Rachel Stoakes, Roger Domingo-Roca, Andrew Feeney, James F C Windmill
{"title":"An Acoustic Isolator-Type Metamaterial for Ultrasound Attenuation at MHz Frequencies.","authors":"Rachel Stoakes, Roger Domingo-Roca, Andrew Feeney, James F C Windmill","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3618617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3618617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) offer significant promise for ultrasound probe backing layers due to their capacity to enhance acoustic energy dissipation through tailored sub-wavelength structures. However, practical implementation remains challenging due to difficulties in reliably reproducing the micron-scale features required for MHz-frequency operation, and the lack of quality assurance processes linking design intent to fabricated performance. This work presents the evaluation of a 3D-printed acoustic isolator-type metamaterial (AI-MM) backing designed for MHz operation using a custom aluminum oxide resin. Directional transmission intensity measurements revealed frequency-dependent asymmetry in forward and backward wave propagation (in both experiments and simulations), consistent with passive acoustic isolator behavior. X-ray micro-CT imaging of AI-MM samples revealed dimensional deviations, apex rounding, and local density variation. Attenuation spectra showed that AI-MM backings consistently outperformed homogeneous controls in both simulation and experiment, with frequency-dependent trends indicating enhanced scattering and viscous losses. A local attenuation peak near 2.6 MHz was within the operational range estimated from the measured geometry (2.22-2.94 MHz), underscoring the importance of linking performance to real-world fabrication. These findings support the potential of AI-MMs as tunable passive components in ultrasound systems and highlight the need for integrated design, fabrication, and validation workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145244520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Miniature Photoacoustic Sensing System with Advanced PMUT and VCSEL Devices.","authors":"Yexing Fang, Aocheng Bao, Zihao Shi, Jinghan Gan, Bowen Sheng, Haixia Zhang, Yipeng Lu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3616398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3616398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a high-fill-factor piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) array fabricated via the cavity silicon-on-insulator (CSOI) process. The center frequency of the PMUT is 4.89 MHz in air and 3.5 MHz in a gel-type couplant, along with a -6 dB photoacoustic (PA) bandwidth of 146%. A miniaturized PA sensing system (4.6 mm × 2.0 mm × 5.2 mm) was developed by integrating the PMUT with a compact vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). Simulation results reveal critical parameters for optimizing a PA system. The increase in laser excitation energy correspondingly improves the efficiency of PA signal generation, and spatial non-uniformity in optical energy distribution requires algorithmic compensation to prevent signal distortion. The small footprint of the PMUT minimizes phase differences, enabling distortion-free signal detection at close range, while its broad bandwidth ensures high-fidelity signal capture at an optimized center frequency. Guided by these findings, the VCSEL parameters were optimized to a 28 ns pulse width and an average output power of 63.6 μW. Comprehensive characterization, including electrical impedance, acoustic response, and PA bandwidth tests, demonstrated the consistency of the PMUT fabrication process, broadband capability and superiority of the PMUT in close-range sensing. Phantom-based testing showed that the system can acquire multi-depth phantom signals, and the cylindrical wave radiation analysis further highlighted the critical role of laser-PMUT spacing in maintaining signal integrity. This feasibility study validates the compact system as a promising platform for portable PA devices under ideal phantom and ex vivo conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3611210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3611210","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 10","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11184316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cross amplitude modulation imaging: theory and basic principles.","authors":"Hugues Favre, David Maresca","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3614145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3614145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The introduction of genetically encoded gas vesicles (GVs), protein nanostructures with the ability to scatter sound, has created the possibility for deep tissue cellular imaging. GVs establish a platform for biomolecular engineering and were successfully repurposed into acoustic reporter genes and acoustic biosensors. Alongside molecular engineering developments, a method called cross amplitude modulation (xAM) has emerged as the gold standard for non-destructive ultrasound imaging of GVs thanks to its sensitivity and specificity in living biological tissues. Here, we present latest xAM theory and imaging principles. Specifically, we report 1) analytical expressions for the X-wave beam width and primary-to-secondary lobes distance; 2) experimental observations of nondiffractive xAM beams; 3) a method to modulate the secondary lobe level of xAM beams; 4) a demonstration of the incoherent nature of the xAM image noise that can be leverage to increase sensitivity through frame averaging, 5) a beamforming formalism to enhance xAM contrast-to-noise ratio without reducing framerate. Ultimately, the rise of the field of Biomolecular Ultrasound will rest on the co-development of genetically encoded probes and dedicated imaging methods such as xAM and its 3D extension, nonlinear sound-sheet microscopy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Nasir Ullah, Muhammad Waqar, Yuseung Park, Gyeong Beom Kim, Kyungseok Choi, Seungjoo Jang, Chanyoung Kim, Qifa Zhou, Hojong Choi, Jung-Yeol Yeom
{"title":"Development of An Integrated Gamma-Ultrasound (γ-US) Probe Detector and Multiplexed Readout for Simultaneous γ-US Detection.","authors":"Muhammad Nasir Ullah, Muhammad Waqar, Yuseung Park, Gyeong Beom Kim, Kyungseok Choi, Seungjoo Jang, Chanyoung Kim, Qifa Zhou, Hojong Choi, Jung-Yeol Yeom","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3612985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3612985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper presents the first fully integrated, highly compact single-element integrated Gamma-Ultrasound (γ-US) probe for simultaneous molecular and anatomical imaging. The probe integrates a PZT-5A US transducer with a Ce:GAGG scintillator and silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), enabling dual-modality detection along the same line-of-sight (LOS). The tungsten-epoxy composite serves dual roles as both the US backing layer and γ collimator, making it innovative and significantly reduces size and complexity. Furthermore, a single-channel frequency-based multiplexed circuit enables real-time dual-modality data acquisition. The γ part of the probe achieves 17.3% energy resolution (FWHM at 122 keV), 80.0 cps/MBq sensitivity, and 2.69 mm spatial resolution at 1 cm distance in air. The US component provides a 5.95 dB SNR, 1.32 mm axial resolution, and 4.90 mm lateral resolution at 5 cm depth in water. Finally, a fused B-mode image of a breast phantom validates the probe's imaging capability. This integrated probe design offers a compact, cost-effective solution for handheld medical diagnostics and non-destructive testing, with minimal performance trade-offs compared to standalone systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuanyang Guo, Qiandong Sun, Yang Xie, Jean-Gabriel Minonzio, Kailiang Xu, Dean Ta
{"title":"Brain-Wide Transcranial Ultrasound Localization Microscopy of the Non-Human Primate.","authors":"Yuanyang Guo, Qiandong Sun, Yang Xie, Jean-Gabriel Minonzio, Kailiang Xu, Dean Ta","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3611501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3611501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcranial ultrasound localization microscopy (t-ULM) faces significant challenges for broader clinical and research applications, particularly in addressing image quality degradation caused by skull. Research on non-human primate (NHP) models, with their human-like cranial characteristics, offers crucial insights for technical innovations and neuroscience applications of t-ULM. In this study, we developed a systematic pipeline for t-ULM of NHP, incorporating low-frequency diverging wave emission, phase aberration correction and microbubble detection equalization. We also explored the contrast agent strategies and imaging plane selection. We achieved an optimal spatial resolution of 93 μm in the coronal section and 105 μm in the sagittal section at an emission frequency of 2.23 MHz, while both maintaining 5-8 cm penetration depth and 6 cm lateral field of view. We also obtained the hemodynamic mapping with a wide dynamic range up to 40 cm/s at 1000 Hz compounded frame rate. This work validates the feasibility of t-ULM in the NHP, and provides important tools and references for further neuroscience applications of t-ULM.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tzu-Hsuan Hsu, Lezli Matto, Joshua Campbell, Jack Kramer, Zhi-Qiang Lee, Ian Anderson, Kaicheung Chow, Mark S Goorsky, Ming-Huang Li, Ruochen Lu
{"title":"Toward mmWave Surface Acoustic Wave Resonators in Lithium Niobate on Silicon Carbide.","authors":"Tzu-Hsuan Hsu, Lezli Matto, Joshua Campbell, Jack Kramer, Zhi-Qiang Lee, Ian Anderson, Kaicheung Chow, Mark S Goorsky, Ming-Huang Li, Ruochen Lu","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3611298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3611298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advancements in next-generation wireless systems have expanded the need for radio frequency front-ends (RFFEs) towards the millimeter wave (mmWave) range. This work introduces two methods targeting the efficient design of solidly-mounted surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator architectures based on lithium niobate on silicon carbide (LN-on-SiC) hetero-acoustic waveguides for mmWave applications. The first method utilizes a longitudinal SAW (L-SAW) mode in X-cut LN to achieve a high phase velocity of 6500 m/s and a figure of merit (FoM) of 6.53 at 22.42 GHz, enabled by strong acoustic confinement and careful wavelength scaling. The second method presents a novel electrode-guided shear horizontal SAW (EG SH-SAW) mode in Y-cut LN, leveraging electrode design to confine higher-order SH modes and mitigate internal stress cancellation. The fabricated EG SH-SAW resonator achieves operation at 23.5 GHz with a coupling coefficient k<sup>2</sup> of 1.6% and a FoM of 4.16. Both methods demonstrate resonators successfully scaled towards mmWave range with high Q-factors and open the potential for future solidly-mounted frequency-scalable, high-performance acoustic devices in mm wave bands.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145080530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keith A Wear, Christopher R Fury, Andre V Alvarenga
{"title":"Spatial Resolution Limits for Needle Hydrophones from 0.5 to 20 MHz with Implications for Transcranial Ultrasound.","authors":"Keith A Wear, Christopher R Fury, Andre V Alvarenga","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3610361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3610361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrophone spatial resolution and spatial averaging effects are determined by the frequency-dependent effective sensitive element diameter d<sub>eff</sub>(f) rather than the geometrical sensitive element diameter d<sub>g</sub>. The objective of this work was to quantify average d<sub>eff</sub>(f) for needle hydrophones as a function of d<sub>g</sub> and f. Estimates of effective radii a<sub>eff</sub>(f) = d<sub>eff</sub>(f) / 2 were inferred from directivity measurements from 0.5 to 20 MHz on 16 needle hydrophones with d<sub>g</sub> = 2a<sub>g</sub> ranging from 75 to 1000 μm (139 hydrophone / frequency combinations). Effective sensitive element diameter d<sub>eff</sub>(f) exceeded d<sub>g</sub> by over 100 % when λ > 4d<sub>g</sub> (where λ is the wavelength). For ka<sub>g</sub> > 0.75 (where k=2π/λ), d<sub>eff</sub>(f) was consistent with the \"rigid piston\" (RP) theory, reinforcing a previous report from our laboratories. However, for ka<sub>g</sub> < 0.75, d<sub>eff</sub>(f) showed noticeable deviations from RP theory and fell between predictions from RP theory and predictions for an unbaffled (UB) circular piston. Examples: 1) For a needle hydrophone with d<sub>g</sub> = 75 μm at 1 MHz (ka<sub>g</sub> = 0.16), the data imply that average d<sub>eff</sub> = 505 μm. 2) For a needle hydrophone with d<sub>g</sub> = 400 μm at 500 kHz (common parameters for human transcranial neuromodulation; ka<sub>g</sub> = 0.42), the data imply that average d<sub>eff</sub> = 1215 μm.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145075093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Darcy M Dunn-Lawless, Abigail C Collins, Constantin C Coussios, Michael D Gray
{"title":"Acoustically Transparent Sample Containers for Quantitative Cavitation Imaging.","authors":"Darcy M Dunn-Lawless, Abigail C Collins, Constantin C Coussios, Michael D Gray","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3609832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3609832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Passive Acoustic Mapping (PAM) is a powerful and widely used method of imaging cavitation activity. However, the presence of a container around a cavitating sample in experiments performed in vitro can introduce significant aberrations into recorded cavitation noise and resulting PAM images. These artefacts may lead to energy being incorrectly estimated or mapped to the wrong place, preventing accurate correlation between cavitation and bioeffects. In this work, we quantify these acoustic effects for six common types of sample container using an acoustic reciprocity experiment, then use the results to inform the design of a new container with improved acoustic transparency. Existing vessels were found to introduce up to 13 dB broadband insertion loss and change the location and spread of energy in PAM images by up to 1 mm and 25%, respectively. The new container caused up to 1.4 dB insertion loss (the lowest of any container tested) and introduced no significant phase aberration, source location error, or change in energy spread to the PAM images. Testing the new container with real cavitation noise produced very similar insertion loss figures of up to 1.6 dB. These results highlight deficiencies in existing sample containers for the purposes of quantifying cavitation activity with PAM, which is increasingly desired as cavitation matures as a therapy. The guidelines for acoustic transparency developed here may assist researchers in avoiding container aberrations and enable accurate measurement of cavitation energy in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145075107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Grounding DINO-US-SAM: Text-Prompted Multiorgan Segmentation in Ultrasound With LoRA-Tuned Vision–Language Models","authors":"Hamza Rasaee;Taha Koleilat;Hassan Rivaz","doi":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3605285","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TUFFC.2025.3605285","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and generalizable object segmentation in ultrasound imaging remains a significant challenge due to anatomical variability, diverse imaging protocols, and limited annotated data. In this study, we propose a prompt-driven vision–language model (VLM) that integrates grounding DINO with SAM2 to enable object segmentation across multiple ultrasound organs. A total of 18 public ultrasound datasets, encompassing the breast, thyroid, liver, prostate, kidney, and paraspinal muscle, were utilized. These datasets were divided into 15 for fine-tuning and validation of grounding DINO using low-rank adaptation (LoRA) to the ultrasound domain, and three were held out entirely for testing to evaluate performance in unseen distributions. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) segmentation methods, including UniverSeg, MedSAM, MedCLIP-segment anything model (SAM), BiomedParse, and SAMUS on most seen datasets while maintaining strong performance on unseen datasets without additional fine-tuning. These results underscore the promise of VLMs in scalable and robust ultrasound image analysis, reducing dependence on large, organ-specific annotated datasets. We will publish our code on code.sonography.ai after acceptance.","PeriodicalId":13322,"journal":{"name":"IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control","volume":"72 10","pages":"1414-1425"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144952327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}