{"title":"Modulating Multimodal Emotional and Social Perception of Huggable Robot Expressions Through Chest Haptics.","authors":"Jingru Guo, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Hidenobu Sumioka","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3723858","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3723858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotional and social expression are important dimensions of socially empathic human-robot interaction. In hug gable robot contexts, the chest is not only a stable bodily contact interface with strong affective relevance, but also a natural site for presenting haptic and auditory cues together. However, existing chest-haptic designs still focus mainly on physical tactile parameters or heartbeat-like patterns. Conversely, chest haptic patterns formed by different stimulation-location combinations over time may offer richer possibilities for multimodal expression and modulation. To explore this, we implemented a parameterizable 3×3 chest-mounted vibrotactile array on a huggable robot and constructed chest haptic patterns using path type and activation area as design parameters. We conducted two experiments. Experiment 1 examined how chest haptic patterns influenced the affective perception of emotional music. Experiment 2, under a fixed activation area setting, examined how the presence of chest haptics and different path conditions influenced the social emotional evaluation of verbal expressions with empathic intentions. The results showed that, in the emotional music context, chest haptic patterns influenced the direction of emotional rating shifts and showed more pronounced modulation effects under some music conditions. In the empathic speech context, the addition of chest haptics generally improved social-emotional evaluations. These findings provide empirical support for the use of chest haptic patterns in multimodal social-emotional expression, and offer guidance for the future development of huggable robots with richer emotional and empathic expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148758075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomasz P Trzpit, Gregory Reardon, Anthony Shilati, Elizabeth M Gerber, Michael A Peshkin, J Edward Colgate
{"title":"Toward Eyes-Free Interaction: Whole-Arm Guidance via Fingertip Deflection with the NURing.","authors":"Tomasz P Trzpit, Gregory Reardon, Anthony Shilati, Elizabeth M Gerber, Michael A Peshkin, J Edward Colgate","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3723347","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3723347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Haptic feedback can convey spatial information without engaging vision or hearing, making it well suited for eyes-free and assistive applications. However, many haptic guidance systems rely on cues that require explicit cognitive interpretation, which can slow user responses and introduce ambiguity in the conveyed spatial information. To address this, we introduce fingertip deflection as a kinesthetic guidance cue via the NURing, a wearable tendon-driven device that delivers controlled fingertip deflections to guide whole-arm motion, designed to leave the fingerpad unobstructed for tactile exploration. Inspired by the instinctive response of toddlers guiding parents by the finger [1], deflection cues provide a mechanically direct and readily interpreted form of haptic guidance. Two user studies evaluated closed-loop guidance in horizontal (single-axis, Study 1) and horizontal-vertical (dual-axis, Study 2) task spaces. In singleaxis tasks, blindfolded participants reached a median endpoint error of 11.3mm in under 3 s on average, and tracked moving targets with 53.5mm mean error. In dual-axis tasks, participants accurately identified deflection cue directions, and successfully reached two-dimensional target poses with a median endpoint error of 12.6mm in under 7 s on average. Kinematic analysis revealed that participants responded rapidly (median 330 ms), with early trajectories biased within 25° toward the target heading, indicating that deflection cues provided early, actionable direction information. These results demonstrate that fingertip deflection via the NURing enables fast, readily interpreted kinesthetic guidance that produces a coordinated whole-arm response without obstructing tactile contact, supporting its potential for eyes-free interaction and assistive applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148725644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Haptic Robot Finger Designed for Guqin Instrument Playing.","authors":"Tianwei Zhang, Hanming Yan, Yang Yang, Ziya Wang","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3720822","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3720822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the rapid advancement of humanoid robotics and embodied intelligence technologies, numerous musical instrument-playing robots have emerged in recent years, such as pianos, chime bells, and taiko drums. These robots primarily employ open-loop positional control, rendering them incapable of operating instruments requiring dexterous hands and precise tactile perception, such as a violin, guitar, and guqin. This paper describes the design and validation of a high-precision tactile-sensing finger. By mimicking the shape of the fingertip and fingernail found on a human finger, we develop a biomimetic multimodal haptic fingertip and validate it on selected guqin string-contact tasks, including open-string and stopped-note comparisons, harmonic-tuning, and tactile-triggered bimanual coordination, using the guqin, a traditional Chinese musical instrument, as a challenging validation scenario rather than as a fully demonstrated robotic performance system. This research integrates tactile sensing with robotics technology, thereby contributing to applications in world heritage conservation and cultural dissemination.</p>","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148678260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph C Liechty, Pengshun Tang, John C Liechty, Edoardo Battaglia
{"title":"Modeling Subjective User Experience in Haptics Through Individualized Bayesian Models.","authors":"Joseph C Liechty, Pengshun Tang, John C Liechty, Edoardo Battaglia","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3719775","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3719775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In many areas of haptics, evaluation has prioritized objective task performance, with subjective aspects of user experience (UX), such as emotional response and user preference, often being treated as complementary measures. In this work we present a unified modeling framework for UX in haptic and physical human-robot interaction that simultaneously evaluates metrics of performance, emotional response, and preference as a function of system design parameters. Our framework uses Bayesian hierarchical modeling to capture both individual variability and population-level trends. We apply this approach to a line-following task conducted with a custom-built haptic knob platform in a study with 30 participants, in which we measure task performance together with subjective ratings of emotion and preference while manipulating damping, task difficulty, and feedback given to participants on their performance. Results show that while population-level models capture consistent effects on performance, emotion and preference did not show similarly consistent population-level trends. Instead, subjective responses varied substantially across users, and examining individual models helped reveal participant-specific patterns that were not apparent from population-level summaries alone. Together, these findings highlight the importance of individualized modeling in the design and evaluation of haptic systems that aim to quantitatively account for the full spectrum of user experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faraz Faruqi, Azfar Sulaiman, Joshua Yin, Donald Degraen, Martin Nisser
{"title":"Vis2Touch: Perceptually Grounded 3D Printing of Visual Art With AI-Driven Depth and Texture Estimation.","authors":"Faraz Faruqi, Azfar Sulaiman, Joshua Yin, Donald Degraen, Martin Nisser","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3717908","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3717908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual art offers a rich expression of its subject's color and form, but lacks the haptic cues of depth and texture central to understanding its physical characteristics. We present Vis2Touch, a system that transforms color images into textured 2.5D models for 3D printing by combining depth and surface texture while preserving the original color appearance. Vis2Touch composes 2.5D objects by combining a monocular depth estimator to reconstruct macroscale depth and a fine-tuned diffusion model to generate microscale textures from semantically segmented image regions. These two heightfields are superimposed to produce composite colored 3D models that reflect both the structure and feel of the source image. Through psychophysical experiments informed by a gallery exhibition, we investigate how tactile expectations vary with depth and show that perceptual accuracy improves when texture is modulated as a power-law function of distance in the image. Our results demonstrate new possibilities for physicalizing visual art by conveying spatial scale through 3D-printed haptic artifacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148619817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Haptic Interfaces for Accessible Audio Mixing.","authors":"J Hurley, J Drummond, A J Bongers","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3716643","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3716643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) form the basis of contemporary music, audio production, and sound-based artistic practice, yet their increasingly visual interfaces present significant accessibility barriers for blind and partially sighted (BPS) sound creators. While screen reader technologies provide partial access, they are poorly suited to the real-time, embodied demands of mixing, spatial manipulation, and continuous parameter control, where serial speech feedback can interfere with listening and constrain creative flow. This paper examines how vibrotactile interaction can support accessible, non-visual engagement with DAWs by providing real-time, embodied feedback at the point of control. Working with nine BPS sound creators using non-visual participatory design methods, we developed two haptic prototype interfaces: the Haptic Audio Parameter Control Interface (HAPCI) and the Haptic Fader Audio Meter (HFAM). The interfaces were evaluated for their capacity to convey audio peak-level metering, spatial positioning, and continuous parameter changes through vibrotactile tactons and textures. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed that vibrotactile feedback enabled forms of real-time spatial and parametric awareness that are difficult to achieve using speech-based accessibility tools alone, distributed attentional demand across modalities to avoid over-burdening the auditory channel, and supported more fluid creative workflows. Participants developed personalized interaction strategies and expressed strong preferences for haptic feedback integrated into familiar hardware. The findings suggest an initial design framework for mapping DAW control data to vibrotactile feedback, organized around parameter type, with implications for supporting accessible, non-visual, and embodied engagement with professional audio production for this research population.</p>","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148578436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Crip Haptic Jam: Vibrotactile Composition for Disability-Centered Dance.","authors":"Premankur Banerjee, Selwa Sweidan, Catherine Yunis, Vanessa Hernandez Cruz, Heather Culbertson","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3709095","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3709095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable haptic systems for dance are often designed around normative bodies and prescriptive mappings that treat touch as an instructional signal. We present a disability centered haptic system designed to support dance improvisation through open-ended vibrotactile interaction. The system comprises a modular, flower-shaped wearable and a real-time graphical interface, without assuming fixed placement or inter pretation. This enables dancers and choreographers to author, record, and remix affective vibrotactile sequences during practice and performance, supporting improvisation and remote participation. Design decisions were grounded in a four-session co creative process with disabled dancers, emphasizing embodied and community-centered research practices. We evaluated our system through a usability study, an artistic qualitative evaluation with two disabled dancers, and a public participatory performance, demonstrating how shared vibrotactile sensation can support Disability-centering approaches to dance creation, relational sensing, and affective co-presence.</p>","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"PP ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148375548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ThermalTexture: Temperature-Integrated Surface Rendering Using Thermal Referral Induced by Texture Slip-Feedback","authors":"Donghyeon Kim;Chungman Lim;Gunhyuk Park","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3676774","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3676774","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal–vibration feedback has been reported to elicit the thermal referral phenomenon, offering new possibilities for enhancing user experience. Yet, little research has explored whether thermal referral occurs in the presence of texture-slip feedback. To address this, we developed a custom haptic device capable of delivering integrated thermal and slip feedback to the middle and distal phalanges of an index finger. We primarily estimated the thermal referral occurrence under passive and active touch conditions across two different perceptual experiments, while each further examined its impact on texture perceptions and user experiences (UX). In Perceptual Experiment 1 (passive), we observed the highest occurrence of thermal referral at 40 <inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }mathrm{C}$</tex-math></inline-formula> (0.86 on a 0–1 scale), and found that referral increased the median of perceived roughness from 43.5 to 60 on a 0—100 scale. In Perceptual Experiment 2 (active), the kinesthetic cues significantly enhanced thermal referral, with the occurrence probability at 24 <inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }mathrm{C}$</tex-math></inline-formula> increasing to 0.86 compared to 0.51 (0—1 scale) in the first study. In addition, high UX ratings demonstrated the applicability of our device to temperature-integrated virtual texture interactions. Our findings expand the scope of thermal referral and highlight the potential for enabling VR users to interact with virtual surfaces that provide temperature cues.","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"19 3","pages":"517-532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11454471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147503764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alessia S. Ivani;Sara Rossi;Giorgio Grioli;Manuel G. Catalano;Maud Marchal;Antonio Bicchi;Claudio Pacchierotti
{"title":"Study of the Influence of Visuo-Haptic Feedback on Prosthetic Embodiment","authors":"Alessia S. Ivani;Sara Rossi;Giorgio Grioli;Manuel G. Catalano;Maud Marchal;Antonio Bicchi;Claudio Pacchierotti","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3704717","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3704717","url":null,"abstract":"When improving an upper-limb prosthetic system, choosing whether to prioritise visual design or haptic performance becomes crucial and offers valuable insights for advancing prosthesis development. This paper investigates the influence of multisensory feedback on prosthetic embodiment, focusing on key components of embodiment, including ownership, multisensory, and agency, through two Virtual Reality (VR) experiments. Our first study involved 24 participants without limb loss in a target-reaching task using different visual renderings (glove, realistic, prosthetic hands) and haptic feedback modalities (none, vibrotactile, pressure, combined). Results showed that visual appearance was a powerful determinant across all components. Realistic hands produced the highest embodiment scores, whereas the prosthetic hand representation significantly degraded them. Haptic feedback substantially affected ownership and multisensory scores; pressure feedback improved ownership compared to no feedback, and all haptic conditions elevated multisensory scores. A subsequent experiment with 12 new participants explored the effect of haptic feedback location (wrist, forearm, upper arm, contralateral forearm). This experiment found no significant performance differences among locations, though co-located feedback was preferred, where the visual feedback in VR appeared at the same spatial position as the perceived tactile contact. Finally, a pilot study with a prosthetic user provided preliminary support for the relevance of realistic visual appearance and multimodal haptic feedback. Overall, results suggest that visual realism and haptic feedback support different dimensions of prosthetic embodiment, with visual realism mainly enhancing ownership and haptic feedback strengthening multisensory. Importantly, concurrent vibrotactile-pressure feedback emerged as a promising and well-accepted solution, providing richer interaction cues without compromising embodiment.","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"19 3","pages":"674-686"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148271205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ching Hei Cheng;Jonathan Eden;Denny Oetomo;Ying Tan
{"title":"Multi-Dimensional Perception of Two-Channel Skin-Stretch: Effects of Cue Pattern and Spatial Configuration","authors":"Ching Hei Cheng;Jonathan Eden;Denny Oetomo;Ying Tan","doi":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3702652","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TOH.2026.3702652","url":null,"abstract":"Assistive robots lack natural proprioceptive feedback, often forcing users to rely on vision. With recent advances, haptic interfaces can now accommodate the multidimensional nature of proprioceptive information. Skin-stretch is one promising haptic modality to provide proprioceptive information that resembles natural body mechanisms and conveys both magnitude and direction information, enabling compact multi-channel designs. While prior studies have examined perceptibility and channel interference, the ability of participants to integrate information across multiple channels remains not well understood. This study evaluates how effectively users can combine two skin-stretch channels to interpret two-dimensional cues. 21 non-disabled participants judged, in collocated and non-collocated placement, the linear projection of stimuli under four patterns of skin-stretch variation. Participants could generally perceive and integrate both channels into a coherent understanding of two-dimensional cues, though some non-uniformity in interpretation was observed. Channel proximity showed no clear effect on performance or workload. These findings provide the first systematic investigation of multi-channel integration in skin-stretch feedback and inform the design of scalable proprioceptive haptic feedback interfaces for assistive robots.","PeriodicalId":13215,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Haptics","volume":"19 3","pages":"776-783"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148224851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}