibiting a 6.66-dB improvement in phantom studies. In an in vivo rat study, Fast3D-AM demonstrated higher CTR across all SVD cutoffs compared to Fast3D and preserved both major and microvascular structures in whole-organ kidney imaging.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1199-1212"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11082392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Off-Grid Ultrasound Imaging by Stochastic Optimization","authors":"Vincent van de Schaft;Oisín Nolan;Ruud J. G. van Sloun","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586377","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3586377","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound images formed by delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming are plagued by artifacts that only clear up after compounding many transmissions. One promising way to mitigate this is posing imaging as an inverse problem. Inverse problem-based imaging approaches can yield high image quality with few transmits, but existing methods require a very fine image grid and are not robust to changes in measurement model parameters. We present inverse grid-free estimation of reflectivities (INFER), an off-grid and stochastic algorithm that finds a solution to the inverse scattering problem in ultrasound imaging. Our method jointly optimizes for the locations of the gridpoints, their reflectivities, and the speed of sound. This approach allows us to use fewer gridpoints than existing methods. At the same time, it obtains <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$3times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> higher far-field lateral resolution and 6%–68% higher generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR) on in vivo data, and it is robust to speed of sound changes of up to ±100 m/s. The use of stochastic optimization enables solving for multiple transmissions simultaneously without increasing the required memory or computational load per iteration. We show that our method works on both phantom and in vivo data and compares favorably against existing beamforming methods. The source code and the dataset to reproduce the results in this article are available at <monospace>ww.w.github.com/vincentvdschaft/off-grid-ultrasound</monospace>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 9","pages":"1245-1255"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}