Ultrasound-responsive mammalian cell synthetic biology.

Sonogenetics is developing into a powerful tool in synthetic biology. The coupling of ultrasound with genetically engineered effectors enables non-invasive and precise control of cellular and molecular processes. Building on established techniques such as optogenetics, it overcomes the limits of tissue penetration and invasiveness, making it a promising tool for both research and therapeutic applications. Recent advances in acoustic contrast agents, such as microbubbles and gas vesicles, have improved the mechanical effects of ultrasound on cells, extending its application to various biological systems. This review highlights recent advances and challenges, such as standardization of parameters and understanding of underlying mechanisms, and outlines future directions for ultrasound-guided cellular control.