Gels最新文献

{"title":"In Situ Gelling Dexamethasone Oromucosal Formulation: Physical Characteristics Influencing Drug Delivery.","authors":"Daniel Krchňák, Ľudmila Balážová, Michal Hanko, Dominika Žigrayová, Miroslava Špaglová","doi":"10.3390/gels11010026","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study focuses on the development of an in situ gelling dexamethasone (DEX) oromucosal formulation designed for the treatment of aphthous stomatitis. Three series of formulations were prepared; a first series containing DEX suspended, a second series containing DEX and, in addition, mint essential oil (EO), and a third series containing EO and DEX solubilized in propylene glycol (PG). In the composition, polymers in the role of mucoadhesive agent were interchanged (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl cellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC). Specifically, DEX was incorporated at a concentration of 0.1% (<i>w</i>/<i>w</i>) in each formulation. The influence of mint EO and DEX solubilization on the physical properties (pH measurements, rheological analysis, swelling ability, and texture analysis) and in vitro drug release was studied. Key findings revealed that HPMC-based formulation containing mint EO and PG exhibited best swelling properties (700 ± 46% after 5 h), adequate adhesiveness and in vitro drug release (34.7 ± 5.9%). Furthermore, the irritation potential assessed via the hen's egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) demonstrated low irritancy risk. Finally, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed no incompatibility between DEX and excipients. Overall, the research highlights the potential of mucoadhesive systems in improving the therapeutic efficacy of oromucosal drug delivery for managing painful oral lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Customizable Smart Gels: A Comprehensive Review of Innovative Printing Techniques and Applications.","authors":"Rizwan Ul Hassan, Naseem Abbas, Jongkuk Ko","doi":"10.3390/gels11010032","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>New production technologies have transformed modern engineering fields, including electronics, mechanics, robotics, and biomedicine. These advancements have led to the creation of smart materials such as alloys, polymers, and gels that respond to various stimuli. This review focuses on smart materials (SMs), including their variety and fabrication techniques, that can be used to construct three- or four-dimensional structures. The mechanisms and designs of smart materials, limitations of current printing technologies, and perspectives for their future uses are also discussed in this review. The printed smart materials are expected to have a major impact on the design of real-world applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N-Oxalylglycine-Conjugated Hyaluronic Acid as a Macromolecular Prodrug for Therapeutic Angiogenesis.","authors":"Andrew H DeMaria, Jeoung Soo Lee, Ken Webb","doi":"10.3390/gels11010027","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) initiates the cellular response to low oxygen levels, making it an attractive target for stimulating therapeutic angiogenesis. Several small molecules have been identified that stabilize HIF-1α and activate the angiogenic signaling pathway. However, achieving therapeutic doses of bioactive small molecules in target tissues remains challenging. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new macromolecular prodrug composed of the pro-angiogenic small molecule N-oxalylglycine conjugated to hyaluronic acid (HA-NOG). NOG was conjugated to HA by esterification, and release was significantly increased in the presence of degradative enzymes, esterase and hyaluronidase, compared to physiological buffer, confirming that the release of NOG is primarily enzymatically driven. Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) cultured with HA-NOG exhibited HIF-1α accumulation in the cell nucleus and dose-dependent increases in mRNA expression levels of three direct HIF transcriptional targets. Conditioned medium from these cells stimulated endothelial cell tubulogenesis. As an initial evaluation of safety and possible side effects, HA-NOG was found not to significantly affect NHDF metabolic activity, proliferation, or collagen deposition. These studies demonstrate that HA-NOG releases NOG in response to cellular enzymatic activity, activating the HIF signaling pathway and culminating in the secretion of soluble factors that activate endothelial cells without adversely affecting other cellular metabolic pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamentals and Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels and Their Applications: A Review.","authors":"Iryna S Protsak, Yevhenii M Morozov","doi":"10.3390/gels11010030","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review summarizes the fundamental concepts, recent advancements, and emerging trends in the field of stimuli-responsive hydrogels. While numerous reviews exist on this topic, the field continues to evolve dynamically, and certain research directions are often overlooked. To address this, we classify stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on their response mechanisms and provide an in-depth discussion of key properties and mechanisms, including swelling kinetics, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility/biodegradability. We then explore hydrogel design, synthesis, and structural engineering, followed by an overview of applications that are relatively well established from a scientific perspective, including biomedical uses (biosensing, drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering), environmental applications (heavy metal and phosphate removal from the environment and polluted water), and soft robotics and actuation. Additionally, we highlight emerging and unconventional applications such as local micro-thermometers and cell mechanotransduction. This review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and future prospects in the field, aiming to inspire further innovations and advancements in stimuli-responsive hydrogel research and applications to bring them closer to the societal needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encapsulation of Hydrogen Peroxide in PVA/PVP Hydrogels for Medical Applications.","authors":"Natalie Mounayer, Sivan Shoshani, Elena Afrimzon, Taly Iline-Vul, Moris Topaz, Ehud Banin, Shlomo Margel","doi":"10.3390/gels11010031","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Researchers have been investigating the physical and morphological properties of biodegradable polymer and copolymer films, blending them with other chemicals to solve challenges in medical, industrial, and eco-environmental fields. The present study introduces a novel, straightforward method for preparing biodegradable hydrogels based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) for medical applications. The resulting PVA/PVP-based hydrogel uniquely combines the water absorbency, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of the polymer composite. For hygiene products and medical uses, such as wound healing, hydrogen peroxide (HP) was encapsulated in the PVA/PVP hydrogels for controlled release application. Incorporating PVP into PVA significantly enhances the hydrogel water absorbency and improves the mechanical properties. However, to mitigate the disadvantage of high water absorbency which could result in undesired early dissolution, efforts were made to increase the water resistance and the mechanical characteristics of these hydrogels using freeze-thaw (F/T) cycles and chemical crosslinking PVA chains with trisodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). The resulting hydrogels serve as environmentally friendly bio-based polymer blends, broadening their applications in medical and industrial products. The structural and morphological properties of the hydrogel were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), environmental scanning electron microscope analysis (E-SEM), and water-swelling tests. The HP controlled release rate was evaluated through kinetic release experiments using the ex vivo skin model. The antibacterial activity of the hydrogel films was examined on four medically relevant bacteria: <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, with an adapted disk diffusion assay. Using this assay, we also evaluated the antibacterial effect of the hydrogel films over the course of days, demonstrating the HP controlled release from these hydrogels. These findings support further in vivo investigation into controlled HP release systems for improved wound-healing outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Lilium candidum</i> Extract Loaded in Alginate Hydrogel Beads for Chronic Wound Healing.","authors":"Ioana Bâldea, Maria-Loredana Soran, Adina Stegarescu, Ocsana Opriș, Irina Kacso, Septimiu Tripon, Alexandra Adascalitei, Iulian George Fericel, Roxana Decea, Ildiko Lung","doi":"10.3390/gels11010022","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic wounds are a major health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. Resistance to treatment is frequently observed, requiring an extension of the wound healing time, and improper care can lead to more problems in patients. Smart wound dressings that provide a controlled drug release can significantly improve the healing process. In this paper, alginate beads with white lily leaf extract were prepared and tested for chronic wound healing. The obtained beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Also, the efficiency of extract encapsulation in alginate was determined as being of. The obtained hydrogel was tested on two normal human cell lines, respectively, dermal fibroblasts (BJ-CRL-2522-ATCC) and endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells-HUVEC 2). The longer release of bioactive compounds from plant extract loaded in the alginate hydrogel resulted in more effective wound closure, compared to the extract alone, and scar formation, compared to the alginate hydrogel. Therefore, the effect of the white lily extract in combination with that of sodium alginate hydrogel improves the biological activity of the alginate hydrogel and increases the wound healing properties of the alginate.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765094/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Aqueous Spice Extract-Based Antifungal Lock Strategy for Salvage of Foley's Catheter Biofouled with <i>Candida albicans</i> Biofilm Gel.","authors":"Bindu Sadanandan, Vaniyamparambath Vijayalakshmi, Kalidas Shetty, Adithya Rathish, Harshala Shivkumar, Malavika Gundreddy, Nikhil Kumar Kagganti Narendra, Nethra Machamada Devaiah","doi":"10.3390/gels11010023","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida</i> forms a gel-like biofilm in the Foley's catheter (FC) causing tenacious biofouling and severe urinary tract infections (UTIs). For the first time, a spice extract-based antifungal lock therapy (ALT) has been developed to inhibit the <i>Candida albicans</i> gel matrix in FC. Aqueous extracts of garlic, clove, and Indian gooseberry were used as ALT lock solutions and tested against biofilm-forming multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of <i>C. albicans</i>. Reduction in the gel matrices formation in the catheter was confirmed by Point inoculation, MTT assay, CFU, and SEM analysis at 12 and 24 h of incubation. Garlic was effective in controlling both <i>C. albicans</i> M207 and <i>C. albicans</i> S470; however, clove and gooseberry effectively controlled the latter. As evidenced by CFU assay, there were 82.85% and 99.68% reductions in the growth of <i>C. albicans</i> M207 and S470, respectively, at 24 h of incubation. SEM revealed a switch from the biofilm to the yeast mode and a drastic reduction in cell numbers, with mostly clumped or lysed cells. The study will provide an impetus to the development of novel spice extract-based ALT, reducing the selection pressure on the pathogen and lowering antimicrobial resistance. Further research in this area has the potential to leverage clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Southern Meagre Fish (<i>Argyrosomus hololepidotus</i>) Skin Gelatin Reinforced with Clove Bud Extract.","authors":"Parvin Rostami, Ali Taheri, Mostafa Ghaffari","doi":"10.3390/gels11010021","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The properties of biopolymer films prepared using Southern meagre fish (<i>Argyrosomus hololepidotus</i>) skin gelatin blends, both with and without clove bud extract (CE) at concentrations of 0.3% and 0.7%, were investigated. The addition of CE enhanced the light barrier properties and decreased water vapor permeability from 1.68 to 0.85 (×10^-13 g s^-1m^-1Pa^-1) (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the films that contained CE. Additionally, the films' water solubility diminished as the concentration of CE increased (89.20 to 69.04%) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). SEM images revealed a smooth, uniform surface without cracks in the samples both with and without CE, whereas the films that included CE displayed a rougher and denser cross-section. FTIR spectra revealed variations in peaks between the films containing CE and those without it. The incorporation of CE raised the glass transition temperature (51.04 to 58.80 °C) and the melting temperature (124.65 to 141.92 °C) of the films. Additionally, the antioxidant activities, assessed through DPPH free radical scavenging activity (86.97%) and reduction power (λ of 0.85), along with moderate antibacterial activities against four distinct foodborne pathogens, improved with increased concentrations of CE. It can be concluded that phenolic compounds, such as eugenol in the clove extract, facilitated the formation of additional bonds between the peptide helixes of the gelatin, thereby enhancing the properties of the CE-incorporated films. Thus, Southern meagre fish gelatin film containing CE is an effective active packaging biomaterial for seafood products, exhibiting satisfactory properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11764617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold Nanorod-Coated Hydrogel Brush Valves in Macroporous Silicon Membranes for NIR-Driven Localized Chemical Modulation.","authors":"Nafis Mustakim, Youngsik Song, Sang-Woo Seo","doi":"10.3390/gels11010025","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A two-dimensional array of microfluidic ports with remote-controlled valve actuation is of great interest for applications involving localized chemical stimulation. Herein, a macroporous silicon-based platform where each pore contains an independently controllable valve made from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes is proposed. These valves are coated with silica-encapsulated gold nanorods (GNRs) for NIR-actuated switching capability. The layer-by-layer (LBL) electrostatic deposition technique was used to attach the GNRs to the PNIPAM brushes. The deposition of GNRs was confirmed by dark-field optical microscopy, and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the deposited GNRs was analyzed using UV-Vis spectra. To evaluate the chemical release behaviors, fluorescein dye was employed as a model substance. The chemical release properties, like OFF-state diffusion through the valve, the ratio between ON-state and OFF-state chemical release, and the rapidness of chemical modulation of the valve, were investigated, varying the PNIPAM brush thickness. The results indicate that enhancing the thickness of the PNIPAM brush in our platform improves control over the chemical modulation properties. However, excessive increases in brush length may lead to entanglement, which negatively impacts the chemical modulation efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11764991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composite Sorbents Based on Chitosan Polymer Matrix and Derivatives of 4-Amino-N'-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamide for Uranium Removal from Liquid Mineralized Media.","authors":"Anna I Matskevich, Konstantin V Maslov, Veronika A Prokudina, Daria D Churakova, Oleg Yu Slabko, Dmitry K Patrushev, Nikita S Markin, Eduard A Tokar'","doi":"10.3390/gels11010024","DOIUrl":"10.3390/gels11010024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Composite adsorbents based on a natural biopolymer matrix of chitosan, to which 4-amino-N'-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamide and its Se derivative were attached, were synthesized. A complex of physicochemical analysis methods indicates that the direct introduction of a matrix with high ionic permeability into the reaction mixture contributes to the formation of homogeneous particles of composite with developed surface morphology, which enhances the kinetic and capacitive parameters of uranium sorption in liquid media. It has been established that the direct introduction of a matrix with high ionic permeability into the reaction mixture contributes to the formation of homogeneous particles with a developed surface morphology, which enhances the kinetic and capacitive parameters of uranium sorption in liquid media. The synthesized materials had increased sorption-selective properties towards uranium in the pH range from 4 to 9 under static sorption conditions. The formation of the Se derivative of amidoxime during its attachment to the polymer matrix (Se-chit) contributes to the creation of a more chemically stable and highly effective adsorbent, compared to the direct binding of 4-amino-N'-hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamide with chitosan (43AF-chit). The optimal parameters for the synthesis of materials were established. It was demonstrated that the ratio of amidoxime to chitosan should be within the range of 2:1 to 1:2. As the mass content of chitosan increases, the material gradually dissolves and transforms into a gel, resulting in the formation of liquid radioactive waste with a complex chemical composition. It was found that the kinetic sorption parameters of composite materials increase 2-10 times compared to those of non-composite materials. The sorption capacity of uranium in solutions with pH 6 and pH 8 can reach approximately 400-450 mg g^-1. Under dynamic sorption conditions, the effective filtration cycle values (before uranium slips into the filtrate ≥ 50%) improve significantly when transitioning from a non-composite adsorbent to a composite one: increasing from 50 to 800 b.v. for pH 6 and from 2700 to 4000 b.v. for pH 8. These results indicate that the synthesized sorbents are promising materials for uranium removal from liquid media, suitable for both purification and the recovery of radionuclides as valuable raw materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}